DOCSLIB.ORG

Solutions to Selected Exercises for Braun and Murdoch's a First

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Solutions to Selected Exercises for Braun and Murdoch's a First Solutions to Selected Exercises for Braun and Murdoch's A First Course in Statistical Programming with R Kristy Alexander, Yiwen Diao, Qiang Fu, and Yu Han W. John Braun and Duncan J. Murdoch November 1, 2007 Chapter 3 Programming Statistical Graphics 3.1 High level plots 1. (a) > hist(islands) Histogram of islands 40 30 20 Frequency 10 0 0 5000 10000 15000 islands (c) > par(mfrow=c(1,2)) > hist(islands,breaks="Sturges",main="Sturges") > hist(islands,breaks="Scott",main="Scott") 6 Sturges Scott 40 40 30 30 20 20 Frequency Frequency 10 10 0 0 0 5000 10000 15000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 islands islands > par(mfrow=c(1,2)) > hist(log(islands),breaks="Sturges",main="Sturges") > hist(log(islands),breaks="Scott",main="Scott") Sturges Scott 30 15 25 20 10 15 Frequency Frequency 10 5 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 log(islands) log(islands) (e) > par(mfrow=c(1,2)) > dotchart(islands,main="islands") > dotchart(log(islands),main="log(islands)") 7 islands log(islands) Victoria ● Victoria ● Vancouver ● Vancouver ● Timor ● Timor ● Tierra del Fuego ● Tierra del Fuego ● Tasmania ● Tasmania ● Taiwan ● Taiwan ● Sumatra ● Sumatra ● Spitsbergen ● Spitsbergen ● Southampton ● Southampton ● South America ● South America ● Sakhalin ● Sakhalin ● Prince of Wales ● Prince of Wales ● Novaya Zemlya ● Novaya Zemlya ● North America ● North America ● Newfoundland ● Newfoundland ● New Zealand (S) ● New Zealand (S) ● New Zealand (N) ● New Zealand (N) ● New Guinea ● New Guinea ● New Britain ● New Britain ● Moluccas ● Moluccas ● Mindanao ● Mindanao ● Melville ● Melville ● Madagascar ● Madagascar ● Luzon ● Luzon ● Kyushu ● Kyushu ● Java ● Java ● Ireland ● Ireland ● Iceland ● Iceland ● Honshu ● Honshu ● Hokkaido ● Hokkaido ● Hispaniola ● Hispaniola ● Hainan ● Hainan ● Greenland ● Greenland ● Europe ● Europe ● Ellesmere ● Ellesmere ● Devon ● Devon ● Cuba ● Cuba ● Celon ● Celon ● Celebes ● Celebes ● Britain ● Britain ● Borneo ● Borneo ● Banks ● Banks ● Baffin ● Baffin ● Axel Heiberg ● Axel Heiberg ● Australia ● Australia ● Asia ● Asia ● Antarctica ● Antarctica ● Africa ● Africa ● 0 5000 10000 15000 4 6 8 10 3. (a) > plot(pressure$temperature,pressure$pressure,xlab="temperature",ylab="pressure") ● 800 600 ● 400 ● pressure ● 200 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 temperature (c) > plot(pressure$temperature,pressure$pressure^(3/20),xlab="temperature",ylab="pressure") 8 ● ● 2.5 ● ● ● ● 2.0 ● ● ● 1.5 ● pressure ● ● ● 1.0 ● ● ● ● 0.5 ● ● 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 temperature Chapter Exercises 1. (a) > hist(log(islands,10),breaks="Scott",axes=FALSE,xlab="area",main="Histogram of Island Areas") > axis(1,at=1:5,labels=10^(1:5)) > axis(2) > box() Histogram of Island Areas 35 30 25 20 15 Frequency 10 5 0 10 100 1000 10000 1e+05 area (c) > hist(round(log(islands,10)),breaks="Sturges",axes=FALSE,xlab="area", + main="Histogram of Island Areas") > axis(1,at=1:5,labels=10^(1:5)) > axis(2) > box() 9 Histogram of Island Areas 20 15 10 Frequency 5 0 10 100 1000 10000 area 10.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Absolute Temperature, 60 Acalapa Dome, 256
    INDEX 1 A alignment(s), fold, 307 absolute temperature, 60 regional strike, 121 positive, 127, 239 Acalapa dome, 256 Alloz diapir area, 286 resistivity, 138 acceleration of gravity, model ratio of, Almere deposits, 271 seismic, 298 14 Alpine geosyncline, Briangonnais structural, 99, 136 accumulation(s) of oil, stratigraphic, platform of, 335 Anoz diapir, stages of diapirism, 289 122 alpine orogenic belt, California, 238 Anoz diapir area, 286 of oil or gas, 109 Alpine orogeny, 300 thickness of middle Eocene, 289 Achotal structure, 254 alpine-type peridotites, 238 Anoz to Salinas de Oro diapir, acoustic-velocity values of shale, 137 Alps, “nappes” of the, 89 cross section, 289 activation, entropy of, 60 alteration, hydrothermal, 238 anticlinal diapirs, 4 free energy of, 60 alteration of anhydrite, 116 folding, 156, 168, 296 thermal, 60 Amadeus basin, diapiric structures of, salt masses, 121 activation energy, 60 301, 313 structures, 84 -temperature curves, 66 salt diapirs of, 3 Gulf province, 100 of “climb” process, 65 ambiguity, shape, 124 anticline, Cornwall, 188 of dislocation source, 65 Amexquite dome, cap rock, 258 Sierra de Minas Viejas, 11 Adelaide-Cambrian systemic bound­ ammonites, 247, 249 anticlines, diapiric, 5 ary, 304 amplitude, reflection, 134, 135 interdomal, 110 geosyncline, 302 Amund Ringnes Island, 188 relict, 110 diapirism in, 307 Anahuac sedimentary inclusions, 24 residual, 110 diapirism outside of, 313 Anahuacian, Hcterostcgina zone of, rim, 110 pattern of folding, 306 110 salt, origin of, 225 stratigraphy, 304 andesine,
