3198 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 Robert S Swikart Robert H. Weeks Bruce E. Browning William F. Morgan we· humbly confess that we are often Arthur J. Tallet Benjamin F. Weems Howard M. Camfield John R. Mulder afraid to look into the future for it ap Gene E. T~llmadge Thomas G. Weilepp, Allen F. Chapman Donal J. Murphy pears so dark and full of mystery. Help Alvin Taub Jr. · Laurence E. · Clark Wilford K. Murphy us to see the rainbow promise of Thy Charles McK. Taylor Bennett Weinbaum · Robert E. Clemency John V. Nalley Harold M. Taylor William E. Welch Richard L. Covey · Jesse E. Nash grace and go forth with a grateful ac Kirk S. Taylor Robert F. Wellner John F. Curran, Jr. John D. Naughtin knowledgment that hitherto Thou hast Donald W. Temby Robert F. Wentworth Jack R. Day Robert J. Niehaus blessed us and with a continuing faith Robert M. Terry Walter B. Wentz John P. Doney James W. Norris that in all our days Thy presence will be John R. Teuschl John R. Werner James E. Dowdey Douglas J. Olson our joy and strength. Bruce W. Tharp Charles E. Werts, Jr. John H. Dunlevy William H. Peters Grant that in communion with Thee Oerald E. Thomas Robin A. Westbrook Anthony T. Ellis, Jr. Melvin N. A. Peterson we may have those gracious experiences Richard T. Thomas Robert H. Westerfield Phillip A. Finnegan Frank Pickard, Jr. Pitt G. Thome John R. Wettroth Paul W. Floyd, Jr. John R. Praeger · which always come to all who truly David A. Thompson William P. Whallon, John R. Forbes Charles E. Rice pray. May we also find poise and peace R aymond C. Thomp- Jr.· Robert Mee. FreeburgHubert W. Saaristo for our restless spirits, enlightenment for son Peter B. Wheeler Duane E. Gale Edward S. . Schles- our confused and troubled minds, guid Robert M. Thompson Walter Whetstone III Claude G. Gillette, Jr. inger ance in the midst of disturbing circum Bertil Thoren Jerome V. Whisler Lewis V. Girard John S. Schofield III .stances, and inspiration and hope for our Raymond H. Thorn- Gordon W. Whitaker Howard M. Grant Leonard McC. Shinn noblest plans and purposes. ton, Jr. Douglas C. White Edgar F. Greer Joseph J. Simon Robert R. Thornton John E. White Samuel H. Guymon Hugh M. Slattery In Christ's name we off er our prayer. Mlton F. Thrasher IIJohn K. White Joseph L. Hannah Herbert R. Smith Amen. John R. Timberlake Richard L. White Richard H. Hedrich James D. Smith The Journal of the proceedings of Ralph W. Tobias Kenneth R. White- Theodore R. Hender-Jimmie H. Smith yesterday was read and approved. Glenn A. Tomlinson house shot Rembrandt B. Snyder SchuylP.r W. Tompson.Frederick H. Whitte- R ichard A. Herrle Herman G. Speckman PRIVATE CALENDAR Jr. more ·Kenneth E. Hill Robert P. Stouder The SPEAKER. There being only Henry W. Toren, Jr. William A. Whitte- Richard S. Howell Dene B. Stratton LeRoy C. Tozzer more John H. Ingle, Jr. Nelson W. Taylor four bills on the Private Calendar today, William H. Trafzer Richard A. Wiita Alexander Jackson William E. Thrutch- that calendar will not be called, if there Charles Traub III Edward A. Wilde, Jr. Donald C. Johnson ley is no objection. Lewis N. Travis Homer W. Wile Jack G. Johnson John J. Tracy, Jr. There was no objection. Charles W. Treat Miles R. Wilkerson David L. Kick Reginald D. Tumble- ELECTION TO COMMITTEE ON INTER Arthur G. Tressler Edwin S. Wilkins John R. Kilman son Robert M. Tucker, Jr.Robert C. Wilkins Gerald H. King Walter· W. Umstead, STATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE George P. Turci Alfred J. Williams Calvin B. Koonce Jr. Mr. DOUGHTON. Mr. Speaker, I Clyde T. Turner, Jr. Charles D. Williams John B. Lewis John McD. Wagy off er a resolution (H. Res. 176) and ask Robert R. Turner Charles K. Williams Kay E. Lewis John E. Walsh for its immediate consideration. Elton G. Turnipseed, Gerald P. Williams James I. McArthur Allen C. Ward Jr. Gordon D. Williams Quintin E. Marlow Maxwell G. Ward, Jr. The Clerk read as follows: George E. Twining James H. Williams Richard "J" Maw-George H. Webb Resolved, That MORGAN M. MOULDER, of William A. Ulmark Richard s. Williams horter George H. White Missouri, be, and he is hereby, elected a Eugene A. Ulrich Robert G. Williams Jack R. Meister Carroll E. Whitney member ·of the standing Committee of the Walter Uldch, Jr. Joseph W. Williamson, Francis H. Holmes (civilian college grad House of Representatives on Interstate and Alfred A. Umberger Jr. uate) to be a lieutenant commander in the Foreign Commerce. Jack L. Underwood Lee F. Williamson Medical Corps of the Navy. John M. Updegraph, Francis R. Willis The resolution was agreed to. Jr. John H. Willis, Jr. Earl R. Williams (civilian college gradu A motion to reconsider was laid on the Richard H. VanMeter Raymond E. Willis, Jr. ate) to be a lieutenant (junior grade) -in table. Matthew H. Vanorder Donald s. Wills the Medical Corps of the Navy), in lieu of CALENDAR WEDNESDAY lieutenant (junior grade) in the Dental Richard J. Veenstra William B. Wilmer VI I Frank H. Veith, Jr. Charles B. Wilson Corps of the Navy, as previously nominated Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, ask David C. Venable Harold H. Wilson and confirmed. unanimous consent that the business in Joseph F. Vercellotti Herbert E. Wilson, Jr. The foliowing-named (civilian college order on Calendar Wednesday of this Harold W. VonReaden, Joseph R . Wilson graduate) for temporary or permanent ap week may be dispensed with. Jr. Sheldon R. Wilson pointment to the grade and corps indicated: The SPEAKER. I& there objection to Edwin H. Vrieze III Warren R. Wilson The following-named for temporary ap the request of the gentleman from Ten Harold G. Wachenfeld William E. Wilson, Jr. pointment: nessee? Robert C. Waddel William R. Wilson There was no objection. Donald R. Wade Paul F. Winkles LIEUTENANT COMMANDER, DENTAL CORPS Donald R. Wageck Robert E. Wishon Eugene C. Walter 1951 AMENDMENTS TO THE UNIVERSAL William E. Wagle Lester H. Wittenberg The following-named for permanent ap MILITARY TRAINING - AND SERVICE William F. Wagner William E. Witzell pointment: ACT David M. Wakelee Donald C. O. Wobser Benjamin S. Walker William M. Wolff, Jr. ·LIEUTENANT, DENTAL CORPS Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, Charles B. Walker David w. Wolgast Eugene C. Walter I call up House Resolution 171 and ask Frank A. Walker, Jr. Carr w. Wright, Jr. The following-named to be ensigns in the for its immediate consid3ration. Joe A. Wall Howard R. Wright :Nurse Corps of the Navy: The Clerk read the resolution, as fol Charles J. Wallace Irving V. Wright lows: Andrew J. Walsh Philip H. Wright Eugenia M. Barnard Lucy C. Vigil Eugene J. Walsh Ralph M. Wright Mary T. Henen Ruth Williams Resolved, That upon the adoption of this Warren A. Wanamaker Richard L. Wright Jeanne F. Moriarty resolution it shall be in order to move that Joseph T. Warkoczew- Robert M. Wunderlich the House resolve itself into the Committee ski David c. ·wylie of the Whole House on the State of the David D. Warriner F'ranz s. Yeomans Union for the consideration of the bill (S. 1) Leroy Washenfelder Bruce C. Young to provide for the common defense and se Rodney T. Waters Joe R. Young, Jr. .HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES curity of the United States by authorizing Clarence L. Watson Robert E. Young. universal military training and service, and Donald A. Watson Benny A. Younglove TUESDAY, APRIL 3, 1951 for other purposes, and all points of order Thomas W. Watson Dean R. Youngman against said bill are hereby waived. That. Donald T. Watters James E. Yourison The House met at 12 o'clock noon. after general debate, which shall be confined James H. Wear David A. Zeller, Jr. The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Bras to the bill and continue not to exceed 4 days, Earl J. Weaver Kenneth V. Zerda to be equally divided and controlled by the kamp, D. D., offered the following chairman and ranking minority member of John L. Weaver John C. Ziemba prayer: James R. Webb Jay W. Zink the Committee on Armed Services, the bill James E. Webster Robert L. Zwart o Thou who art the companion and shall be read for amendment under the 5- minute rule. It shall be in order to consider The following-named (Naval Reserve Of counselor of all mankind, we rejoice without the intervention of any point of ficers Training Corps) to be ensigns in the that in our times of doubt and uncer order the substitute amendment recom Supply Corps of the Navy: tainty and greatest need we may un mended by the Committee on Armed Serv Alfred E . Ahbey Richard G. Binning- burden ourselves to Thy listening ear and ices now in the bill, and such substitute for Thomas K. Armitage ham understanding heart. the purpose .of amendment shall be consid- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3199
