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Appendicular Bones.Pdf Chapter 8 Outline • Pectoral Girdle • Upper Limb • Pelvic Girdle • Lower Limb • Aging of the Appendicular Skeleton • Development of the Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8.1 Pectoral Girdle • Clavicle • Scapula Figure 8.2 Clavicle • S-shaped • Articulations – medially with manubrium of sternum – laterally with acromion of scapula Figure 8.2 Scapula • Broad, flat triangle – three ______, three ______ • Articulations – Lateral: ______ cavity for head of humerus • Other features – Posterior: bony ridge = ______ – Lateral: ______ process – Anterior projection: ______ process Scapula Figure 8.3 Upper Limb • 30 bones per “arm” – ______ in brachium (upper arm) – ______ and ______ in antebrachium (forearm) – 8 carpal bones in wrist – 5 metacarpals in palm – 14 phalanges in fingers Humerus Proximal features: • Head: articulates with scapula • Anatomical and surgical necks • Greater and lesser ______: for muscle attachment • ______ sulcus: for biceps brachii tendon Humerus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical neck Head Greater Head tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Capitulum Trochlea (a) Right humerus, anterior view Figure 8.4 right: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo by Christine Eckel Humerus • Distal features: – ______ – ______ tuberosity for attachment of deltoid – ______ and ______ epicondyles for muscle attachments – ______: round lateral articulation for radius – ______: spool-like medial articulation for ulna Humerus Distal fossae (depressions): • Anterior – Radial: lateral depression for radius – Coronoid: medial, for anterior ulna • Posterior – ______: largest, for posterior ulna Humerus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgicalneck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Lateral epicondyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral Medial epicondyle epicondyle Trochlea Trochlea Figure 8.4 (d) Right humerus, posterior view (right): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo by Christine Eckel Radius and Ulna Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olecranon Olecranon Trochlear • Antebrachial bones notch Coronoid process Head Head Proximal – parallel to each other Neck radioulnar joint Tuberosity of ulna Neck Radial – in anatomical position, tuberosity radius is lateral to ulna Shaft Radius Ulna Radius Ulna Interosseous membrane Interosseous borders Distal radioulnar joint Head Styloid Styloid process Styloid process Figure 8.5 process (a) Right radius and ulna, anterior view a(right): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo by Christine Eckel Radius • Proximal features: – Head: articulates with capitulum of humerus – Neck: narrowest region – Radial tuberosity: for biceps brachii muscle • Shaft • Distal features: – ______ process: lateral “wrist bump” – ______ notch: medial dent for head of ulna Ulna • Proximal features: – Trochlear notch: for trochlea of humerus – ______: posterior “elbow bump” for triceps brachii muscle – ______ process: anterior tip of trochlear notch – Radial notch: lateral, for head of radius • Distal features: – Head: knoblike end – ______ process: posteromedial “wrist bump” Radius and Ulna Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olecranon Olecranon Head Proximal radioulnar joint Neck Shaft Ulna Radius Ulna Radius Interosseous membrane Interosseous borders Head Head Distal radioulnar joint Figure 8.5 Styloid processes Styloid processes (f) Right ulna and radius, posterior view (right): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo by Christine Eckel Radius and Ulna (proximal and distal features) Figure 8.5 Carpus • 8 “wrist” bones – Two rows (1 proximal and 1 distal) of four Figure 8.6 Carpals Proximal Row Distal Row (lateral to medial) (lateral to medial) 1. Scaphoid 5. Trapezium 2. Lunate 6. Trapezoid 3. Triquetrum 7. Capitate 4. Pisiform 8. Hamate Metacarpals • 5 in palm – named by Roman numerals I–V from medial to lateral Figure 8.6 Phalanges • 14 per hand – 3 per finger #2–5 • Proximal, middle, and distal – 2 in pollex (thumb) • Proximal and distal Figure 8.6 Pelvic Girdle • Girdle = right and left ossa coxae – with sacrum and coccyx = the pelvis Figure 8.7 Os Coxae • The “hip bone” – fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis at 13–15 years of age • Articulations: – anteriorly with other os coxae – posteriorly with the sacrum – laterally with femur at ______ • all three bones of the os coxae contribute to the acetabulum Acetabulum Figure 8.9 Ilium • Largest of the three