General Introduction: Fan Magazines, Suburban America, and Consumer Goods
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N o t e s General Introduction: Fan Magazines, Suburban America, and Consumer Goods 1 . Robert Frank, “Movie Premiere—Hollywood,” The Americanss (Washington, DC: Steidl/National Gallery of Art, 1959). Garry Winogrand, the subject of a retrospective at the Met in 2014, was influenced by Frank and claimed in his recording of American life that “the growth of the suburb was the main story of [his] time.” 2 . “Fan Mags Not Striking Out,” Varietyy (December 29, 1954): 14; W. R. Wilkerson, “Big Increase in Film Fans Shown in Movie Mag Sales,” Hollywood Reporter (October 19, 1955), in fan magazine clip file, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; Anthony Slide, Inside the Hollywood Fan Magazine: A History of Starmakers, Fabrications, and Gossip Mongerss (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2010), 182. 3 . See Eric Smoodin and Jon Lewis, eds., L ooking Past the Screen: Case Studies in American Film History and Methodd (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), introduction; Barry King, “Articulating Stardom,” in Stardom: Industry of Desire , ed. Christine Gledhill (New York: Routledge, 1991), 167–182. 4 . R i c hard Dyer, Stars (London: British Film Institute, 1974), 53; Leo C. Rosen, Hollywood: The Movie Colony, The Moviemakerss (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1941), 334–338; Ad for Sayonara, Photoplay (June 1958): 7; Ad for Flower Drum Song, Photoplay (January 1962): 3; Ad f or “ Carmen Jones,” Photoplay (February 1955): 31. See Diane Negra, Off-White Hollywood: American Culture and Ethnic Female Stardom (London: Routledge, 200l). 5 . See Janice R. Welsch, Film Archetypes: Sisters, Mistresses, Mothers, and Daughterss (New York: Arno, 1978), an early work. 6 . Janet Wolff, What Makes Women Buyy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958), 106; Elizabeth Wilson, Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernityy(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 123; Jackie Stacey, Star Gazing: Hollywood Cinema and Female Spectatorshipp (London: Routledge, 1994), 159, 161–170, 174–175. 7. See Sumiko Higashi, “Movies and the Paradox of Female Stardom,” in American Cinema of the 1950s: Themes and Variationss, ed. Murray Pomerance (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 65–88. 250 Notes 8 . C hristine Gledhill, “Signs of Melodrama,” in S tardom , 207–229. 9 . “Win a Present from a Star,” Photoplay y (November 1955): 42; Fredda Dudley, “How a Star Is Born,” Photoplayy (September 1950): 40; Pam Law, “How to Sew Up a Date with Tab Hunter,” Photoplayy (November 1958): 64–67. 10 . See Mary Desjardins, “Systematizing Scandal: Confidential Magazinee, Stardom, and the State of California,” in Headline Hollywood: A Century of Scandall, eds. Adrienne L. McLean and David Cook (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001), 207–231; V. Penelope Pelizzon and Nancy M. West, Tabloid, Inc.: Crimes, Newspapers, Narrativess (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2010). 11 . See Sumiko Higashi, “Vitagraph Stardom: Constructing Personalities for New Middle-Class Consumption,” in Reclaiming the Archive: Feminism and Film History, ed. Vicki Callahan (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2009), 264–288. 1 2 . A l a n a n d Barbara Nourie include True Story but not fan magazines in American Mass-Market Magaziness (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990). See R. Marie Griffith, “Apostles of Abstinence: Fasting and Masculinity dur- ing the Progressive Era,” American Quarterlyy 52 (December 2000): 599–639; David Sonenschein, “Love and Sex in the Romance Magazines” in Thin gs in the Driver’s Seat: Readings in Popular Culturee, ed. Harry Russell Huebel (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1972), 215–223. 13 . On Tamotsu Shibutani, see Ralph L. Rosnow and Gary Alan Fine, Rumor and Gossip: The Social Psychology of Hearsay (New York: Elsevier Scientific, 1976); Wolff, Women Buy, 247; Alina Tugend, “Studies Find That Gossip Isn’t Just Loose Talk,” New York Times , June 16, 2012; Dyer, Stars , 28. See also S. Elizabeth Bird, For Enquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992). 14 . See Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1991), 7–8. 1 5 . L oren Baritz, The Good Life: The Meaning of Success for the American Middle Classs (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 206, 208; Norman Rosenberg and Emily Rosenberg, In Our Time: America since World War III , 5th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995), 70; Jessica Weiss, To Have and To Hold: Marriage, the Baby Boom, and Social Changee (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 23, 11; Ellen K. Rothman, Han ds and Hearts: A History of Courtship in Americaa (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 288; Stephanie Coontz, Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy or How Love Conquered Marriagee (New York: Viking, 2005), 227, 236. See also Mirra Komarovsky, Blue-Collar Marriagee (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962); Helena Znaniecki, Occupation: Housewifee (New York: Oxford University Press 1971); Ann Oakley, Housewife (London: Allen Lane, 1974). 