ered under the 5-minute rule as an original Oregon' [Mr. ELLSWORTH], and I now that no member of the armed services is bill. At the conclusion of such considera yield myself 20 minutes. subjected to combat until he passes the tion, the Committee shall rise and report the It bill to the House with such amendments Mr. Speak.er, this rule provides for the age of 19. seems to me that is a very as may have been adopted, and any Mem consideration of Senate bill 1 which is fair compromise. I do not think that is ber may demand a separate vote in the House the so-called draft and universal military going to be much in controversy when on any of the amendments adopted in the service bill. The rule is about as liberal the Members consider it. Committee of the Whole to the bill or com a rule as could be devised. It provides The real controversy in this bill is going mittee substitute. The previous question for 4 days of general debate. It pro to come over what is known as universal shall be considered as ordered on the bill and vides that the substitute of the Commit military training. Universal military amendments thereto to final passage with tee on Armed Services, which is in the training has been kicking around this out intervening motion except one motion to recommit. bill, may be considered as an original bill Congress ever since I can remember. It under the 5-minute rule. It waives has been like the weather; everybody h~s CALL OF THE HOUSE points of order. felt something ought to be done about Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr-. I can think of no provision that could it but nobody ever did anything about it. Speaker, I make the point of order that have been put in this bill that would The Committee on Armed Services has a quorum is not present. make it more liberal or more suitable to given months of study to the whole prob The SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum work the will of the House on the legis lem of universal military service. is not present. lation proposed. I think, my friends, A good many of us were here in 1940. Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, I move a that this bill that comes up under this I was one of them. I remember when we call of the House. rule is probably going to be the most con had up the bill to extend the draft. I A call of the House was ordered. troversial measure that will come before remember just 4 months before Pearl The Clerk called the roll, and the fol· the House during this session of the Con Harbor that bill came to a vote in this lowing Members failed to answer to their gress. I am sure you are all going to be House. We extended the draft by a vote names: deeply interested in the debate which of 1 majority. If I had voted the other [Roll No. 21) will take place. way, or if any other Member who voted Albert Fugate Moulder Mr. MILLER of . Nebraska. Mr. for an extension of the draft had voted Allen, Ill. Gamble Multer Speaker, will the gentleman yield? the other way, we would have discharged Allen, La. Gillette Murphy Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. Anderson, Calif.Gordon Murray, Wis. our draftees just 4 months before the Armstrong Hall, O'Brien, Ill. Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. The gen Pearl Harbor attack. I am not saying Bailey Edwin Arthur O'Konski tleman said the provisions of the rule that in criticism of anybody who voted Bakewell Halleck Ostertag are so broad that they waive all points the other way. This country is opposed Baring Harden Poage Barrett Harrison, Wyo. Potter of order. Does that include the point to war. We are a peaceful nation. No Bates, Ky. Hart Poulson of order that will be made, possibly, body wants to fight. But there was a Beamer Havenner Powell against the sending of troops to Europe? widespread sentiment in this country Beckworth Hays, Ark. Prouty Bolling Heller Riehlman Mr. SMITH of Virginia. The rule that if we continued this draft it would Bolton Herlong Roberts waives points of order against the bill look like we had a chip on our shoulder, Boykin Hill Roosevelt and against the substitute. There are and those Members who voted not to con Brown, Ohio Hunter Sabath no particular points waived; all points Buchanan Jackson, Calif. Scott, Hardie tinue the draft were voting in response to Byrne, N. Y. Jackson, Wash. Seely-Brown are waived. The bill is subject to any the vast majority of the opinion of this Canfield Kee Sheehan germane amendment. It is subject to a country, an opinion which, it turned out, Carlyle Kennedy Shelley substitute bill if it is germane within the was a misinformed opinion because with Carnahan Kilburn Sieminski Chatham Kluczynskl Smith, Kans.· general rules of the House. in 4 months we were in the midst of the Chelf Latham Springer I want to take a minute or two to most desperate war that this country has Combs Lyle Stanley speak about the bill, because the Com ever been in. I had to sit here during Cooley McCormack Stefan Cooper McDonough Taber mittee on Armed Services has put in that period, as many of you did, and I Coudert McGrath Tackett months and months of study on this had to vote to draft young men who were Crosser McKinnon Talle bill. They have brought out a bill that untrained and we had to put them under Curtis, Nebr. Machrowicz Towe is not the bill of the administration, it the guns with less training than should Dawson Mack, Ill. Welch Deane Mansfield Whitaker is not the bill of the Army or the Navy, have been had. I had members of my Dingell Meader Winstead it is a bill devised and written by the own family, as you did, who were put Dollinger Miller, N. Y. Wolcott combined wisdom of the individual mem into the service without adequate train Dorn Mitchell Wood, Ga. Evins Morton Woodruff bers of the Committee on Armed Serv ing. I thought to myself then-and I ices, a committee in which this House, I have been thinking ever since-that if The SPEAKER. On this roll call 329 believe, has the utmost confidence. we are going to have to have a war, and Members have answered to their names, I do not believe any committee in the this is a warlike world, and everybody a quorum. House has more the confidence of the knows it, and there is no use in hiding By unanimous consent, further pro individual Members of this House than our heads in the sand about it-but if ceedings under the call were dispensed the Committee on Armed Services. I you have to have a war, would you rather with. think when you look at this bill you send your boy to war raw and untrained COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY ought first to weigh in the balance the and unable to protect himself, or would Mr. WILLIS. Mr. Speaker, I ask great amount of work this committee you rather do the sensible thing and see unanimous consent that the Committee has put in on it, and weigh in the balance that the boy, before he ever has to be on Reapportionment of the Committee