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Improving Seeding Success on Cheatgrass-Infested Rangelands in Northern Nevada

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Improving Seeding Success on Cheatgrass-Infested Rangelands in Northern Nevada Improving Seeding Success on Cheatgrass- Infested Rangelands in Northern Nevada Item Type Article; text Authors Clements, C. D.; Harmon, D. N.; Blank, R. R.; Weltz, M. Citation Clements, C. D., Harmon, D. N., Blank, R. R., & Weltz, M. (2017). Improving Seeding Success on Cheatgrass-Infested Rangelands in Northern Nevada. Rangelands, 39(6), 174-181. DOI 10.1016/j.rala.2017.10.003 Publisher Society for Range Management Journal Rangelands Rights Copyright © Society for Range Management. Download date 01/10/2021 06:55:07 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/657853 Improving Seeding Success on Cheatgrass-Infested Rangelands in Northern Nevada By Charlie D. Clements, Daniel N. Harmon, Robert R. Blank, and Mark Weltz On the Ground nvasion of alien plant species influences many phases of wildland research in the Great Basin.1 The accidental • Cheatgrass has transformed secondary succes- I introduction and subsequent invasion of cheatgrass (Bromus sion in arid sagebrush plant communities in the tectorum L.) onto millions of hectares of Great Basin Great Basin by providing a fine-textured, early rangelands has led to the conversion of former big sagebrush maturing fuel that increases the chance, rate, (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.)/bunchgrass communities to cheatgrass spread, and season of wildfires. dominance (Fig. 1). Native to Europe, central Asia, and northern • The best known method to suppress cheatgrass Africa, cheatgrass was accidentally introduced to North America, densities and associated fuels is through the where it was first identified in Pennsylvania around 1861 and establishment of perennial grasses. believed to be in contaminated wheat.2,3 It was not identified in • Crested wheatgrass plots seeded the first fall northern Nevada until 1902,3,4 where it spread rapidly throughout following the wildfire (2006) averaged an establish- big sagebrush rangelands. Cheatgrass has transformed secondary ment of 9.6 plants/m2 compared with plots seeded succession in more arid big sagebrush plant communities the second fall at 3.9 plants/m2. Native perennial throughout the Great Basin by providing a fine-textured, early species bluegrass and squirreltail experienced high maturing fuel that increases the chance, rate, spread, and season of failure rates. wildfires.5 Whisenant6 estimated the presence of cheatgrass has • Over the 2-year study, un-disced cheatgrass plots reduced the interval between wildfires on the Snake River Plains averaged more than 1,350 cheatgrass seeds/m2, from the previously reported 60 to 110 years to 5 years. Aldo while plots receiving our April/May discing application Leopold7 recognized more than a half century ago how impossible averaged fewer than 250 cheatgrass seeds/m2,an it is to protect wildlife habitat from wildfire because of the presence 82% reduction in cheatgrass seed bank densities, which of cheatgrass. This invasive annual grass truncates secondary significantly improved seeded species establishment. succession by largely inhibiting the establishment of perennial • The use of soil-active herbicides, Imazapic (Plateau) and seedlings through competition for moisture.8,9 It is extremely Sulfometuron methyl (Landmark), reduced first-year challenging for resource managers and landowners to restore or cheatgrass densities by 95.6% and 98.7%, respective- rehabilitate cheatgrass-infested rangelands. The best known ly. This level of cheatgrass reduction drastically improved method to suppress cheatgrass densities and associated fuels is – seeded species success. through the establishment of perennial grasses.3,10 12 In this paper, • The establishment of perennial grasses reduced we will describe our experiences in establishing perennial grasses aboveground cheatgrass densities by more than 93%, and shrubs on cheatgrass-infested rangelands with the ultimate goal thus reducing the chance of reoccurring wildfires and of reducing cheatgrass densities and associated fuels and wildfire improving the chance that critical browse species can risks in an effort to allow succession to take place and improve return to the site and improve wildlife resources. grazing and wildlife resources. One of the reasons cheatgrass is so competitive is that it Keywords: seeding, weed control, suppression, produces many more seeds than are needed to sustain the fuels management. population while also exhibiting the ability to acquire seed Rangelands 39(6): 174—181 dormancy and build persistent seed banks. Even though doi 10.1016/j.rala.2017.10.003 cheatgrass germinates at a wide range of constant and © 2017 The Society for Range Management. alternating temperatures, persistent cheatgrass seed banks 174 Rangelands Figure 1. Former big sagebrush/bunchgrass rangeland converted to cheatgrass dominance. This conversion is devastating to wildlife and grazing resources. are produced through this species’ ability to acquire seed In 2006, we set up an experiment to test