fused bones • Superior portion of os coxae and acetabulum • Features: – Ala: wide, fan-shaped portion – Arcuate line: ridge along inferior border of the ala – ______ fossa: large depression on medial surface – ______, ______, and ______ gluteal lines: lateral site of muscle attachments Ilium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Iliac crest Ala Iliac fossa Anterior gluteal line Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior Anterior super ioriliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Auricular surface Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Greater sciatic notch Lunate surface Acetabulum Body of ischium Ischial spine Pectineal line Ischial spine Superior pubic Lesser sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Superior pubic ramus ramus Body of ischium Pubic crest Pubic tubercle Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity Symphysial surface Inferior pubic ramus Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Inferior pubic ramus Ilium Ilium Ramus of ischium Ramus of ischium Anterior Posterior Posterior Anterior Iliaccrest Iliac crest Pubis Ischium Ischium Pubis Medial view Lateral view Ala Posterior superior Anterior gluteal line iliac spine Posterior gluteal line Iliac fossa Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Auricular surface Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Inferior glutealline Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Anterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Arcuate line Lunate surface Greater sciatic notch Body of ischium Acetabulum Ischial spine Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pectineal line Lesser sciatic Superior pubic notch Superior pubic ramus ramus Body of ischium Ischial tuberosity Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic tubercle Symphysial surface Inferior pubic ramus Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Ramus of ischium Inferior pubic Ramus of ischium ramus (b) Right os coxae, medial view (a) Right os coxae, lateral view Figure 8.9 (bott):© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo by Christine Eckel Ilium • Additional features: – ______ crest: superior ridge – ______ and ______, superior and inferior iliac spines: projections along iliac crest – ______ ______ notch: for sciatic nerve entering lower limb – Auricular surface: medial articulation with sacrum Ischium • Superior/posterior margin of acetabulum • Features: – Ischial spine: prominent medial process – Ischial ______: rough inferior region that supports weight of body when seated – Ischial ______: bridge from tuberosity to pubis Ischium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Ala Anterior gluteal line Posterior gluteal line Anterior super ioriliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Lunate surface Body of ischium Acetabulum Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Superior pubic ramus Pubic crest Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity Inferior pubic ramus Obturator foramen Ilium Ramus of ischium Posterior Anterior Iliaccrest Ischium Pubis Lateral view Ala Anterior gluteal line Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Inferior glutealline Greater sciatic notch Anterior inferior iliac spine Lunate surface Body of ischium Acetabulum Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Superior pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Pubic crest Pubic tubercle Inferior pubic ramus Obturator foramen Figure 8.9 Ramus of ischium (a) Right os coxae, lateral view (bottom): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo by Christine Eckel Pubis • Anterior region of os coxae • Features: – Superior and Inferior rami: struts to acetabulum and ischial ramus – Pubic ______: rough ridge on anterosuperior of superior ramus; ends as pubic tubercle – ______ foramen: large space bordered by pubic and ischial rami – ______ line: ridge on medial surface of pubis continuing from arcuate line of ilium Pubis Figure 8.7 True vs. False Pelvis • True pelvis: bony basin inferior to pelvic brim containing pelvic organs • False pelvis: superior to pelvic brim bound by ilia laterally and abdominal wall anteriorly – Pelvic brim: continuous oval ridge formed by pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line, and sacral promontory • Pelvic ______: superior entrance to true pelvis, at pelvic brim • Pelvic ______: exit of true pelvis, defined by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and inferior border of pubic symphysis Features of the Pelvis Figure 8.10 Female
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