    [Show full text]
  • Timor-Leste's Growing Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region
    110 Regionalism, Security & Cooperation in Oceania Chapter 8 Acting West, Looking East: Timor-Leste’s Growing Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region Jose Kai Lekke Sousa-Santos Executive Summary • Timor-Leste is situated geopolitically and culturally at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands region, and has pursued a two-pil- lared neighborhood foreign policy of “comprehensive and collective en- gagement,” which is defined by “Acting West” and “Looking East.” • Timor-Leste is seeking to integrate itself within regional governance and security structures, and institutions of both Southeast Asia and the Pa- cific Islands, thereby increasing its strategic role as a conduit for cooper- ation and collaboration between the two regions. • Timor-Leste is of increasing geostrategic importance to the Asia Pacific in view of the growing focus on the Pacific Ocean in terms of resource security and the growing competition between China and the United States. • Timor-Leste could play an increasingly significant role in regional de- fense diplomacy developments if the Melanesian Spearhead Group re- gional peacekeeping force is realized. Timor-Leste’s Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region - Santos 111 “We may be a small nation, but we are part of our inter- connected region. Our nation shares an island with Indone- sia. We are part of the fabric of Southeast Asia. And we are on the cross road of Asia and the Pacific.” 1 - Xanana Kay Rala Gusmao Introduction Timor-Leste is situated geopolitically and culturally on the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands region and has, since achieving in- dependence in 2002, pursued a two-pillared neighborhood foreign policy of ‘Acting West’ and ‘Looking East.’ Timor-Leste claims that its geographic position secures the “half-island” state as an integral and categorical part of Southeast Asia while at the same time, acknowledging the clear links it shares with its Pacific Island neighbors to the west, particularly in the areas of development and security.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cuba - Timor-Leste Health Program
    The Role of Social Medicine in Filling the Gap in Human Resources in Health: The Cuba - Timor-Leste Health Program Casey Lucas Hastings A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health University of Washington 2012 Committee: Mary Anne Mercer James Pfeiffer Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Global Health School of Public Health Abstract Objectives The developing world is faced with a high burden of infectious disease and insufficient physicians to address these problems. The alternative model of medical training that characterizes Cuban social medicine has been credited with the major successes of Cuba’s health system, but the possibility of applying this model to other developing countries has not been well studied. In Timor-Leste, physicians newly trained in Cuba in social medicine are returning to practice in the individual patient-focused health care system of Timor-Leste. Although the 1,000 newly graduated physicians expected to enter the Timorese national health system in the coming few years will help fill the current gap in human resources in health, the different approach to health problems afforded by their social medicine training may also present novel challenges. Methods The study design employed mixed methods, administering a quantitative questionnaire and performing qualitative semi-structured interviews with all 18 members of the first class of Timorese graduates of the Latin America School of Medicine in Cuba as well as with key informants in the Timorese medical community. Results Recent graduates demonstrated a social medicine directed approach to conceptualizing and addressing health issues, including strong public health skills with an emphasis on societal-level determinants of health.