the confidence you have always shown in called into the service, has had the on the Judiciary be permitted to meet the judgment of the Committee on amount of basic training-'as they call at 2 o'clock this afternoon. Armed Services after they have con it--which will enable him to protect his The SPEAKER. Without objection, sidered a bill. life when he does come under the guns? it is so ordered. There will be two points in controversy That is the simple proposition that is There was no objection. in this bill that are, I believe, the issues presented to you here. Do you want your The SPEAKER. But the Chair desires that are most controversial. One is the boys to go to war, if they have to go to to make this statement: When this or age limit. The administration has asked war-and God forbid that they should any other important bill is under con for induction at the age of 18. This com do you want them to go to war untrained sideration henceforward, there will ·be mittee after full consideration has made and ignorant, or do you want them to go no consent for any committees to sit, that. age 18 years and 6 months; but it so that they will have the basic training that. is, any committee over which the put a further provision in this bill. After to make them real soldiers and be in a House has control, because the Chair that induction at 18 years and 6 months, position where their safety is not so much himself will object to that. no member of the armed services can be endangered a~ it is in the caE".! of raw sent to foreign lands until he has had 4 troops. That is the simple proposition 1051 AMENDMENTS TO THE UNIVERSAL months of basic training in the United which is going to be presented to you. MILITARY TRAINING AND SERVICE States. · Even if he is sent abroad after Yoµ are going to hear an awful lot of ACT 4 months, there is a further provision fuss and feathers during this debate Mr. SlVfITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, that he cannot be stationed in a combat about this universal military training. I yield 30 minutes to the gentleman from ar~a until 6 months after induction. So When I first heard about the bill which 3200 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3· had come out, why, I thought the bill° it or reject it, then that is all this bill tary training. All ·you do is to set up provided for just throwing them all in does. Nobody can, by any stretch of the· a commission to propose a plan. When right now, that this was universal mili imagination, say that it does anything the commission proposes a plan, if you tary training. Well, it is not universal else. do not like it, you simply reject it, and mjlitary training at all. Do you know Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Speak that is all there is to it. what this bill does? When you sift it· er, will· the gentleman yield? The SPEAKER. The time of the gen down and analyze it, all this bill does is Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. tleman from Virginia has again expired. to say that we are willing to consider Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I would Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr."Speaker, the question of universal military train like · to ask the gentleman one question. I yield myself five additional minutes. ing ar.d we are willing to consider it on I am puzzled about this being a privileged Mr. ARENDS. Will the gentleman a basis of a plan submitted to the Con resolution. As I understand the rules. of yield further at this point? gress. All this bill does is to furnish the House, 30 minutes on a side is al Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. a method by which this Congress may lowed to discuss a privileged resolution. Mr; ARENDS. I wish we might make determine whether they want universal· Could that be amended so that we may this clear : Whether or not we estab military training, or whether they do not have 3 or 4 days to debate this important lish in this bill a universal military want it. In other words, basically all question of universal military training? training corps. I think that was the this does is to submit the proposition Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I do not see understanding. for consideration. Here is exactly what any reason why you cannot amend this Mr. SMITH of· Virginia. You do not. it does. It provides that a commission bill and have as many days' debate as Mr. ARENDS. If· the gentleman will shall be set up. . Is it a military commis you want on any plan that is proposed by ask the chairman of the committee, I sion? No, it is not a military commis-. the Commission. think the chairman can clear that up. sion. It provides that that commission Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Will Mr. SMITH of Virginia. The gentle shall consist of five people, three of the gentleman yield? man is a member of the committee, of whom shall be civilians and none of · Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Yes. I want course, and he knows better than I do, whom ever had a commission in the to yield now to the distinguished minor but all I see in the bill is that you estab United States Armed Services, and two ity leader. lish a commission, the commission estab of them shall be army officers. The Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. The lishes a plan, and the Congress takes the chairman of that commission must be committee is foreclosed from making any plan or rejects it. That is· all there is a civilian. They will devise for you a amendments to the House when that to it. I come back and I still insist that, plan. You cannot write a plan for uni resolution comes before us. Is that the if you adopt this bill, all .the House is. versal military service on the floor of the . fact? doing is ·saying that we are ready, able, House, any more. than you can write a Mr. SMITH of Virginia. That is the and willing to consider a plan for . uni tax bill on the floor of the House, and fact. · In other words, here is a plan sub-· versal military training; and we can re- we all know that. So this Commission mitted, and the House says, "We like it" ject it or take it, as we please. . will devise a plan and that plan will be or "We do not like it." But if the Armed Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the submitted to this Congress, along the Services Committee says, "We do not like gentleman yield? same theory as we have our reorganiza this plan but we would like to have a plan Mr; SMITH of Virginia. I yield. tion plans. That bill must be considered and therefore we are going to amend it Mr. GROSS. ·Is it not f.air, I . ask the by the Armed Services Committee. The and introduc~ another bill," they can do gentleman from Virginia, that . if the plan must be considered by the Armed · that. All this thing does, as I see it, is House · rejects the plan offered by the Services Committee with.in 4·5 days after· to lay the foundation for a plari of uni-' commission that is set up that they come it is submitted. They must report to the· versa! military' training, and if this Con right back with another plan? And if House a resolution that.either favors the gress does not like it or the next Congress the House refuses to accept the second . plan or that repudiates the plan. Then does not.like it, they can just reject it. plan they can come back with a third the matter comes to the House. It is a Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Does until we repudiate the law that we enact? highly privileged resolution. Any Mem not the gentleman think it might be wise Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Of course: ber of this Congress can call it up within to amend it so that the ·Arnied Services they can keep coming back as many the 60-day limit. Not any member of Committee could make· amendments or times as they want to, and as far as I the Armed Services Committee, but any recommend amendments to the House? am concerned I hope they do keep com Member of the House can call it up. Mr. SWITH of Virginia. I am not a ing back until we perfect the thing, I The~ what do we do? We consider the member of the Armed Services Commit want to see this thing perfected. plan. It is not a law. It is a plan. tee and therefore I am not qualified to Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Speaker, This House considers the plan just as say that. I personally would see no ob will the gentleman yield? you are considering this bill today. If jection to it, however. