La Radioattivita' Ambientale Nei Quattro Parchi Della Regione Abruzzo

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La Radioattivita' Ambientale Nei Quattro Parchi Della Regione Abruzzo RAPPORTI TECNICI / TECHNICAL REPORTS LA RADIOATTIVITA’ AMBIENTALE NEI QUATTRO PARCHI DELLA REGIONE ABRUZZO S. Barbizzi1, S. Calvarese2, R. Fico2, M. Belli1 & U. Sansone3 1 Agenzia per la Protezione dell’Ambiente e per i Servizi Tecnici (APAT), Servizio di Metrologia Ambientale, Roma - Italia 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise «G.Caporale», Teramo - Italia 3International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Agency’s Laboratories, Seibersdorf - Austria RIASSUNTO A partire dal 1998 l’Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise «G.Caporale» di Teramo ha avviato una serie di indagini radioecologiche nei territori della Regione Abruzzo al fine di acquisire maggiori conoscenze sulla mobilità geochimica e biologica dei radionuclidi rilasciati dall’evento accidentale di Chernobyl. Sono stati regolarmente prelevati campioni di erba, funghi, muschi e terreni all’interno del Parco Naturale Regionale Sirente-Velino, del Parco Nazionale d’Abruzzo Lazio e Molise, del Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e dei Monti della Laga e del Parco Nazionale della Maiella. I risultati hanno messo in evidenza la presenza di ricadute radioattive conseguenti all’evento di Chernobyl confrontabili tra i diversi quatro parchi e che il 137Cs è ancora presente negli ambienti semi-naturali in quantità tali da non porre problemi di rischio radiologico PAROLE CHIAVE Radioattività ambientale, 137Cs, 40K, Parchi Regione Abruzzo. Introduzione neggiato. A seguito dell’esplosio- ENVIROMENTAL Le ricadute radioattive conse- ne nel reattore nucleare ucraino RADIOACTIVITY guenti all’evento incidentale di infatti, insieme ad elementi gasso- IN FOUR NATIONAL PARKS Chernobyl del 26 aprile 1986 han- si ed aerosol, sono state rilasciate OF THE ABRUZZO REGION no interessato in maniera irregola- particelle di diverse dimensioni, (CENTRAL ITALY) re i territori dei diversi paesi euro- costituite da frammenti di combu- pei, a causa delle diverse condi- stibile e da materiale strutturale Summary zioni meteorologiche ed orografi- del reattore. Gli elementi più Since 1998, the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise «G. che che la nube contaminata pro- volatili quali ad esempio il 134Cs Caporale» in Teramo is conducting (vita media circa 2 anni), il 137Cs veniente dall’ex Unione Sovietica radioecological surveys in the Abruzzo 131 ha incontrato durante il suo tragit- (vita media circa 30 anni) e lo I region (Central Italy), to acquire knowledge to. Le piogge hanno avuto come (vita media circa 8 giorni) sono on the geochemical and biological mobility conseguenza la formazione di una stati trasportati dalle masse d’aria of radionuclides derived from the Chernobyl contaminazione al suolo a «mac- a grandi distanze, mentre lo 90Sr accident. To this end, samples of grasses, chia di leopardo»; al momento del (vita media circa 30 anni) e gli fungi, mosses and soils were collected in passaggio della nube si sono for- altri elementi meno volatili sono four national parks (Sirente-Velino, Abruzzo mate cioè aree con deposizione stati depositati principalmente Lazio and Molise, the Gran Sasso and the park of Monti della Laga and Maiella). più elevata nelle zone piovose ed nelle aree più vicine all’impianto. The results show that the Chernobyl fall- aree a deposizione inferiore nelle Le conseguenze ambientali out is still detectable in the samples collected zone non piovose (1, 2, 3). La dell’incidente, una volta definiti in the four parks but the 137Cs concentrations variabilità spaziale del materiale gli aspetti di natura radioprotezio- are present in the semi-natural environments radioattivo depositato al suolo è nistica, hanno offerto l’opportu- in quantities that do not create concerns stata fortemente influenzata anche nità per avviare una serie di atti- from a radiological point of view. dalla diversa composizione della vità di ricerca applicata, per la Keywords nube radioattiva secondo la verifica delle assunzioni teoriche Abruzzo, Caesium, Environment, National distanza dal reattore nucleare dan- ed un’occasione unica di affina- parks, Radioactivity, Italy. 