Verbena Bonariensis Tall Vervain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

TREATMENT OPTIONS from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States This does not constitute a formal recommendation. When using herbicides always read the label, and when in doubt consult your farm advisor or county agent. This is an excerpt from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States and is available wholesale through the UC Weed Research & Information Center (wric.ucdavis.edu) or retail through the Western Society of Weed Science (wsweedscience.org) or the California Invasive Species Council (cal-ipc.org). Verbena bonariensis Tall vervain Family: Verbenaceae (vervain) NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL Cultural: grazing NIA Cultural: prescribed burning NIA Mechanical: mowing and cutting NIA Mechanical: tillage NIA Mechanical: grubbing, digging or hand pulling NIA CHEMICAL CONTROL The following specific use information is based on published papers and reports by researchers and land managers. Other trade names may be available, and other compounds also are labeled for this weed. Directions for use may vary between brands; see label before use. 2,4-D E Imazapic F* Postemergence Aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron NIA Imazapyr E* Aminopyralid NIA Metsulfuron NIA Chlorsulfuron NIA Paraquat NIA Clopyralid NIA Picloram NIA Dicamba NIA Rimsulfuron NIA Glyphosate P─F* Sulfometuron P* Hexazinone P* Sulfosulfuron NIA Triclopyr NIA E = Excellent control, generally better than 95% * = Likely based on results of observations of G = Good control, 80-95% related species FLW = flowering F = Fair control, 50-80% NIA = No information available P = Poor control, below 50% Fa = Fall Control includes effects within the season of treatment. Sp = Spring Control is followed by best timing, if known, when efficacy is E or G. Su = Summer RECOMMENDED CITATION: DiTomaso, J.M., G.B. Kyser et al. 2013. Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States. Weed Research and Information Center, University of California. 544 pp. 1 of 1 2013 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Verbena Bonariensis
A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 16 July 2004 Verbena bonariensis Clusters of small purple fl owers fl oating on long, airy stems tempting passing butterfl ies to stop for a sip is just one reason to consider adding Verbena bonairiensis, also called tall verbena or purpletop verbena, to your garden. This plant is just one of about 250 species in the genus Verbena, of which only about half a dozen are in cultivation. V. bonairiensis is native to Brazil and Ar- gentina (the specifi c name is after Buenos Aires). They were fi rst grown as a garden ornamental in 1726 by Englishmen James & William Sherard, who got the seeds from a dried specimen sent back to England from Buenos Aires. This plant is perennial in zones 7 to11 and is grown as an annual in cooler climates. It is considered a weed in many mild climates, such as California, Texas, Australia and southern Africa, where it has naturalized. Verbena bonariensis is a tall, airy plant. Purpletop verbena is an upright, clump-form- ing plant with wiry, widely branched stems. It reaches a height of 3 to 6 feet and spreads 1 to 3 feet. Unlike many other tall herbaceous plants it is unlikely to tip over. The stiff stems and branches are square and rough, like sand paper. The deep green, lance-shaped serrat- ed leaves form a mounded rosette at the base of the plant, with few on the stems. The fl ow- ers are borne in rounded clusters 2 to 3 inches across.
[Show full text]
Studies on the Trichomes of Some Oleaceae, Structure and Ontogeny
STUDIES ON THE TRICHOMES OF SOME OLEACEAE, STRUCTURE AND ONTOGENY B~ J. A. INAMDAR (Department of Botany, Sardar Patel Univeraity, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat) Received August 22, 1967 (Communicated by Prof. V. Puff, r.A.sc.) ABSTRACT Some twelve types of tricho~aes are described for four species of Jasminum and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. They fall under two main categories, the eglandular and the glandular trichomes. The systematic position of Nyctanthes seems to be quite natural in the family Oleaceae. INTRODUCTION The family Oleaceae has received considerable attention of the botanists particularly with reference to the systcmatic position of Nyctanthes and the monotypic genus Dimetra. Airy SEaw (1952) transferred these gcnera to the Verbenaceae on morphological grounds. Stant (1952) has supported Airy Shaw on anatomical grounds. Johnson (1957) in a review of the family Oleaceae opined that Nyctanthes should be excluded from Oleaceae based on the cytological findings of Taylor (1945). On the other hand the embryo- logical data (Patel, 1963; Kapil, 1967) suggests that Nyctanthes should be retained in the Oleaceae. Several workers (De Bary, 1884; Cowan, 1950, Goodspeed, 1954; Carlquist, 1958, 1959a, 1959b, 1959c, 1961; Mathur, 1961 ; Ramayya, 1962 a, 1962b, 1963) have described the structure and development of trichomes and glands in several angisoperm families. The present investi- gation was carried out to find if the trichomes ~nd glands could be of any help in settling the doubtful systematic position of Oleaceous genera. The present paper deals with the study of eglandular and glandular (glands) trichomes on the vegetative organs of four species of Jasminum, viz., J.
