DOCSLIB.ORG

Xinjiang Urban Transport and Environmental Improvement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Xinjiang Urban Transport and Environmental Improvement Supplementary Appendix D 1 SUPPLEMENTARY APPENDIX D DETAILED COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING PLAN 1. Components and Expenditure Accounts The project cost components and expenditure accounts in the cost estimate are defined in Table SA-D1and Table SA-D2 respectively. Table SA - D1: Components Component No. Definitions Accounts 1 Urban Roads - Altay Urban Roads - Changji Urban Roads - Hami Urban Roads - Kuytun Urban Roads - Turpan Urban Roads 2 Environmental - Altay Environmental Improvement Improvement - Changji Environmental Improvement - Hami Environmental Improvement - Kuytun Environmental Improvement - Turpan Environmental Improvement 3 Capacity - Altay Capacity Building Building - Changji Capacity Building - Hami Capacity Building - Kuytun Capacity Building - Turpan Capacity Building Table SA - D2: Expenditure Accounts Expenditure No. Definitions Accounts 1 Civil Works - Earth works - Concrete work - Metal fabrication - Building construction on roads and pipelines, etc - Landscaping, planting, and fences, etc - Plumbing, electrical wiring and other utility services - Other construction services 2 Equipment - General purpose vehicles - General purpose tools - Office supplies - Sanitation facilities 3 Materials - Purchases of project materials that are separately from associated construction services, e.g. rock, steel, cement, sand, wood, rebar, pipes, asphalt, seedling trees, grass seeds and paving blocks etc 4 Land - Land aquired Acquisition - Compensation for loss of assets and livelihood and - Cost to resettle displaced persons (new housing, new land, retraining, Resettlement moving costs, and costs to assist the host community etc) - Monitoring 5 Environmental - Any costs related to environmental protection during project Protection implementation 2 Supplementary Appendix D Expenditure No. Definitions Accounts 6 Survey, - Investigations and survey Research, - Research Design and - Design Consulting - Technical support services Service 7 Bidding - Any costs related to bidding documents and expenses Documents and Expenses 8 Consulting - Any costs relating to consultant services for capacity building during Service implementation 9 Training - Technical training for project operations under capacity building - Training in ADB procedures under capacity building - Other training under capacity building 10 Management - Any expenses related to project management under capacity building 2. Assumptions The major assumptions for the cost estimates are: Exchange Rate:1 CNY6.85 = $1 All costs are in April 2008 prices. Physical contingencies are calculated at 10%. Price contingencies are based on expected cumulative inflation at home and abroad over the implementation period as follows: 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 Foreign rate of price inflation (%/year) 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% Domestic rate of price inflation (%/year) 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% Assumed rates (2008 to 2013) are provided by the Asian Development Bank. Financing costs include capitalized interest and commitment fees. Interest during construction has been computed at the 14 April 2008 five-year forward London interbank offered rate plus a spread of 0.2%. Commitment fee is assumed to be 0.15%. Interest rates and terms are as follows: Interest Total period Interest Commitment Grace Interest Commitment Rates & of the loan rate charge Period capitalized fee capitalized Terms in years ADB Loan 3.58% 0.15% 25 5 100% 100% ADB = Asian Development Bank. 3. Major Output Tables The major output tables are shown in SA D3 through SA D9. 1 Source: Agreed between PMO and ADB estimate of appreciating CNY exchange rate. Table SA.D3 Xinjiang Urban Transport and Environmental Improvement Project Summary of Cost Estimates Total Project (CNY Ten Thousand) (US$ Million) Percent of Total Item Foreign Local Foreign Local Exchange Currency Total Costs Exchange Currency Total Costs Project Costs Costs Costs Costs Costs A. Base Costs I. Construction Civil Works 32,715.1 34,050.4 66,765.6 53.8 43.8 97.5 51% Equipment 14,371.3 0.0 14,371.3 21.0 0.0 21.0 11% Land Aquisition and Resettlement 0.0 17,915.6 17,915.6 0.0 26.1 26.1 14% Environmental Protection 0.0 1,611.1 1,611.1 0.0 2.4 2.4 1% Survey, research, design & consulting services 0.0 5,422.7 5,422.7 0.0 7.9 7.9 4% Subtotal (I) 47,086.4 58,999.8 106,086.2 74.7 80.2 154.9 81% II. Capacity Building Consulting Services 342.5 0.0 342.