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. you like the plan you approve it. If Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. COLE of New York. The bill does you do not like the plan you· disapprove gentleman yield? provide for the creation of a universal · it. The only diff e.rence is that you ap Mr. SMITH of Virgini.a. I yield to the· military training corps, but it specifies prove it or disapprove it with a consti distinguished gentleman from Illinois. that nobody shall be inducted into the tutional majority vote. · I do not think ·Mr. ARENDS. The gentleman failed corps until a plan and program of train there is any difficulty there. to make clear, I think, whether or not ing has been approved by Congress. Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, will the this bill does or does not establish uni I point out further that if a plan is gentleman yield? versal military training. It does estab adopted by the Congress for universal Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. blish universal military training but fails military training that it may be repealed Mr. VINSON. It is approved or re to establish a program to implement uni by concurrent resolution of the Congress jected by a majority of a quorum; not a versal military training, but universal without requiring the approval of the cons ti tu tional majority. · military training.is established. .Commander in Chief. · Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I am glad to Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Now, wait a Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Yes; I am be corrected on that. moment. Perhaps you and I can get a glad the gentleman from New York has Mr. VINSON. Two hundred and ten little closer. I do not understand just brought that out, because even after you Members can disapprove it. what you mean by· that. have adopted the plan, if you like the Mr. SMITH of Virgina. So that all in Mr. ARENDS. In other words, we plan and it gets into operation and then the world you are doing in this bill is to establish universal mili.tary training. It you find you do not like it, you can repeal say, "We are ready and ·willing to con is done in this bill. We set up universal it by concurrent resolution. · sider a plan which may be submitted by . military training. Nothing can be· done Mr. BUSBEY. Mr. Speaker, will the this commission"; -and we take it or we about it. · gentleman yield? do not take it, just as we see fit, when Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Oh, no. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. the plan is submitted. Mr. ARENDS. But we set· up no Mr. BUSBEY; The gentleman from Now, if the House is willing to just con means to implement it. Virginia made it clear, I think, that there sider the question of whether you want Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Oh, no. Oh, is not anything to consider until this universal military training, and accept no. You do not set up universal mili- commission pre 2 2 11~ s a plan. If that be 1951 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-HOUSE so why should we be considering estab Committee than to take either the Committee on Armed Services it will lishing this program in a part of this Armed Services Committee or the com be handled as original legislation. bill at this time? Why not wait until mission separately. Mr. Speaker, at this time I yield 8'11Ch this so-called emergency is over? Some Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Speaker, will time as she may desire to the gentle people think this emergency is going to the gentleman yield? woman from Massachusetts [Mrs. last for 20 years. Why consider some Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. ROGERS]. thing that i::: not before us? Mr. CRAWFORD. Having in mind (Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts asked Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I do not yield the statement of the gentleman from and was given permission to revise and further. Answering the gentleman's New York [Mr. COLE] as well as the extend her rel'iJ.arks and include an question, I do not know why the commit statement of .the gentleman from Illinois article appearinz in the Lowell (Mass.) tee put it in; I am not a member of it. [Mr. ARENDS], does the gentleman ad Sun.) But I will tell you why I would have put dressing the House now agree that the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. it in, because a.:; soon as the emergency bill sets up a universal military train Speaker, this afternoon, at 2 :30 o'clock, is over nobody will be willing to consider ing corps? at the Pentagon, the highest military it. I think that now is the time to put Mr. SMITH of Virginia. . I agree that honor our country can give to one of its it in. it sets up a commission, but it does not def enders will be bestowed, posthumous Mr. BUSBEY. I think it is better to set up any corps until th's House adopts ly, upon Pfc J. Raymond Ouellette, of let the legislr-,tion be considered on its it. my home city of Lowell, Mass. merits instead of trying to put it in Mr. CRAWFORD. If the gentleman Gen. Omar N. Bradley, chairman of under some subterfuge like they are try will yield further, the reason I asked that the Joint Chiefs of Staff, will make the ing to do as part of this bill. question-and I wanted to get the gentle presentation of the Congressional Medal Mr. SMITH of Virginia. The gentle man's opinion on it--I understood the of Honor to Raymond Ouellette's mother, man from Illinois and the membership gentleman to say in response to the gen Mrs. Rose B. Ouellette, who lives at 23 will have every opportunity to consider tleman from New Y~rk [Mr. CoLE] about Cabot Street, Lowell. it under this bill. You can offer a sub the corps, that it set. up ·a corps. . This 2'0-year-old boy was one of eight stitute and one perhaps will be offered The SPEAKER. The time of the gen young children left fatherless 17 years to strike it out if they want to. There tleman from Virginia has again expired. ago by the accidental drowning of his is not any skulduggery about this thing. Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I parent. His mother, devoted to her 12,rge We hear a lot of talk about skulduggery yield myself 2 minutes. family, worked hard to clothe and feed but I cannot see that there has been any Mr. Speaker, so far as this rule is con them until some became old enough to skulduggery about it. The committee cerned there is evidently no controversy help out. Today the Ouellette family is has considered the matter. They think and no dispute over it. If a matter ever typical of many such Lowell families, this is an opportune time for the H.ouse deserved to corrie before this body for successfully bound together by the soli to consider it. full and complete discussion this bill is darity of family ties which only a de Mr. SADLAK. Mr. Speaker, will the that type of legislation. There should voted mother can gain over a long period gentleman yield? be no question regarding the gran~ing of years looking after her children. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. of a rule for the consideraiton of this Raymond Ouellette became interested Mr. SADLAK. Do I interpret what bill. 1n military training through the Na the gentleman is trying to say is that As a member of the Rules Committee tional Guard, and he received his early what we are trying to do here is to put I wish to compliment the Committee on training at the State armory on West- our foot into the door of every home in Armed Services for the care, the length . ford Street. He volunteered for service America? of time and the hard work that we know shortly after the beginning of the Korean Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I do not has been put in on this matter. The conflict and soon landed in Korea as a know what construction the gentleman significant thing about the bill is that it member of Company H, Ninth Infantry places on my remarks, but they speak was actually written by the Committee Regiment, Second Infantry Division. for themselves. on Armed Services. Testimony to that The action which won the Medal of Mr. BUSBEY. Mr. Speaker, will the effect was abundant in the hearing be Honor for Private First Class Ouellette gentleman yield for one more brief ob- fore the Rules Committee which brought was one of continued personal sacrifice servation? · the pending resolution to the floor. In in his successful effort to save his· unit Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield for a my opinion, that is the way legislation from complete annihilation. Repeatedly question. Does the gentleman · wish to should be written and brought to the he exposed himself to enemy machine ask a question? · House for consideration. I wish I could gun and small-arms fire, carrying water Mr. BUSBEY. I asked the gentleman say as much for some of the other bills for his wounded comrades who had been to yield for a brief observation. that we have considered and will con without water for 3 days; fighting Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I do not s.ider in the future. In too many in against terrific enemy concentrations, he yield for that purpose. stances, bills have been handed to leg instilled in his comrades by his example Mr. CRUMPACKER. Mr. Speaker, islative committees, more or less rubber an esprit de corps that delivered his unit will the gentleman yield? stamped and then sent to the floor for from its perilous position. Even after Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. consideration. · being severely wounded, he continued to Mr. CRUMPACKER. · The gentleman This bill, controversial as it is, and it is fight by throwing hand grenades at the stated that a program for universal mili very evident that it is controversial, is attacking enemy. This he did until a tary training should not be written on based on the best thinking and the best direct hit upon his fox hole ended his life. the floor of the House. Does the gentle judgment of the members of our great It is very difficult to find appropriate man also feel that the Armed Services Committee on Armed Services. They words to pay the deserved tribute to this Committee of this House which he states have favorably reported the bill to the young hero. He gave far more than he holds in such high consideration, can floor for the consideration of the House. duty called upon him to give. Fighting not write such a program at all? !may say further that, as the rule so in a strange country, under indescribable Mr. SMITH of Virginia. No; I think clearly states, the substitute offered by conditions of hardship, he made the su they could write it if they wanted to; the Committee on Armed Services as an preme sacrifice that his comrades and his they could writer, bill if they wanted to. amendment to Senate bill No. 1 will be unit ·might be saved. No man could give Mr. CRUMPACKER. Why not have considered in the Committee of the more than that. the program written ·by the Armed Whole House as an original bill. Under Mrs. Rose B. Ouellette should be very Services Committee and presented to the the rule all of the procedure generally proud of her boy, and I know she is. House? followed in the consideration of original Today is a very trying day for ~er, but I Mr. SMITH of Virginia. They are bills will prevail when the Committee of know that her sadness over the loss of prepared to do it. I will go a step fur the Whole considers the pending bill. her brave· son will be tempered by the ther; as a matter of fact I would rather The question will finally come on the realization that he lived and died in have the combined judgment of this committee amendment to the Senate bill, keeping with the greatest and most es commission plus the Armed Services but in Jrerfecting the amendment of the teemed tradition of the military service. , XCVII-202 3202 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 The city of Lowell, the Commonwealth enemy tanks and two gun positions. Against left Mrs. Ouellette with eight young children of Massachusetts, and the entire Nation this heavy fire, Private Ouellette made his and thus began a battle for survival and should be extremely proud of this Lowell way to the water can which he found to be bringing up a family of boys and girls. shot full of holes and empty of water. Indications point to the fgct that it hasn't hero who gave his life that freedom "On his way back to the perimeter, he been easy for Mrs. Ouellette but next Tues might live. We in the Congress should found a water hole and filled his helmet. day, she receives . reward accorded few do him homage. Enemy fire became so heavy he was unable mothers, that of knowing that her labors Mr. Speaker, as a part of my remarks, to keep the water from spilling from his hel were not in vain. After all, proof of her I include the following articles from the met as he crawled along the ground. success with her family lies in the fact that . Lowell Sun: · Although he returned to the perimeter her son's heroism serves today as a beacon empty-handed his brave action witnessed light for Americans fighting in other parts AWARD CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR TO by men on the perimeter, stirred them to the of the world to prevent the spread of com LOWELL SOLDIER-PFC J. RAYMOND 0UEL• highest spirits and increased their morale munism. LEITE WAS KILLED IN KOREAN WAR-LOCAL greatly. PROUD TEACHERS GI GAVE LIFE ON VOLUNTEER MISSION To "Later, the same day, five Koreans were RESCUE HIS BUDDIES And the Marist Brothers of St. Joseph's killed about 25· yards on the north side of Boys' School, on Merrimack Street, must feel LOWELL.- The Congressional Medal of the perimeter and Private Ouellette volun some pride in their former pupil. When Honor, the Nation's highest award to its teered to go to their bodies and retrieve their they look at his successors facing them to fighting men, has been awarded posthumously grenades, which were sorely needed. day, these good teachers can't help but think to Pfc J. Raymond Cuellette, son of Mrs. "He stepped out of the perimeter unknown that among them may be heroes who some Rose B. Ouellette, of 23 Cabot Street, it was to anyone and worked his way to the bodies. day will become the Charettes of 1_898 or the announced today by Army authorities in One of the North Koreans was still alive Ouellettes of 1951 and that what is taught Washington, D. C. and was killed by Ouellette with a trench them today in the form of love of God and Announcement of the awarding of this knife in a hand-to-hand battle. He then country will help · sustain them when the coveted honor by the Department of the returned to his unit with five enemy hand time comes to malte the all important de Army, also carried the news that the presen grenades that were covered with blood. cision between life and death. tation will be made next Tuesday, April 3, at "The North Koreans assaulted Ouellette's the Pentagon in Washington, to the