[Show full text]
(Verbenaceae) Using Multiple Loci
bs_bs_banner Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 171, 103–119. With 5 figures Investigating the evolution of Lantaneae (Verbenaceae) using multiple loci PATRICIA LU-IRVING* and RICHARD G. OLMSTEAD Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA Received 3 February 2012; revised 29 June 2012; accepted for publication 23 August 2012 Lantaneae are an example of a taxonomically problematic, widespread and recently radiated Neotropical lineage. Taxonomy in Lantaneae is difficult because of complex, overlapping patterns of shifts in morphological traits among members; monophyly of the traditional genera cannot be assumed without additional information from molecular data. We took a multi-locus approach to infer phylogenetic relationships in Lantaneae, resolving major clades among a broad representative sample that covers the morphological, taxonomic and geographical diversity of this group. Data from multiple, independent loci reveal individual gene trees that are incongruent with one another, with varying degrees of support. Without reliable, applicable methods to determine the sources of such incongru- ence and to resolve it, we present the consensus between well-supported topologies among our data sets as the best estimate of Lantaneae phylogeny to date. According to this consensus tree, fleshy fruits in Lantaneae have been derived from dry fruits at least five times; taxonomic schemes separating genera based on fruit characteristics are artificial. Lantaneae have shifted into the Neotropics from the southern temperate subtropics and have colonized Africa in at least two separate long-distance dispersal events. This study provides a first pass at a broad Lantaneae phylogeny, but two important areas remain unresolved: the position of Acantholippia relative to Aloysia; and species-level relationships in the Lantana–Lippia clade.
[Show full text]
Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships
Schäferhoff et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:352 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/352 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences Bastian Schäferhoff1*, Andreas Fleischmann2, Eberhard Fischer3, Dirk C Albach4, Thomas Borsch5, Günther Heubl2, Kai F Müller1 Abstract Background: In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur, and some lineages possess drastically accelerated DNA substitutional rates or miniaturized genomes. However, understanding the evolution of these phenomena in the order, and clarifying borders of and relationships among lamialean families, has been hindered by largely unresolved trees in the past. Results: Our analysis of the rapidly evolving trnK/matK, trnL-F and rps16 chloroplast regions enabled us to infer more precise phylogenetic hypotheses for the Lamiales. Relationships among the nine first-branching families in the Lamiales tree are now resolved with very strong support. Subsequent to Plocospermataceae, a clade consisting of Carlemanniaceae plus Oleaceae branches, followed by Tetrachondraceae and a newly inferred clade composed of Gesneriaceae plus Calceolariaceae, which is also supported by morphological characters. Plantaginaceae (incl. Gratioleae) and Scrophulariaceae are well separated in the backbone grade; Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae appear in distant clades, while the recently described Linderniaceae are confirmed to be monophyletic and in an isolated position. Conclusions: Confidence about deep nodes of the Lamiales tree is an important step towards understanding the evolutionary diversification of a major clade of flowering plants. The degree of resolution obtained here now provides a first opportunity to discuss the evolution of morphological and biochemical traits in Lamiales.