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0% Training 479.5 0.0 479.5 0.7 0.0 0.7 0% Management 205.5 0.0 205.5 0.3 0.0 0.3 0% Subtotal (II) 1,027.5 0.0 1,027.5 1.5 0.0 1.5 1% Total - Base costs (I+II) 48,113.9 58,999.8 107,113.7 76.2 80.2 156.4 81% B. Contingencies Physical Contingency 5,142.2 5,569.2 10,711.4 7.5 8.1 15.6 8% Supplementary Appendix D Price Contingency 1,385.4 6,376.1 7,761.5 2.0 9.3 11.3 6% Total - Contingencies 6,527.5 11,945.4 18,472.9 9.5 17.4 26.9 14% C. Financing charges during implementation Interest during implementation - ADB Loan 6,146.3 0.0 6,146.3 9.0 0.0 9.0 5% Commitment charges - ADB Loan 89.0 0.0 89.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0% Total - Financing charges during implementation 6,235.3 0.0 6,235.3 9.1 0.0 9.1 5% Total - Project Costs 60,876.8 70,945.2 131,822.0 94.9 97.6 192.4 100% Exchange rate: 6.85 CNY to 1US$ 3 4 Table SA D4 Xinjiang Urban Transport and Environmental Improvement Project Costs and Financing by Expenditure Account Supplementary Appendix D Summary of Total Project Cost Financing by Expenditure Account (in $ Million) ADB Share by Item CNY Ten US$ ADB Altay City Changji Ciy Hami City Kuytun Ciy Turpan Ciy Expenditure Thousand Million Loan Government Government Government Government Government Account A. Base Cost 1. Construction Civil works 66,765.6 97.6 68.4 7.9 5.6 3.1 9.0 3.4 70% Equipment 14,371.3 21.0 21.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100% Land acquisition and resettlement 17,915.6 26.1 0.0 2.9 11.1 3.1 0.0 9.0 0% Environmental protection 1,611.1 2.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0% Survey, research, design and consulting services 5,422.7 7.9 0.0 2.1 2.6 1.2 2.1 1.9 0% Total Construction 106,086.2 154.9 89.4 13.0 19.4 7.5 11.2 14.3 58% II. Capacity Building Consulting services 342.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0 0 0 0 100% Training 479.5 0.7 0.7 0.0 0 0 0 0 100% Project Management 205.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 0 0 0 0 100% Total Capacity Building 1,027.5 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100% Total Base Cost (I+II) 107,113.7 156.4 90.9 13.0 19.4 7.5 11.2 14.3 58% B. Contingencies Physical contingency 10,711.4 15.6 0.0 3.1 4.7 1.8 2.8 3.3 0% Price contingency 7,761.5 11.3 0.0 2.1 3.3 1.3 1.8 2.8 0% Total Contingencies 18,472.9 26.9 0.0 5.2 7.9 3.1 4.6 6.1 0% C. Financing charges during implementation Interest during implementation - ADB Loan 6,146.3 9.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100% Commitment charges - ADB Loan 89.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100% Total Financing charges during implementation 6,235.3 9.1 9.1 Total Project Costs (A+B+C) 131,822.0 192.4 100.0 18.2 27.4 10.6 15.8 20.3 52% Financing by Source of funds 52% 9% 14% 6% 8% 11% Exchange rate: 6.85 CNY to 1US$ Table SA D5 Xinjiang Urban Transport and Environmental Improvement Project Costs and Financing by Expenditure Account Altay City Government CNY (ten thousand) ($ Million) % of ADB Item Loan ADB Altay City Total ADB Altay Total Share A. Base Costs I. Construction Civil Works 7,823.11 5,413.96 13,237.07 11.43 7.91 19.34 59% Equipment 4,390.85 0.00 4,390.85 6.41 0.00 6.41 100% Land Aquisition and Resettlement 0.00 1,996.71 1,996.71 0.00 2.91 2.91 0% Environmental Protection 0.00 51.85 51.85 0.00 0.08 0.08 0% Survey, research, design & consulting services 0.00 1,453.84 1,453.84 0.00 2.12 2.12 0% Subtotal (I) 12,213.96 8,916.36 21,130.32 17.84 13.02 30.86 58% II. Capacity Building Consulting Services 68.50 0.00 68.50 0.10 0.00 0.10 100% Training 95.90 0.00 95.90 0.14 0.00 0.14 100% Management 41.10 0.00 41.10 0.06 0.00 0.06 100% Subtotal (II) 205.50 0.00 205.50 0.30 0.00 0.30 100% Total - Base costs (I+II) 12,419.46 8,916.36 21,335.82 18.14 13.02 31.16 58% B. Contingencies Supplementary Appendix D Physical Contingency 0.00 2,135.72 2,135.72 0.00 3.12 3.12 0% Price Contingency 0.00 1,450.86 1,450.86 0.00 2.12 2.12 0% Total - Contingencies 0.00 3,586.57 3,586.57 0.00 5.24 5.24 0% C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status