hero's position many times and on six occasions the MILITARY TRAINING mother, and that at the ceremonies will be enemy threw hand grenades directly in to his And the National Guard officers and men his sister, Mrs. E3telle B. Lefebvre, also of 23 foxhole. Each time he would leap from of this city can well be proud of Private First Cabot Street, and his brothers, Robert, of 12 the fox hole into the enemy small arms fire Class Ouellette. After all, didn't he receive Cabot Street, and Roland, residing with his covering the area until the grenade exploded his early training there on Westford Street, n::1ther. and would then return to his hole and con at the State armory? It was there that this The late Pfc J. Raymond Ouellette at tinue to fight. young hero learned the rudiments of mili tended St. Joseph's Boys School on Merri "At the seventh attempt to neutralize Pri tary training which served him so well in mack Street, this city, prior to enlisting in vate Ouellette's position, he was severely Korea. So that, in honoring the memory of the Army for a 5-year term on January 30, wounded by an enemy grenade. Although the late Pfc. Raymond Ouellette, the people 1948, after serving with the National Guard. rapidly weakening from the loss of blood of the United States also paid tribute to the He was first reported as missing in action from his wound, Ouellette continued to fight units which nurtured him militarily, the somewhere in Korea on September 3 and by throwing hand grenades at the attacking Massachusetts National Guard. news of his death, correcting the earlier re enemy until the enemy blasted his position TYPICAL FAMILY port, came later. once more with a direct hit in his fox hole. Death came to the young man during 4 "This grenade ended his life." The Ouellette family ls typical of many days of fierce fighting near Yongsan and hon The Medal of Honor citation contains all in Lowell today, forced by the housing short oring him in death at the Pentagon, Tues- the facts related by Sergeant Bczarth and age to live in a house at 23 Cabot Street . day, April 3, will be Gen. Omar N. Bradley, ends with the words "The extraordinary when its members could well stand extra chairman of the ,Taint Chiefs of Staff, who heroism and intrepidity displayed by Private space. One thing that isn't missing there, will make the presentation of the Congres Ouellette reflects the highest credit upon however, is this solidarity of family ties sional Medal of Honor. himself and wai:, in keering with the es which only a devoted mother can gain over Ouellette was 20 years old and a member teemed traditions of the military services." a long period of years of looking after chil of Company H, Ninth Infantry Regiment, dren, working hard to clothe and feed them Second Infantry Division. He enlisted at until some become old enough to help out. Fort !Banks, Boston, and accompanied the MOTHER AND MARIST BROTHERS LOOM LARGE IN When work became scarce in Lowell, one Second Infantry Division overseas in July of BACKGROUND OF HERO-PRIVATE FIRST CLASS boy,· Roland, moved to Barre, Vt., where he 1950. OUELLETTE LEARNED DEMO~CY THE HARD married the former Gloria Inman. Not long EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNT WAY ago, he brought her and their child to Lowell (By Leon w. Lamoureux) after obtaining work and, like the good The action which won the Medal of Honor mother that she ls, Mrs. Ouellette changed for Private First Class Ouellette is dramat LowELL.-"He was always obstinate, even in his younger days when he decided to do things around in her home and found a ically described in an eye-witness.account by place for these three additions to her family. his platoon sergeant, Master Sgt. Grover L. a thing, nothing .could stop him." Bozarth, of Austin, Tex., as follows: Thus spoke Mrs. Rose B. Ouellette, mother Robert, his wife, Alice, and their three "About 11: 15, the night of August 31, 1950, of Pfc Raymond Ouellette, the second man children reside at 12 Cabot Street. the North Korean forces attacked the position in the history of Lowell to win the Congres Her next oldest boy was Raymond. A held by the Second Battalion, Ninth Infan sional Medal of Honor. It was back in 1898, junior high student at St. Joseph's High try, on the east bank of the Naktong River. during the Spanish-American War that Lt. School, Raymond could not wait to graduate "Early the next morning, Private First George Charette, United States Navy, gained from school to join the Army when condi Class Ouellette volunteered for a patrol this honor by helping in sinking a ship at tions grew worse in world affairs and he soon which was to reconnoiter Hill 209, a:;Jproxi the entrance of the harbor of Santiago, Cuba, landed in Korea. mately 400 yards north of the perimeter. thus hemming in the Spanish Fleet. His former teachers and all his chums This patrol was to try to establish contact Charette lived to enjoy the fruits of his agree on one thing and. that is that Ray with friendly forces thought to be on the heroic. action and died a few years ago, being mond was a go-getter. Anything he. under hill. The patrol was halted at the base of buried in Arlington National Cemetery with took, he wanted to finish, whether he was Hill 209 by extremely heavy machine gun others of the Nation's heroes. playing baseball, football, hockey, or enjoy fire and Private Ouellette volunteered to rec Pfc Raymond Ouellette lies today in a grave ing other sports on the North Common. in Korea where he helped make history by . Nothing stopped him in his younger days onnoiter the hill alone. He proceeded to his heroic actions by which his companions, the top of the hill and to the far side while and only death was successful in stopping exposed to the fire of enemy machine guns. without water and running low in ammuni him there in Korea. tion, were saved from certain death by this He found that friendly forces had vacated Sharing in the honor conferred the hero 20-year-old Lowell man who gave his all that the hill. is his grandfather, Ephrem Heroux who to- democracy might survive. "During the afternoon of September 3, . day observes his . seventy-fourth birthday Full details of the action which won the anniversary. Mr. Heroux, who lives with his Pr.ivate First Class Ouellette volunteered to coveted honor for Private First Class Ouel attempt to retrieve a 5-gallon water can daughter, Mrs. Ouellette, has seen his grand -lette are contained in a story which appears children grow and has shared with his which had been air dropped about 600 yards elsewhere today. What the people of Lowell east of the perimeter. The men had been daughter the many trials and tribulations are interested in also is the background of which go with bringing up a family. without water for 3 days and the only mois Ouellette and his family. Is the family rich, ture available was the early morning dew .1s it poor? Living in the downstairs apartment at 23 licked off rifle stocks, grass, and items of Cabot Street is a sister of Raymond, Estelle, equipment. Many of the wounded were de FATHER ACCIDENTALLY DROWNED now Mrs. George Lefebvre. The· oldest of the lirious from lack of water. It was 17 years ago that Elisee. Ouellette Ouellette children, she has two of her own. "The route to the water can was down hill accidentally drowned in the Merrimack River Rita and Therese are residing with rela and covered by machine-gun fire from two near the mouth of Beaver Brook. His death tives in Wrentham while Beatrice -is with 1951 ·coNGRESSJONAL ·RECORD-HOUSE 3203 relatives in Middleboro, these changes ·having .possible so as to maintain our production men for only 12 to 18 months. Yet we been necessary by lack of space at home. at full .strength. Our manpower can con are told that every American youth must Last but not least is Edward, a student at tribute far more to the defense