    [Show full text]
  • Timor-Leste's Constitution of 2002
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:26 constituteproject.org Timor-Leste's Constitution of 2002 © Oxford University Press, Inc. Translated by Gisbert H. Flanz Prepared for distribution on constituteproject.org with content generously provided by Oxford University Press. This document has been recompiled and reformatted using texts collected in Oxford’s Constitutions of the World. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:26 Table of contents Preamble . 8 PART I: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES . 9 Article 1: The Republic . 9 Article 2: Sovereignty and Constitutionality . 9 Article 3: Citizenship . 9 Article 4: Territory . 9 Article 5: Decentralization . 10 Article 6: Objectives of the State . 10 Article 7: Universal Suffrage and Multi-Party System . 10 Article 8: International Relations . 11 Article 9: Reception of International Law . 11 Article 10: Solidarity . 11 Article 11: Valorization of Resistance . 11 Article 12: The State and Religious Denominations . 12 Article 13: Official Languages and National Languages . 12 Article 14: National Symbols . 12 Article 15: National Flag . 12 PART II: RIGHTS, DUTIES, LIBERTIES AND FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEES . 12 TITLE I: GENERAL PRINCIPLES . 12 Article 16: Universality and Equality . 12 Article 17: Equality Between Women and Men . 13 Article 18: Child Protection . 13 Article 19: Youth . 13 Article 20: Old Age . 13 Article 21: Disabled Citizen . 13 Article 22: East Timorese Citizens Overseas . 13 Article 23: Interpretation of Fundamental Rights . 13 Article 24: Restrictive Laws . 14 Article 25: State of Exception . 14 Article 26: Access to Courts . 14 Article 27: The "Ombudsman" (The Defender of Human Rights and Justice) . 14 Article 28: Right to Resistance and Self-Defense . 15 TITLE II: RIGHTS, FREEDOMS AND PERSONAL GUARANTEES .
    [Show full text]
  • Borneo: Treasure Island at Risk
    Borneo: Treasure Island at Risk Status of Forest, Wildlife and related Threats on the Island of Borneo Acknowledgement The following persons provided valuable advice and information to this report: - Fitrian Ardiansyah, WWF Indonesia - Stuart Chapman, WWF Indonesia - David S. Edwards, University of Brunei Darussalam - Nina Griesshammer, WWF Germany - Mirjam Müller, WWF Germany - Bambang Supriyanto, WWF Indonesia - Junaidi Payne, WWF Malaysia - Florian Siegert, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich - Lely Rulia Siregar, Indonesian Ministry of Forestry - Alois Vedder, WWF Germany - Stefan Ziegler, WWF Germany Published by: WWF Germany, Frankfurt am Main, June 2005 Authors: Mario Rautner, Consultant, Borealis Centre for Environment and Trade Research Martin Hardiono (maps), Consultant Raymond J. Alfred (Sabah maps), WWF Malaysia Coordinator: Markus Radday, WWF Germany, Assistance: Mirjam Müller, WWF Germany Contact: Markus Radday, WWF Germany, phone +49 69 7 91 44-189; e-mail: [email protected] Layout text: Astrid Ernst Production Rainer Litty, WWF Germany Printed on recycled paper © 2005 WWF Germany, Frankfurt am Main Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must mention the title and credit of the above mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. Cover photo: © WWF Jikkie Jonkman / Alain Compost Preface The forests of Borneo are rapidly disappearing: A man-made disaster. A few decades ago the third largest island on our planet was still covered by a vast green carpet of lush rainforest. These forests are invaluable because of the diversity of unique plants and animals they harbour: Majestic species such as orang-utans, elephants and rhinos, to name but a few. Equally important: They are of critical value to people, both as a prized natural heritage and for the goods and services that they provide.