1 6 . J a m e s G i l b e r t , Another Chance: Postwar America, 1945–19855 , 2nd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981), 57. 17 . Rosenberg and Rosenberg, In Our Time , 71; David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Villard Books, 1993), 136; Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United Statess (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 255, 238; Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar Americaa (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 204, 156–157. Notes 251 18. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 249, 247; Karen Zarlengo, “Civilian Threat, the Suburban Citadel, and Atomic Age Women,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 24 (Summer 1999): 925–958. Although figures are based on the Consumer Price Index, 2012, readers should consider variables such as cost and standard of living, etc. 19. Robert W. Hodge, Paul M. Siegel, and Peter H. Rossi, “Occupational Prestige in the United States: 1925–1963,” in Class, Status, and Power: Social Stratification in Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed., eds. Reinhard Bendix and Seymour Martin Lipset (New York: Free Press, 1966), 323. 20. Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 156–157, 161; Jackson Lears, “A Matter of Taste: Corporate Cultural Hegemony in a Mass-Consumption Society,” in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 51–52; Herbert J. Gans, The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community (New York: Pantheon, 1967), chap. 15; Shelley Nickles, “More is Better: Mass Consumption, Gender, and Class Identity in Postwar America,” American Quarterly 54 (December 2002): 581–622. 21. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 4, 241–242; Wolff, Women Buy, 14; Gwendolyn Wright, Building the American Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981), 247–248. 22. Wright, American Dream, 254–255. 23. Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 123, 258, 281; Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 165; Wolff, Women Buy, 221; Rosenberg and Rosenberg, In Our Time, 81. 24. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 256–26l; Coontz, Marriage, 231. 25. Steven Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Life (New York: Free Press, 1988), 75; Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 121; Maxine Margolis, Mothers and Such: Views of American Women and Why They Changed (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 216–221. 26. Lisa Eisenmann, Higher Education for Women in Postwar America, 1945–1965 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 21–29. See also William H. Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles, 1920–1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), chaps. 8, 9, 10; Susan M. Hartmann, “Women’s Employment and the Domestic Ideal in the Early Cold War Years,” in Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945–1960, ed. Joanne Meyerowitz (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), chap. 5. 27. Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 124. 28. “How Your Family Can Own a Story-Book Home,” Photoplay (September 1958): 72–73. See Calvin Trillin, About Alice (New York: Random House, 2006). 29. Ellin Thompson, “The Dream That Lasts a Lifetime,” Photoplay (June 1957): 114. 30. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Viking, 1967), 85; Raymond Williams, “Consumer,” in Consumer Society in American History, ed. Lawrence Glickman (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), 17. 252 Notes 31. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), chaps. 6, 7. 32. Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 127. 33. Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, 3rd ed. (London: Alcuin Academics, 2005), 77–95. 34. Grant McCracken, Culture and Consumption (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 104–117; Elizabeth Taylor, My Love Affair with Jewelry (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 199–200; James Gilbert, Men in the Middle: Searching for Masculinity in the 1950s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 77–78. See also Steven Cohan, Masked Men: Masculinity and the Movies in the Fifties (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997). 35. On Georg Lukács, see Don Slater, Consumer Culture and Modernity (Cambridge: Polity, 1997), 117, 119, 130. See also Peter K. Lunt and Sonia M. Livingstone, Mass Consumption and Personal Identity (Buckingham: Open University