50 S. BARBIZZI E ALTRI VETERINARIA ITALIANA mento metodologico. In questo formulazione di modelli per la Introduction quadro, l’evento di Chernobyl ha migrazione del radiocesio nei The fall-out deriving from the Chernobyl messo in evidenza che ambienti suoli forestali e prativi (11, ANPA accident of 26 April 1986 has affected non utilizzati ai fini agricoli come 2000) ed alla definizione di azioni the territories of different European quelli montani, possono avere un di rimedio specifiche per questi countries in an irregular manner due to significativo impatto sulla catena ambienti (6, 9, 18). Tuttavia le the different meteorological and orographical conditions that the alimentare umana. Infatti, questi esperienze attualmente disponibi- contaminated cloud originating from the ambienti (boschi e prati di mon- li, sia a livello nazionale sia inter- former Soviet Union met along its way: tagna) generalmente caratteriz- nazionale, non sono sufficiente- soil contamination was higher in the zati da elevata diversità vegeta- mente testate per la gestione degli rainy zones and lower outside the rainy zionale, disomogeneità e varia- ambienti naturali in caso di eventi zones (1). The spatial variability of the bilità spaziale delle caratteristi- di contaminazione. Sono inoltre deposited radioactive material was che chimico fisiche dei suoli, molto limitati i dati sulla contami- strongly influenced by the composition possono rappresentare una riser- nazione della flora e della fauna of the radioactive cloud and by the va di contaminanti per la selvag- di questi ambienti da utilizzare distance between the damaged nuclear reactor and the area of deposition. It gina e gli animali al pascolo a per una valutazione a lungo termi- was observed that following the explosion causa di fenomeni di accumulo ne dell'impatto di Chernobyl sugli in the Ukraine, particles of different fuel di radioelementi nella vegetazio- ecosistemi forestali. fragments and structural material from ne (13). Inoltre, il materiale In questo quadro l’Istituto the reactor were deposited together with radioattivo inizialmente deposi- Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di gaseous elements and aerosols. The most tato sulla vegetazione può essere Teramo ha ravvisato la necessità volatile elements, such as 134Cs (half-life risospeso in atmosfera da even- di avviare un programma di studi of about two years), 137Cs (half-life of tuali incendi (1, 2 , 3). in quegli ambienti in cui l’inter- about thirty years) and 131I (half-life of Indagini effettuate dall’APAT vento dell’uomo è limitato al about eight days) were transported until 90 – l’Agenzia per la protezione del- pascolamento del bestiame. A par- long distances. Sr (half-life of about l’Ambiente e per i Servizi Tecnici tire dal 1998 e dal 2000 sono state thirty years) and other less volatile elements were mainly deposited in the areas (4, 8) direttamente sul sito di quindi avviate una serie di indagi- nearest to the damaged nuclear power Chernobyl, hanno messo in evi- ni radioecologiche nei territori plant. denza che gli ambienti prativi e protetti della Regione Abruzzo. Once the radiation protection aspects forestali, mostrano una persisten- Sono stati regolarmente prelevati were defined, the environmental za maggiore della contaminazione campioni di erba, funghi, muschi consequences of the Chernobyl accident rispetto alle aree agricole, dove le e terreni all’interno del Parco gave a unique opportunity to carry out lavorazioni agrarie e le concima- Naturale Regionale Sirente-Veli- applied researches to verify theoretical zioni hanno favorito una riduzio- no, del Parco Nazionale d’Abruz- and methodological aspects developed ne dell’assorbimento dei radionu- zo, Lazio e Molise, del Parco in the past. The consequences of the clidi da parte delle colture. Infatti Nazionale del Gran Sasso e dei Chernobyl accident proved that semi- i livelli di contaminazione dei Monti della Laga e del Parco natural environments, where no agriculture is practised, can have a significant impact prodotti agricoli sono diminuiti, Nazionale della Maiella. Il territo- on the human food chain. In these nei territori dell’ex-URSS conta- rio abruzzese infatti, essendo environments, generally characterised minati dall’evento di Chernobyl, caratterizzato da un insieme di by an high level of vegetation diversity, di un fattore 10 tra il 1987 ed il estesi massicci montuosi che the heterogeneity and the spatial variability 1992, grazie anche ad un intenso degradano verso est, fino alla of the physico-chemical characteristics utilizzo di appropriate azioni di costa adriatica formando catene of soils, can reprent a reserve of rimedio (16). elevate ed altipiani, ben si adatta contamination for wild animals and Le attività intraprese a seguito ad indagini di questo tipo. Parten- grazing animals (13). In addition, in dell’evento incidentale di Cher- do da nord, si trovano i monti del- these environments, the radioactive material, which was initially deposited nobyl, hanno portato quindi alla la Laga cui segue il gruppo del on vegetation, can be also resuspended messa a punto di alcune metodo- Gran Sasso che segna la quota più in the atmosphere by forest fires (1,2,3). logie sperimentali specifiche per elevata della catena appenninica; The environmental surveys conducted gli ambienti naturali, alla defini- a sud-est troviamo la Maiella, after the Chernobyl event by APAT, the zione qualitativa dei principali ancora più a sud la
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