    [Show full text]
  • The "Decolonization" of East Timor and the United Nations Norms on Self-Determination and Aggression
    The "Decolonization" of East Timor and the United Nations Norms on Self-Determination and Aggression Roger S. Clarkt Introduction The island of Timor lies some 400 miles off the northwest coast of Australia, at the tip of the chain of islands forming the Republic of Indonesia. Before World War II, the western half of the island was administered by the Netherlands, the eastern half by Portugal. When Indonesia gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1949, the western half became Indonesian Timor, a part of Indonesia. Portugal continued to administer the eastern half of the island, East Timor, until 1975. East Timor was evacuated by the Portuguese authorities in Au- gust, 1975 during civil disorders condoned, if not fomented by the In- donesians. Within a few months, Indonesia invaded and annexed East Timor. It is estimated that, since 1975, more than 100,000 East Timorese have died from war, famine, and disease. Most of these deaths oc- curred after the Indonesian invasion and occupation. This Article ana- lyzes Indonesia's actions and concludes that they violated international law, specifically the norms regarding self-determination and aggression.' t Professor of Law, Rutgers, the State University School of Law at Camden, N.J. 1. In his syndicated column dated November 8, 1979, Jack Anderson estimated that about half of the 1975 population, which he gave as 600,000, had been "wiped out by war- fare, disease and starvation." Anderson, IslandLosinga Lonely Infamous War, Wash. Post, Nov. 8, 1979, § DC, at 11, col. 4. Most observers would put the number at less, but there is no doubt that the Indonesians perpetrated a massive human tragedy.
    [Show full text]
  • Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan, 2011–2030
    SDP 2011-2013 PART 1: INTRODUCTION SDP 2011-2013 PART 1: INTRODUCTION TIMOR-LESTE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2011 - 2030 VERSION SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT 1 SDP 2011-2013 PART 1: INTRODUCTION 2 SDP 2011-2013 TIMOR-LESTESDP 2011-2013 STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2011 - 2030 PART 1: INTRODUCTION PART 1: INTRODUCTION CONTENTS PART 1 INTRODUCTION 7 OVERVIEW 8 BACKGROUND 9 STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN 11 PART 2 SOCIAL CAPITAL 13 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 14 HEALTH 33 SOCIAL INCLUSION 44 ENVIRONMENT 53 CULTURE AND HERITAGE 61 PART 3 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 69 ROADS AND BRIDGES 70 WATER AND SANITATION 77 ELECTRICITY 85 SEA PORTS 93 AIRPORTS 97 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 99 PART 4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 105 RURAL DEVELOPMENT 107 AGRICULTURE 118 PETROLEUM 136 TOURISM 141 PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT 151 PART 5 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 157 SECURITY 158 DEFENCE 163 FOREIGN AFFAIRS 170 JUSTICE 176 PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT AND GOOD GOVERNANCE 181 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY AND ECONOMIC POLICY AND INVESTMENT AGENCY 188 PART 6 ECONOMIC CONTEXT AND MACROECONOMIC DIRECTION 192 PART 7 CONCLUSION AND STAGING OF THE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN 215 3 TIMOR-LESTESDP 2011-2013 STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2011 - 2030 PART 1: INTRODUCTION DISTRICT MAP OF TIMOR-LESTE 2011 Source: UNDP 4 SDP 2011-2013 TIMOR-LESTESDP 2011-2013 STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2011 - 2030 PART 1: INTRODUCTION PART 1: INTRODUCTION LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 – ESTIMATED SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS 15 TABLE 2 – PROGRESS ACHIEVED IN BASIC EDUCATION, 2000 TO 2010 17 TABLE 3 – SECONDARY EDUCATION IN TIMOR-LESTE, 2010 20 TABLE 4 – GRADUATED STUDENTS (CUMULATIVE DATA UP TO 2011) 22 TABLE 5 – SUMMARY OF EXISTING HEALTH FACILITIES IN TIMOR-LESTE 34 TABLE 6 – BENEFITS PAID UNDER DECREE-LAW NO.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Transitional Livelihoods: Timorese Migrant Workers in the UK' by Ann