[Show full text]
(Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae) Using Two DNA Barcode Markers
J Biosci (2020)45:96 Ó Indian Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00061-2 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Re-evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation of two closely related families (Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae) using two DNA barcode markers 1 2 3 OOOYEBANJI *, E C CHUKWUMA ,KABOLARINWA , 4 5 6 OIADEJOBI ,SBADEYEMI and A O AYOOLA 1Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria 2Forest Herbarium Ibadan (FHI), Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria 3Department of Education Science (Biology Unit), Distance Learning Institute, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria 4Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria 5Ethnobotany Unit, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 6Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected]) MS received 21 September 2019; accepted 27 May 2020 The families Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae comprise several closely related species that possess high mor- phological synapomorphic traits. Hence, there is a tendency of species misidentiﬁcation using only the mor- phological characters. Herein, we evaluated the discriminatory power of the universal DNA barcodes (matK and rbcL) for 53 species spanning the two families. Using these markers, we inferred phylogenetic relation- ships and conducted species delimitation analysis using four delimitation methods: Automated Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), TaxonDNA, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) and General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC). The phylogenetic reconstruction based on the matK gene resolved the relationships between the families and further suggested the expansion of the Lamiaceae to include some core Verbanaceae genus, e.g., Gmelina.
[Show full text]
Low-Maintenance Landscape Plants for South Florida1
ENH854 Low-Maintenance Landscape Plants for South Florida1 Jody Haynes, John McLaughlin, Laura Vasquez, Adrian Hunsberger2 Introduction regular watering, pruning, or spraying—to remain healthy and to maintain an acceptable aesthetic This publication was developed in response to quality. A low-maintenance plant has low fertilizer requests from participants in the Florida Yards & requirements and few pest and disease problems. In Neighborhoods (FYN) program in Miami-Dade addition, low-maintenance plants suitable for south County for a list of recommended landscape plants Florida must also be adapted to—or at least suitable for south Florida. The resulting list includes tolerate—our poor, alkaline, sand- or limestone-based over 350 low-maintenance plants. The following soils. information is included for each species: common name, scientific name, maximum size, growth rate An additional criterion for the plants on this list (vines only), light preference, salt tolerance, and was that they are not listed as being invasive by the other useful characteristics. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2001), or restricted by any federal, state, or local laws Criteria (Burks, 2000). Miami-Dade County does have restrictions for planting certain species within 500 This section will describe the criteria by which feet of native habitats they are known to invade plants were selected. It is important to note, first, that (Miami-Dade County, 2001); caution statements are even the most drought-tolerant plants require provided for these species. watering during the establishment period. Although this period varies among species and site conditions, Both native and non-native species are included some general rules for container-grown plants have herein, with native plants denoted by †.
[Show full text]
Vascular Plant Families of the United States Grouped by Diagnostic Features
Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 12-6-2019 Vascular Plant Families of the United States Grouped by Diagnostic Features James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "Vascular Plant Families of the United States Grouped by Diagnostic Features" (2019). Botanical Studies. 96. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/96 This Flora of the United States and North America is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES OF THE UNITED STATES GROUPED BY DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University Second edition — 6 December 2019 The focus is on families of plants found in the conterminous United States, including ornamentals. The listing of a family is not meant to imply that every species has that feature. I am using a fewfamily names, such as Liliaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Scrophulariaceae, in the traditional sense, because their limits remain unsettled. Parasitic on branches Dioscoreaceae