    water Article Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status Puyu Wang 1,2,3,*, Zhongqin Li 1,3,4, Hongliang Li 1,2, Zhengyong Zhang 3, Liping Xu 3 and Xiaoying Yue 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science/Tianshan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (L.X.) 4 College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China is the largest arid region in Central Asia, and is heavily dependent on glacier melt in high mountains for water supplies. In this paper, glacier and climate changes in Xinjiang during the past decades were comprehensively discussed based on glacier inventory data, individual monitored glacier observations, recent publications, as well as meteorological records. The results show that glaciers have been in continuous mass loss and dimensional shrinkage since the 1960s, although there are spatial differences between mountains and sub-regions, and the significant temperature increase is the dominant controlling factor of glacier change. The mass loss of monitored glaciers in the Tien Shan has accelerated since the late 1990s, but has a slight slowing after 2010. Remote sensing results also show a more negative mass balance in the 2000s and mass loss slowing in the latest decade (2010s) in most regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Xinjiang Bingtuan in the Twenty-first Century
    Asian Studies Review March 2009, Vol. 33, pp. 83–106 Neo Oasis: The Xinjiang Bingtuan in the Twenty-first Century THOMAS MATTHEW JAMES CLIFF* The Australian National University Introduction Military-agricultural colonies have long been a feature of Chinese frontier policy, but in the late twentieth century the bingtuan1 underwent an unprecedented transformation of form, function and rhetorical justification that raises questions regarding the contemporary bingtuan’s motives, mechanisms and role models. By examining these questions, this article sets out to determine the role that is being played by the twenty-first century bingtuan, and how it diverges from the military- agricultural colonies of the past. In 1982 Deng Xiaoping declared that the bingtuan ‘‘should be different from military farms’’ (Seymour, 2000, p. 182), and in 1998 the bingtuan (which translates as Corps) officially became a corporation (a move that I shall term Incorporation). These changes were not simply rhetorical. The bingtuan had by 1999 undergone a series of major structural changes. Whereas in 1954 the organisation was subject to the authority of the XUAR2 government, by 1999 it had been gradually promoted to the same bureaucratic status as the XUAR government. The bingtuan has occupied expanding areas of Xinjiang since 1954, and the bureaucratic promotion of 1998 effectively made it a ‘‘state within a state’’.3 Despite these changes, Chinese and Western authors continue to refer to the twenty-first century bingtuan as little removed from Dynastic era forms of military- agricultural colony. Within this discourse, there is an assumption that the bingtuan of 1954 is the same organisation as the bingtuan of 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Dust Deposition and Ambient PM10 Concentration in Central Asia: Spatial and Temporal Variability”, While the Paper Only Focus on Xinjiang Province, China
    Comments from anonymous Referee #1 Major comments Question 1: The title of the paper is “Dust deposition and ambient PM10 concentration in central Asia: Spatial and temporal variability”, while the paper only focus on Xinjiang province, China. However, the Central Asia is generally referred to the core region of the Asian continent which usually including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in the modern context. The title of the paper, therefore, should be reconsidered regarding study region and avoid possible confusion. Reply: We have revised the paper to indicate that Xinjiang Province is located in east Asia. While Xinjiang Province is technically located at the western fringe of east Asia, the geography of the Province is very similar to central Asia. The title has been changed to “Dust deposition and ambient PM10 concentration in northwest China: Spatial and temporal variability”. Question 2: In the Introduction, the author cites Simonson (1995) and Pye (1987) to show that dust plays an important role in climate change and environmental quality. The paper cited here, which is published in 1990s and relatively outdated. Since then, the dust deposition data have been enriched, as listed in the Table.1. What is the current circumstance of dust deposition research? What is still unknown? I would suggest author include more recent paper in this field to strengthen the introduction section. Reply: New citations have been added to the Introduction to support the discussion of the importance of dust in climate change and environmental quality. Citations added to the Introduction include: Chen, S., Huang, J., Zhao, C., Qian, Y., Leung, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020
    Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020 Contents Heilongjiang ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Jilin ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 Liaoning ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ........................................................................................................... 7 Beijing......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Hebei ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 Henan .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Shandong .................................................................................................................................................... 14 Shanxi ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Shaanxi ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hami-Turpan-Urumqi-Kuytun-Jinghe
    CAREC Corridor Implementation Progress, Planned Actions, and Support Needs P. R. China Istanbul, Apr. 18th, 2018 Infrastructure 5 Routes in China's Territory: (a) Route 1: Hami-Turpan-Urumqi-Kuytun-Jinghe- Alashankou (b) Route 2: Hami-Turpan-Urumqi-Kuytun-Jinghe- Khorgos (c）Route 3: Hami-Turpan-Kashi-Torugart (d) Route 4: Hami-Turpan-Karshi-Yierkeshitan (e) Route 5: Urumqi-Tashkent Map of Relevant Routes in China Status of the 5 Routes Route 1: Hami-Turpan-Urumqi-Kuytun-Jinghe- Alashankou (1a, 2c) * Hami-Jinghe Section (G30): Motorway. Xiaocaohu- Urumqi and Urumqi-Kuytun: in upgradation, about 360 km * Jinghe-Alashankou (G3018): Motorway under construction; most parts of the existing roads - Grade I Highway Route 2：Hami-Turpan-Urumqi-Kuytun-Jinghe- Khorgos (1b) * Hami-Khorgos (G30): Motorway. Xiaocaohu- Urumqi, Urumqi-Kuytun: in upgradation, about 360 km Route 3: Hami-Turpan-Kashi-Torugart (1c) * Hami-Turpan (G30): Motorway. * Turpan-Karshi (G3012): Motorway * Karshi-Torugart: Motor & Class II Highways. Route 4: Hami-Tulufan-Karshgar-Irkeshtam (2a, 2b, 2d) * Hami-Tulufan (G30): Motorway. * Tulufan-Kashgar (G3012): Motorway. * Kashi-Yierkeshitan: Motorway & Class II Highways. Route 5: Urumqi-Tashkent (4a) * Most parts of the roads: Class II & above Highways Other Roads Connecting Land Ports -Kalasu (G313): Class III Highways -Khunjerab (G314): Class II Highways CAREC Transport Vision for 2030 Proposal: -The neighbouring countries could build roads of the similar technical standards Transport Facilitation Progress and Next Steps Progress since 2017 -With Uzbekistan Signed bilateral agreement on international road transport in 2017; Exchanged transport permits for 2018. -With Mongolia Jan. - Apr. , 2018, consultation on new Agreement and Protocol; Protocol initialed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bingtuan
    The Bingtuan: China’s Paramilitary Colonizing Force in East Turkestan 1 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2 2. Bingtuan History and Propaganda 4 3. Urbanization and Expansion 10 4. Cracking Down: Prisons, Anti-Terrorism and Stability Maintenance 15 5. Employment Discrimination 21 6. Displacement and Environmental Destruction 26 7. Recommendations 33 8. Appendix 35 9. Acknowledgements 37 10. Endnotes 38 Cover image: A guide gestures to a depiction of early bingtuan migrants to East Turkestan, from a state media report on the Bingtuan Museum in Shihezi. 2 1. Executive Summary The bingtuan (also known as the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) or in Mandarin: xinjiang shengchang jianshe bingtuan—(this report will refer to the group as the bingtuan), is a paramilitary organization in East Turkestan that answers directly to the central Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government in Beijing. Its goals are primarily colonial: develop the land in East Turkestan, secure the border, and maintain stability. Its structure reflects its paramilitary organization, with 14 divisions made up of dozens of regiments. Ethnically, the bingtuan is 86% Han, compared to the overall proportion of Han in East Turkestan, which is only 40%. The bingtuan represents one of the foremost institutions of Han dominance, and marginalization of Uyghurs and other indigenous ethnic groups, in East Turkestan. This report details the bingtuan activity with regard to propaganda, urbanization, prisons, militarization, employment discrimination, and rural policies causing displacement and environmental destruction. The report methodology includes translation of Chinese government documents, interviews with Uyghur people living overseas who witnessed bingtuan policies firsthand before fleeing East Turkestan, and research on academic and media reports in Chinese, Uyghur and English, particularly using the Uyghur Human Rights Project’s access to Uighurbiz, the website of Uyghur scholar Ilham Tohti.