    ‘Transitional livelihoods: Timorese migrant workers in the UK’ By Ann Wigglesworth and Lionel Boxer 1 Introduction Migration is driven by the desire for a better life. The movement of people from their place of origin is often influenced by diverse factors such as poverty, war or conflict, but also the desire for better education or experiencing other cultures. Migration for work has become an increasing phenomenon as a strategy for development, both sponsored by governments to create remittance streams and as an option taken up by families for improving their economic status. In Timor-Leste, it has been the minimal opportunities for work domestically that has driven Timorese to export their labour to wealthier nations. Thousands of Timorese workers have travel to the UK for work and stayed many years to contribute to the daily needs of their families, the education of extended family members, house construction and establishing family businesses. Based on interviews with 19 Timorese migrants who have worked in the UK, this paper analyses their motivations, their experiences and their contribution to their families through remittances. It uses positioning theory to analyse the Timorese workers’ relationship with their home and host communities. 2. Migration and Development Migrant workers typically work in low skilled work, work that nationals do not aspire to do. A global analysis of the relationship between migration and development shows that migration patterns are structured by social divides, finding that migrants are often not from the poorest region, usually not the poorest in the areas of origin, and often slightly better educated or skilled (de Haan 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Divided Loyalties Displacement, Belonging and Citizenship Among East Timorese in West Timor
    DIVIDED LOYALTIES DISPLACEMENT, BELONGING AND CITIZENSHIP AMONG EAST TIMORESE IN WEST TIMOR DIVIDED LOYALTIES DISPLACEMENT, BELONGING AND CITIZENSHIP AMONG EAST TIMORESE IN WEST TIMOR ANDREY DAMALEDO MONOGRAPHS IN ANTHROPOLOGY SERIES For Pamela Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760462369 ISBN (online): 9781760462376 WorldCat (print): 1054084539 WorldCat (online): 1054084643 DOI: 10.22459/DL.09.2018 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photograph: East Timorese procession at Raknamo resettlement site in Kupang district 2012, by Father Jefri Bonlay. This edition © 2018 ANU Press Contents Abbreviations . ix List of illustrations . xiii List of tables . xv Acknowledgements . xvii Preface . xxi James J . Fox 1 . Lest we forget . 1 2 . Spirit of the crocodile . 23 3 . ‘Refugees’, ‘ex-refugees’ and ‘new citizens’ . 53 4 . Old track, old path . 71 5 . New track, new path . 97 6 . To separate is to sustain . 119 7 . The struggle continues . 141 8 . Divided loyalties . 161 Bibliography . 173 Index . 191 Abbreviations ADITLA Associação Democrática para a Integração de Timor Leste na Austrália (Democratic Association for the Integration of East Timor into Australia) AITI Association
    [Show full text]
  • Timor-Leste: Background and U.S. Relations
    Updated June 27, 2019 Timor-Leste: Background and U.S. Relations Overview projects, while opponents alleged that the government was Timor-Leste (also known as East Timor), is one of the spending unsustainably. world’s youngest nation-states, having gained its independence from Indonesia on May 20, 2002. This U.S. congressional concerns have focused on internal marked the end of more than three centuries of foreign rule, security, human rights, and the development of democratic including over 300 years of Portuguese rule followed by 24 institutions. The House Democracy Partnership initiated a years of Indonesian control. The nation’s transition to Timor-Leste program in 2006 that has managed training independence was traumatic: Following a 1999 nationwide programs for Timorese legislators, and assisted with the referendum that supported independence, violence led by building of a parliamentary library and the improvement of paramilitary militias supported by elements of the information technology in the Timorese parliament. Indonesian military killed around 1,300 Timorese and displaced nearly 500,000. Today, with a population of 1.3 Historical Background million, Timor-Leste is one of the world’s poorest nations, During the 1640s, Portugal began to assert control over with one of Asia’s