[Show full text]
ACANTHACEAE 爵床科 Jue Chuang Ke Hu Jiaqi (胡嘉琪 Hu Chia-Chi)1, Deng Yunfei (邓云飞)2; John R
ACANTHACEAE 爵床科 jue chuang ke Hu Jiaqi (胡嘉琪 Hu Chia-chi)1, Deng Yunfei (邓云飞)2; John R. I. Wood3, Thomas F. Daniel4 Prostrate, erect, or rarely climbing herbs (annual or perennial), subshrubs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, usually with cystoliths (except in following Chinese genera: Acanthus, Blepharis, Nelsonia, Ophiorrhiziphyllon, Staurogyne, and Thunbergia), isophyllous (leaf pairs of equal size at each node) or anisophyllous (leaf pairs of unequal size at each node). Branches decussate, terete to angular in cross-section, nodes often swollen, sometimes spinose with spines derived from reduced leaves, bracts, and/or bracteoles. Stipules absent. Leaves opposite [rarely alternate or whorled]; leaf blade margin entire, sinuate, crenate, dentate, or rarely pinnatifid. Inflo- rescences terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, panicles, or dense clusters, rarely of solitary flowers; bracts 1 per flower or dichasial cluster, large and brightly colored or minute and green, sometimes becoming spinose; bracteoles present or rarely absent, usually 2 per flower. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, bisexual, zygomorphic to subactinomorphic. Calyx synsepalous (at least basally), usually 4- or 5-lobed, rarely (Thunbergia) reduced to an entire cupular ring or 10–20-lobed. Corolla sympetalous, sometimes resupinate 180º by twisting of corolla tube; tube cylindric or funnelform; limb subactinomorphic (i.e., subequally 5-lobed) or zygomorphic (either 2- lipped with upper lip subentire to 2-lobed and lower lip 3-lobed, or rarely 1-lipped with 3 lobes); lobes ascending or descending cochlear, quincuncial, contorted, or open in bud. Stamens epipetalous, included in or exserted from corolla tube, 2 or 4 and didyna- mous; filaments distinct, connate in pairs, or monadelphous basally via a sheath (Strobilanthes); anthers with 1 or 2 thecae; thecae parallel to perpendicular, equally inserted to superposed, spherical to linear, base muticous or spurred, usually longitudinally dehis- cent; staminodes 0–3, consisting of minute projections or sterile filaments.
[Show full text]
Insects Associated with Fruits of the Oleaceae (Asteridae, Lamiales) in Kenya, with Special Reference to the Tephritidae (Diptera)
D. Elmo Hardy Memorial Volume. Contributions to the Systematics and 135 Evolution of Diptera. Edited by N.L. Evenhuis & K.Y. Kaneshiro. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 12: 135–164 (2004). Insects associated with fruits of the Oleaceae (Asteridae, Lamiales) in Kenya, with special reference to the Tephritidae (Diptera) ROBERT S. COPELAND Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA, and International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; email: [email protected] IAN M. WHITE Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK; e-mail: [email protected] MILLICENT OKUMU, PERIS MACHERA International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya. ROBERT A. WHARTON Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Collections of fruits from indigenous species of Oleaceae were made in Kenya between 1999 and 2003. Members of the four Kenyan genera were sampled in coastal and highland forest habitats, and at altitudes from sea level to 2979 m. Schrebera alata, whose fruit is a woody capsule, produced Lepidoptera only, as did the fleshy fruits of Jasminum species. Tephritid fruit flies were reared only from fruits of the oleaceous subtribe Oleinae, including Olea and Chionanthus. Four tephritid species were reared from Olea. The olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, was found exclusively in fruits of O. europaea ssp. cuspidata, a close relative of the commercial olive, Olea europaea ssp. europaea. Olive fly was reared from 90% (n = 21) of samples of this species, on both sides of the Rift Valley and at elevations to 2801 m.
[Show full text]
Diversity and Evolution of Asterids!