    [Show full text]
  • To Whom It May Concern, What Follows Is Public Testimony Data Exported
    To whom it may concern, What follows is public testimony data exported from the Xinjiang Victims Database (shahit.biz) on Tue, 28 Sep 2021 23:07:54 +0000. A total of 550 victims with the following criteria is considered: List: Forced labor cases The vast majority of testimonies presented come with supplementary materials - video, audio, pictures, and documents - the links to which are included here and which also may be consulted by accessing the testimonies via the original interface at www.shahit.biz. In compiling this information, all efforts have been made to faithfully and accurately convey that which has been put forth by the testifier. In many cases, the information was imported from public sources. In others, it was submitted to us directly by the testifier. Despite our best efforts and most professional intentions, it is inevitable that some human error is nevertheless present. Many testimonies were inputted by non-native English speakers and still require proofreading. Finally, the majority of these testimonies have not gone through rigorous corroboration and as such should not be treated as fact. We hereby leave the way in which this data will be used to the reader's discretion. Sincerely, the shahit.biz team 8. Murat Muqan (木拉提·木汗) Chinese ID: 65432619840811??O? (Jeminey) Basic info Age: 35 Gender: M Ethnicity: Kazakh Likely current location: --- Status: --- When problems started: Jan. 2018 - Mar. 2018 Detention reason (suspected|official): contact with outside world|--- Health status: has problems Profession: engineer Testifying party (* direct submission) Testimony 1*: "Azat Erkin", a Kazakh web activist. (friend) Testimony 2: CNLC representative, as reported by "Azat Erkin".
    [Show full text]
  • A Spatial Analysis
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Socio-Demographic Predictors and Distribution of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in Xinjiang, China: A Spatial Analysis Atikaimu Wubuli1,5, Feng Xue2, Daobin Jiang3, Xuemei Yao1, Halmurat Upur4*, Qimanguli Wushouer3* 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 2 Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 4 Department of Traditional Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 5 Research Institution of Health Affairs Development and Reform, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China * [email protected] (HU); [email protected] (QW) OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Wubuli A, Xue F, Jiang D, Yao X, Upur H, Wushouer Q (2015) Socio-Demographic Predictors and Distribution of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in Objectives Xinjiang, China: A Spatial Analysis. PLoS ONE 10 Xinjiang is one of the high TB burden provinces of China. A spatial analysis was conducted (12): e0144010. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144010 using geographical information system (GIS) technology to improve the understanding of Editor: Antonio Guilherme Pacheco, FIOCRUZ, geographic variation of the pulmonary TB occurrence in Xinjiang, its predictors, and to BRAZIL search for targeted interventions. Received: January 6, 2015 Accepted: November 12, 2015 Methods Published: December 7, 2015 Numbers of reported pulmonary TB cases were collected at county/district level from TB Copyright: © 2015 Wubuli et al. This is an open surveillance system database. Population data were extracted from Xinjiang Statistical access article distributed under the terms of the Yearbook (2006~2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Kuytun Reclamation Area People’S Court Criminal Verdict (2018) XPCC 0701 Crim
    Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Kuytun Reclamation Area People’s Court Criminal Verdict (2018) XPCC 0701 Crim. Init. No. 22 Public prosecuting body: Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) Kuytun Reclamation Area People’s Procuratorate. Defendant: Ismayil Sidiq, male, born on October 1, 1964. Uyghur, illiterate, farmer. On June 24, 2017, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) Yengisar County People’s Court sentenced the defendant Ismayil Sidiq to ten years in prison with three years’ deprivation of political rights and a fine of 10000RMB for the crime of propagating extremism. He is currently held at the XPCC Seventh Division Kuytun Prison. On May 16, 2018, the XPCC Kuytun Reclamation Area People’s Procuratorate filed the XPCC Kuytun Rec. Area Proc. Crim. Pros. (2018) Indictment No. 22 with our court, accusing the defendant Ismayil Sidiq of the crimes of undermining prison supervision and inciting ethnic hatred and discrimination. In accordance with the law, this court convened a panel of judges and held a public hearing of the case. The XPCC Kuytun Reclamation Area People’s Procuratorate appointed prosecutor Guo Xin to appear in court to support the charges, with the defendant Ismayil Sidiq also appearing in court to participate in the hearing. The case has now been concluded. The public prosecuting body alleged that: On July 13, 2017, the defendant Ismayil Sidiq was transferred to the XPCC Seventh Division Kuytun Prison (hereafter referred to simply as “Kuytun Prison”) to serve his sentence. On January 25, 2018, while the defendant Ismayil Sidiq was watching television in the prison, he realized that the time displayed on the television was that of the final daily namaz, and used a disguised and simplified method to perform the namaz prayer in the prison dormitory.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles Are Delivered Back to the Surface by Both Dry and Wet Deposition (Shao, 2000)