highest illiteracy rates. Timor-Leste, a small outpost surrounded by Dutch-ruled Indonesia. This colonial presence would last until 1975, Timor-Leste has made considerable strides in building long after Indonesia gained independence from the stability and democratic institutions, although it continues Netherlands, when the Revolutionary Front for an to face many challenges in consolidating its democracy and Independent Timor-Leste (Fretilin) gained ascendancy and developing its economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of Papua New Guinea, Eastern Indonesia, and East Timor, 2011 Using a Geology-Based Assessment Methodology, the U.S
    World Petroleum Resources Project Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of Papua New Guinea, Eastern Indonesia, and East Timor, 2011 Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated means of 5.8 billion barrels of oil and 115 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered natural gas in five geologic provinces in the areas of Papua New Guinea, eastern Indonesia, and East Timor. Introduction Platform AU and Irian Jaya Fold Belt AU; (4) New Guinea Foreland Basin-Fold Belt Province—Papua New Guinea Fold Belt AU; and (5) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessed the potential for Papuan Basin-Shelf Platform Province—Papua Platform AU (table 1). undiscovered conventional oil and gas fields within five geologic prov- The methodology for the assessment included a complete inces of eastern Asia as part of the USGS World Petroleum Resources geologic framework description for each AU based mainly on pub- Assessment Project. This study follows the USGS assessment of 23 provinces in Southeast Asia (Schenk and others, 2010). The five geo- lished literature. Exploration and discovery history was a critical part logic provinces assessed in this study are the Banda Arc, Bintuni−Sula- of the methodology used to estimate sizes and numbers of undiscov- wati, Arafura Basin−Irian Jaya, New Guinea Foreland Basin-Fold Belt, ered accumulations. Where the discovery history of an AU was imma- and the Papuan Basin-Shelf Platform (fig. 1). Assessment units (AU) ture, geologic analogs were used in the assessment as a guide to sizes defined within these provinces are (1) Banda Arc Province—Timor and numbers of undiscovered oil and gas accumulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Policy in Post-Conflict Circumstances: Some Lessons from East Timor
    NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 58 Land policy in post-conflict circumstances: some lessons from East Timor Daniel Fitzpatrick Senior Lecturer Faculty of Law Australian National University Australia E-mail: [email protected] February 2002 These working papers are issued by the Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, and provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers are written in a personal capacity and do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘Publications’ on the UNHCR website, http://www.unhcr.org ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction From Cambodia to Kosovo, and now East Timor, the United Nations has undertaken broad governmental functions in an effort to ensure that peace is maintained after the departure of the peacekeepers.1 On its face, these “peace-building” missions have a powerful logic. Brokering a peace, but leaving behind a vacuum in institutional capacity, only encourages the return of conflict after the peacekeepers leave. Providing urgent humanitarian relief, but failing to integrate it with development aid, ignores the way that development assists in preventing future humanitarian crises. Providing development aid, but failing to establish the institutional conditions for sustainable development, is likely only to entrench a cycle of aid dependency and lead to allegations of waste and inefficiency. In all these senses, therefore, there appears to be the need for some form of UN political control in post-conflict circumstances, particularly so as to build institutional conditions for sustainable development and maintenance of peace agreements.2 Viewed in this way, this notion of UN involvement in peace-building can be seen as a product of certain converging issues in international relations and developmental discourse.
    [Show full text]