Diversity and Evolution of Asterids! . mints and snapdragons . ! *Boraginaceae - borage family! Widely distributed, large family of alternate leaved plants. Typically hairy. Typically possess helicoid or scorpiod cymes = compound monochasium. Many are poisonous or used medicinally. Mertensia virginica - Eastern bluebells *Boraginaceae - borage family! CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G (2) Gynobasic style; not terminal style which is usual in plants; this feature is shared with the mint family (Lamiaceae) which is not related Myosotis - forget me not 2 carpels each with 2 ovules are separated at maturity and each further separated into 1 ovuled compartments Fruit typically 4 nutlets *Boraginaceae - borage family! Echium vulgare Blueweed, viper’s bugloss adventive *Boraginaceae - borage family! Hackelia virginiana Beggar’s-lice Myosotis scorpioides Common forget-me-not *Boraginaceae - borage family! Lithospermum canescens Lithospermum incisium Hoary puccoon Fringed puccoon *Boraginaceae - borage family! pin thrum Lithospermum canescens • Lithospermum (puccoon) - classic Hoary puccoon dimorphic heterostyly *Boraginaceae - borage family! Mertensia virginica Eastern bluebells Botany 401 final field exam plant! *Boraginaceae - borage family! Leaves compound or lobed and “water-marked” Hydrophyllum virginianum - Common waterleaf Botany 401 final field exam plant! **Oleaceae - olive family! CA (4) CO (4) or 0 A 2 G (2) • Woody plants, opposite leaves • 4 merous actinomorphic or regular flowers Syringa vulgaris - Lilac cultivated **Oleaceae - olive family! CA (4)
[Show full text]
VERBENACEAE by Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez (Jul 2020)
GUIDE TO THE GENERA OF LIANAS AND CLIMBING PLANTS IN THE NEOTROPICS VERBENACEAE By Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez (Jul 2020) A pantropical family extending to warm temperate regions, of shrubs, trees, lianas and less often herbs, commonly aromatic; with 33 genera and about 910 species. Twining lianas are restricted to Petrea, while scrambling lianas or subshrubs are found in Citharexylum, Duranta, and Lantana. Verbenaceae are represented in the Neotropics by 24 genera and about 710 species, of which only 22 species are consistently reported as lianas or climbing plants, most of which belong to the genus Petrea. Diagnostics: Leaves opposite (sometimes aromatic), simple, exstipulate; stems commonly quadrangular; corolla gamopetalous; Citharexylum may be confused with Aegiphila (Lamiaceae) but it is distinguished by the racemose inflorescence (vs a cyme or glomerule). Sterile Petrea may Petrea sp., photo by P. Acevedo be confused with sterile Aegiphila and may be confused with members of Malpighiaceae, but leaves are devoid of glands, and indument not T-shaped. General Characters 1. STEMS. Of all neotropical climbing Verbenaceae, only Citharexylum and Petrea produce stems with substantial secondary growth. Young stems are often quadrangular, but becoming cylindrical, reaching 3-10 m in length and up to 8 cm in diameter; cross sections in Citharexylum and Petrea are regular, often with a square medulla, a cylindrical vascular cylinder traversed by numerous conspicuous, narrow rays (fig. 1a, b & d); vessels are narrow (fig. 1a-d); climbing species of Lantana have deeply fluted stems (fig. 1c). 2. EXUDATES. Exudates are inconspicuous in all genera. 3. CLIMBING MECHANISM. Lianas and vines in this family are either scramblers or twiners, and commonly have short lateral plagiotropic or hanging branches.
[Show full text]
Fragrant Annuals Fragrant Annuals
TheThe AmericanAmerican GARDENERGARDENER® TheThe MagazineMagazine ofof thethe AAmericanmerican HorticulturalHorticultural SocietySociety JanuaryJanuary // FebruaryFebruary 20112011 New Plants for 2011 Unusual Trees with Garden Potential The AHS’s River Farm: A Center of Horticulture Fragrant Annuals Legacies assume many forms hether making estate plans, considering W year-end giving, honoring a loved one or planting a tree, the legacies of tomorrow are created today. Please remember the American Horticultural Society when making your estate and charitable giving plans. Together we can leave a legacy of a greener, healthier, more beautiful America. For more information on including the AHS in your estate planning and charitable giving, or to make a gift to honor or remember a loved one, please contact Courtney Capstack at (703) 768-5700 ext. 127. Making America a Nation of Gardeners, a Land of Gardens contents Volume 90, Number 1 . January / February 2011 FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 5 NOTES FROM RIVER FARM 6 MEMBERS’ FORUM 8 NEWS FROM THE AHS 2011 Seed Exchange catalog online for AHS members, new AHS Travel Study Program destinations, AHS forms partnership with Northeast garden symposium, registration open for 10th annual America in Bloom Contest, 2011 EPCOT International Flower & Garden Festival, Colonial Williamsburg Garden Symposium, TGOA-MGCA garden photography competition opens. 40 GARDEN SOLUTIONS Plant expert Scott Aker offers a holistic approach to solving common problems. 42 HOMEGROWN HARVEST page 28 Easy-to-grow parsley. 44 GARDENER’S NOTEBOOK Enlightened ways to NEW PLANTS FOR 2011 BY JANE BERGER 12 control powdery mildew, Edible, compact, upright, and colorful are the themes of this beating bugs with plant year’s new plant introductions.
[Show full text]