whether the dormancy.3 When a fire burns through a habitat that has a occurrence of a wildfire/burning in a big sagebrush commu- significant density of big sagebrush, the fire burns hot enough nity would in fact open a window for the successful for a long enough period of time to burn the majority of establishment of perennial grasses and other seeded species. cheatgrass seed on the soil and in the seed bank (Fig. 2), In August 2006, a wildfire burned a xeric Wyoming big whereas fires burning in the absence of big sagebrush with an sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & increased presence of cheatgrass simply burn too fast to cause Young) community approximately 128 km north of Reno, any significant seed mortality.3 NV. The site was dominated by Wyoming big sagebrush with Figure 2. Typical post-fire landscape. The dark circles outline sagebrush plants that burned hotter and longer, thereby killing cheatgrass seed. This fire burned hot enough for a long enough period of time to open the window for a fall drill seeding of perennial grasses and other desirable species. December 2017 175 an understory of cheatgrass and sparse presence of squirrel- is largely due to an increase in cheatgrass competition at the tail (Elymus elymoides [RAF.] Swezey), Indian ricegrass seedling stage. The establishment of the perennial grass, (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roemer & Schultes] Barkworth), and ‘Hycrest’ crested wheatgrass, successfully suppressed cheat- bluegrass (Poa secunda J. S. Presl). The site averages 170 to 230 grass from 213.5 cheatgrass/m2 in the control plots down to mm of annual precipitation, primarily during the winter months. 16.2 cheatgrass/m2 in the crested wheatgrass plots (Fig. 3). It Wesetuptwenty-four10×60mplots,whichreceived is critically important to actively manage successful seedings of seeding treatments using species present on the site prior to the perennial grasses because any loss of perennial grasses due to wildfire, as well as commonly used rehabilitation species and drought, improper grazing, and so forth will open the window rates and no-seeding treatments: 1) ‘Hycrest’ crested wheatgrass to future cheatgrass dominance; both our 2006 and 2007 (Agropyron cristatum L.) at 8 kg/ha, 253 seeds/m2;2)Sherman seeded plots averaged more than 1,600 seeds/m2 in the seed big bluegrass (Poa ampla [Scribner]) at 2.4 kg/ha, 300 seeds/m2; bank by 2010, far more than what is needed to convert the site 3) Bottlebrush squirreltail at 8 kg/ha, 225 seeds/m2; 4) a mix of to annual grass dominance. ‘Hycrest’ crested wheatgrass at 4.6 kg/ha, 153 seeds/m2, The use of mechanical equipment to disc/plow and fallow Sherman big bluegrass at 1.1 kg/ha, 144 seeds/m2, for weed control has been around for a long time and has been 14 squirreltail at 2.3 kg/ha, 63 seeds/m2, Indian ricegrass at suggested as a methodology to establish perennial grasses. 1.1kg/ha,27seeds/m2, ‘Immigrant’ forage kochia (Bassia When it is too dangerous to apply rangeland herbicides, such prostrata L.) at 0.6 kg/ha, 50 seeds/m2, Wyoming big as around croplands, the use of the disc and fallow method can sagebrush at 0.3 kg/ha, 105 seeds/m2,and‘Ladak’ alfalfa be very effective at reducing cheatgrass densities. Virtually all (Medicago sativa L.) at 0.3 kg/ha, 12 seeds/m2; and 5) control of the cheatgrass seed bank is at or near the soil surface; (no-seeding). We set up additional plots to be seeded 1 year therefore, discing/plowing completely turns over the seedbed 15 after the fire. Plots were replicated three times (four treatments and buries the seed too deep for future emergence. The × three replications × 2 years = 24 plots). Using a half-sized objective of this method is to disc the site before cheatgrass rangeland drill (Model RM27FB, P&F Services, Kemmer, seed ripening (late April/early May), killing the current year’s WY), we seeded the first year in October 2006, and second year cheatgrass stand and burying the remaining cheatgrass seed plots were seeded in October 2007. We collected seed bank bank densities, which reduces cheatgrass germination the samples13 from each plot prior to seeding and then recorded following fall and spring. The ability to significantly reduce aboveground densities and seed bank densities every April (after cheatgrass seed bank densities decreases the competition for emergence) and August (after seed ripening) for 3 consecutive limited resources needed by seedlings of the selected seeded years. We monitored and recorded seedling emergence, species to be established on specific sites. As little as 36 2 mortality, and establishment monthly in April through cheatgrass seeds/m can successfully outcompete perennial September for 2 years after seeding. seedlings such as crested wheatgrass and bluebunch wheat- In April/May 2007, initial emergence of species seeded in grass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh])16; therefore, the disc the fall of 2006 was impressive with the lack of cheatgrass and fallow method must have a high level of effectiveness if emergence, with 14.4 cheatgrass/m2 following the wildfire, seeded species are going to have a chance at establishing.
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