of the free be drafted at 18 for a stretch of 27 Green School who looks forward, he says, world in our production lines, in our Navy to going to work to help his mother and and Air Force, than in the front lines of months. I ask again, if the 18-year-old replace, in some way, his big brother, Ray ·land armies in Asia or Europe. Under the draft is the obvious answer to· Europe's mond. protection cf American and British air and defense problems, why has no European LEAVE. LOWELL SUNDAY sea power the free nations· on the periphery nation adopted that solution for itself? Mr.s. Ouellette with her daughter, i.v.trs. . of the Soviet empire can readily rearm with And if 27 months of service is the very Lefebvre and her sons, Robert and Roland, the great help we can give them from our rr~inimum required to save Europe, why will leave Lowell Sunday, at Government production lines. is it that no nation on the Continent has expense, so as to arrive in Washington by These are the reasons I call Mrs. adopted that period of service? Tuesday when the presentation of the Con Rosenberg's program a plan to defeat Or are we to understand that only gressional Medal of Honor will be made at American 18-year-olds are fit to be the Pentagon by Gen. Omar Bradley. America. It is a plan which, intended or At play or at work, Raymond Ouellette not, would sabotage America's greatest drafted for Europe's wars? proved determined to the point of being ob strength-ample manpower skilled in Under the Rosenberg selection system, stinate. When he set his heart on some the daily know-how of mass production. the Government would decide who, and thing, he did it. He proved this in Korea. Already we see this sabotage weaken how many, among those drafted, should It was not the act of a man under pressure, ing us in many industries. Young men go to college. But the basis for selection not the act of a man battling for his life. for college is not set forth in the bill. Ouellette's actions were cool and calcu who have been developing their skills for 2 to 5 times in a given line of produc It would be a matter for administrative lated. He knew the risks. He faced them regulations to be promulgated later. for the sake of his companions. He couldn't tion are gathered in pell-mell into the stand by while some were suffering from military camps. They cannot be re This is statism in its rawest and most wounds. He knew that after 3 days without placed ·on the production lines in less repulsive form-bureaucratic selection water, ammunition running low, with hun than 12 to 18 months, at the minimum. for higher education, not orie whit dif .. dreds of the enemy waiting like vultures to In our grain belt of the Middlewest, ferent from the system now in full force spring on the Americans and annihilate and effect in Russia, whereby the Krem them, that something had to be done. skilled, able, and trained farm boys are being yanked from their productive ~asks lin picks its elite corps on the basis of Pfc Raymond Ouellette did it. proficiency in the godless dogmas and He had what it takes to be a hero. for shipment to Korea, Germany, or to the four points of the compass in the routines of pagan communism. Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I United States. And these young men are In other aspects, the Rosenberg pro yield 20 minutes to the gentleman from being replaced by field workers imported posals are shocking to American tradi New York [Mr. REED]. by the Department of Agriculture from tions. They are proposals to make every Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, or Mexico-men young man the property of the Govern · our greatest defensive strength in Amer who have not the skill to operate a trac ment on his eighteenth birthday. Under ica today is our wonderful manpower tor, combine, or truck, and to whom a such a program all concerns of family sk:illed, educated, trained in the indus milking machine is but one step removed relationship would terminate. All con trial arts, familiar with every technique in complexity and confusion from an . siderations of individual choice, prefer of mass production, world leaders in the atom bomb. By this program we are ex ence, personal predilection, and special · know-how of machinery. porting Nebraskans to do bat.tle in the aptitudes would end as factors governing The distinctive, and probably decisive, rice paddies of Korea, and importing the careers. of American boys. They contribution of this mighty Nation to Jamaicans to do their essential produc would all be tossed into the military the defense of freedom is, and must re tive work in Nebraska. By this formula, maw, like so many apples into a cider main, this tremendous industrial ca Prof. Albert Einstein would make his mill-each counted as one, regardless of pacity-our ability to produce planes, great contribution to the defense effort those special values and qualities of hu guns, tanks, ships, ammunition and by taking an emergency assignment man nature which differ men from beasts heavy transportation equipment, labor- driving a delivery truck. Man power is of the field. These are the measure . saving farm machinery, machine tools, . manpower under Mrs. Rosenberg's sys ments of stark paganism, unblushing and precision instruments. These are tem, which measures values in numbers, godlessness. The American people will the very sinews of victory. . They are without regard to skills, training, educa never tolerate them. the only possible weapons with which we tion, and that rich heritage of energy The Government alone would deter- may hope to hold to a sense of decent and ingenuity which is the peculiar gift . mine who would go to college. The Gov accountability the wanton and cruel ex of free men. Such a determination of ernment would select the college. The penditure of manpower by the Commu manpower programs in this country to Government would hand the student his nist masters of Asia's nomadic hordes. day is sheer madness. It must be called course of studies. After June 1954 every But we can never supply these vital, sabotage in high places, because it has college graduating class in the ·United ecsential, and decisive tools of security never been defended, even by its spon States would be composed of men selected and defense if we a·re to squander our sors, save on the ground of hysterical ex and directed 100 percent by the Rosen skilled manpower in numberless divi pediency which takes no account of the berg selection system. sions and vast armies of foot soldiers for long-term needs of American life. De And then what? At graduation these Europe, Asia, Africa-and where next? stroy America's advntage in skilled man men would go into the military service to Admiral Nimitz has said: power for our industries, and you destroy finish up the remaining 23 months they America at one strike from within. still owed on their original draft term The American productive economy is our of 27 months. All they get before col greatest strength and our greatest weapon. If universal military training for all Weaken it and you undermine our military youths at 18 years of age is the first ne lege is 4 months of basic training. They power at its source. then would be in the Reserves until 26 cessity for the defense of free Europe, as years of age. And let me call as another witness, we are so emphatically told, why is it This is not an emergency program. Mr. Marriner S. Eccles, Vice Chairman that no nation on the Continent had adopted the 18-year-old draft for jtself? It is a proposal for a fixed national policy. · of the Federal Reserve Board. He ap It is an attempt to establish a manpower peared before the Joint Committee on France, Italy, Belgium, and Denmark dictatorship in these free States. To the ·Economic Report as recently as Jan do not draft men until they are 20. rule the future lives of