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1699–1711, 2017 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/1699/2017/ doi:10.5194/acp-17-1699-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Dust deposition and ambient PM10 concentration in northwest China: spatial and temporal variability Xiao-Xiao Zhang1,2, Brenton Sharratt3, Xi Chen1, Zi-Fa Wang2, Lian-You Liu4, Yu-Hong Guo2, Jie Li2, Huan-Sheng Chen2, and Wen-Yi Yang2 1State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China 2State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China 3USDA-ARS, 215 Johnson Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA 4Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China Correspondence to: Xiao-Xiao Zhang ([email protected]) Received: 15 June 2016 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 23 June 2016 Revised: 10 January 2017 – Accepted: 15 January 2017 – Published: 3 February 2017 Abstract. Eolian dust transport and deposition are im- air quality. Annual average dust deposition increased log- 2 portant geophysical processes which influence global bio- arithmically with ambient PM10 concentration (R ≥ 0.81). geochemical cycles. Currently, reliable deposition data are While the annual average dust storm frequency remained un- scarce in central and east Asia. Located at the boundary changed from 2000 to 2013, there was a positive relation- of central and east Asia, Xinjiang Province of northwest- ship between dust storm days and dust deposition and PM10 ern China has long played a strategic role in cultural and concentration across stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation Research on the Coordinated Development of Regional Social Economy and Oasis Ecosystem in Northwestern Cities and Towns
    [Type text] ISSN : [Type0974 -text] 7435 Volume[Type 10 Issue text] 9 2014 BioTechnology An Indian Journal FULL PAPER BTAIJ, 10(9), 2014 [4228-4237] Evaluation research on the coordinated development of regional social economy and oasis ecosystem in northwestern cities and towns Jing Qian Henan College of Finance and Tax, 450001, (CHINA) E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT It is a main task of regional development to realize a coordinated development of regional social economy and the oasis ecosystem. This paper took 14 cities in northwest of China as an example and made a deep analysis on their development status, established a comprehensive evaluation index system of social economy and the oasis ecosystem. Using the entropy weight method, coordination development model and economic and ecological benefits criterion, a quantitative analysis was carried out to study the coordinated development degree of regional social economy and the oasis ecosystem. The results showed that: (1) The overall level of coordinated development degree between economy and ecological systems of the 14 cities is not high, with the average degree of coordinated development of 0.46. (2) Overall level of social economic and ecological environment benefit is low with average economic benefit of 0.21 and average ecological benefit of 0.30. (3) There are four cities which belong to the economy and environment synchronous development type, two belong to economic oriented type and the others are environment oriented type. KEYWORDS The northwest; Social economy and the oasis ecosystem; Coordinated development; Evaluation. © Trade Science Inc. BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 Jing Qian 4229 INTRODUCTION Sustainable development is the task and ultimate goal of national and regional coordinated development.
    [Show full text]
  • Dust Deposition and Ambient PM10 Concentration in Northwest China
    Dust deposition and ambient PM10 concentration in northwest China: Spatial and temporal variability Xiao-Xiao Zhang1, 2, Brenton Sharratt3, Xi Chen1, Zi-Fa Wang2, Lian-You Liu4, Yu-Hong Guo2, Jie Li2, Huan-Sheng Chen2, and Wen-Yi Yang2 5 1State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China 2State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China 3USDA-ARS, 215 Johnson Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA 10 4Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China Correspondence to: X. X. Zhang ([email protected]) Abstract. Aeolian dust transport and deposition are important geophysical processes which influence global bio- geochemical cycles. Currently, reliable deposition data are scarce in central and east Asia. Located at the boundary of central 15 and east Asia, Xinjiang Province of northwestern China has long played a strategic role in cultural and economic trade between Asia and Europe. In this paper, we investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation in dust deposition and ambient PM10 (particulate matter in aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm ) concentration from 2000 to 2013 in Xinjiang Province. This variation was assessed using environmental monitoring records from 14 stations in the province. Over the 14 years, annual average dust deposition across stations in the province ranged from 255.7 to 421.4 t km-2. Annual dust deposition was 20 greater in southern Xinjiang (663.6 t km-2) than northern (147.8 t km-2) and eastern Xinjiang (194.9 t km-2).
    [Show full text]