all men beyond uary 25, this year. He said: · Portugal and the Netherlands do not their eighteenth birthday easily could be We should recognize the fact that our un draft before 21 years of age. Luxem an entering wedge for practices and pro rivalled productive capacity is our strongest burg, Iceland, and Canada have no draft gram already in operation behind the line of defense, that our ability to produce laws whatever for overseas service, but iron curtain. is determined largely by our available man rely entirely upon voluntary enlistments. It is worthy of note that in the debates power; that our country is the arsenal of Nor does any nation in the North At in another body it was stated openly the free nations, and must not be weakened lantic Pact draft any man for as lung as by a military program which we cannot against this bill that it was a Trojan maintain indefinitely without regimentation 27 months, the minimum terms proposed horse project to force iron-curtain poli or inflation, or which leads to war. We . by the administration in the pending cies upon America in the name of crisis should keep our ground forces as small as bill. Most nations on the continent take and emergency. The Association of 3204 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 American Colleges, comprising some 900 000,000,000 in lend-lease from our un berg's hands a perpetually renewed university presidents, has petitioned matched production lines. standing army of 4,000,000 American Congress to stop this mad, hysterical Let us look to prew::>..r Japan for a pic boys, ready to leap to fire-alarm wars rush to a made-in-Moscow regimenta ture of universal military training at at a moment's notice anywhere around tion of the entire educational system work. Militarism in Japan at length the world? Who will declare these wars beyond high school. gained the upper hand over the parlia which our boys are to fight-as in Korea? The universal drafting of 18-year-olds mentary system. Then militarism in Congress was not even consulted on the would seriously undermine professional doctrinated the draftees with these in Korean decision. and technical education in this country structions : Now, General MacArthur tells us in the short ·space of perhaps 5 years. To make a good soldier, there must always frankly that his bands are tied. He has Freedom in education would be at an be an immediate enemy. He must be led to overwhelming air power, but he may not end. believe that this enemy may strike today. strike his enemy's supply lines and bases As long ago as 1945 the National Ad He must be convinced that the enemy is · in Manchuria. Never before in military visory Committee on Higher Education prepared to annihilate our country at the history has a field commander had a strongly urged upon the attention of first opportunity. a narrower field of judgment and deci Congress "the rapidly increasing short From this ~ tate o-: mind it is, of course, sion in the field. Every move he con age of men in professional fields essen but a short step to the complete police siders must first be submitted to the tial to the national welfare, such as state, in which every function of gov United Nations, at Lake Success. But medicine, dentistry, engineering, physics, ernment-and ultimately every human now the United Nations is in recess. A chemistry, divinity, and others. With thought and fancy-is suL:>rdinated to midwinter vacation in Florida is of ut each year of war the gap in the flow of the dictates of the requirements of de most importance to the cultivated diplo young men into these essential fields be fense. This is the capstone of milita matic temperament. Let all wars be comes a more serious threat to the rism-the complete garrison state. And started in the balmy June of Washing national health, safety, and interest." when :-Jeople cry out that they can no ton-and then let all wars run them I would suggest to every Member on longer carry the load of nonproductive selves, so long as American replacements the floor of the House who believes there militarism, what happens? First, a war are available from Mrs. Rosenberg's se is some value to education in the pres incident develops. Bismarck once ob lection pool. ervation of our form of government to served in a moment of political candor The whole history of America argues get the April Atlantic magazine and read during a Berlin crisis: "A small war against passage of this bill at this time. the article by the president of Yale Uni not too big-would be a great conveni- Universal military training is not a versity. It is a masterpiece. In that ence." · defense measure. It is a grab for article he shows exactly what this type Would this cruel philosophy of power power-the old shell game of power of legislation is going to do to the educa politics explain our situation in Korea grabbing under the hysteria of emer tional system in this country. today? gency, A systematic campaign of fear Furthermore, he points out that Russia To date the United States forces have a form of psychological warfare against is filling all her schools with technical suffered more than 57 ,000 casualties in the American people-pas been waged by trainees in these engineering professions. Korea-more casualties than the total the administration for several years. How much more acute ·would this number of all forces supplied in that war The theory is that if you can scare the problem become with universal military by all other members of the United Na American people to the very bottoms of training? During the first years of op tions combined. their feet, Congress will grant any power eration UP.der the pending bill, only 75,- Our operation in Korea is called col requested-notwithstanding doubts as 000 men a year would be authorized to lective security. But in that operation to its constitutionality and no matter remain in the colleges--at the personal since last June 25 the United states is how socialistic, no matter how far re selection of the President. furnishing more than 90 percent of the moved from the American. tradition of This is why we are justified fully in armed forces, and suffering more than freedom and liberty under law. saying that historically universal mili 90 percent of the casualties. We have The time has come for Congress to tary training is a tool of dictators. And already suffered more battlefield casual save America. The power-grabbing it is also a fundamental dogma of Com ties in this Korean misadventure than bureaucrats are running wild in their munist militarism. Article 132 of the our American forces suffered in the encroachments upon the Constitution Soviet constitution reads: "Universal Revolutionary War. In that war for na and the sovereignty of the American military service is law." tional independence our total casualties people. Our boys already have been sent Neither is it true that universal mili were about 12,000. In the War of 1812 to war without the consent or approval tary training provides real national se we suffered 7,000 casualties. In the of Congress. Now, we are asked to sign curity. It did r:'Jt save France at Water Mexican War we suffered 17,000; and in a blank check turning over all American loo. And in both World War I and World the Spanish-American War, 10,000. In young men to Mrs. Rosenberg for what War Il France again V.'as rescued from those four wars we suffered about 46,000 ever wars the Lake Success "debating so the outside-and both times by nations casualties to win four great victories for ciety" may deem meritorious in the which did not have univ€rsal military American freedom. In Korea we have future. training-the United States, Britain, had 57,000 casualties, for what? Will it We can defend America, and we can Canada, and Australia. be a great victory when we get back to defend freep.om, only if we keep America the thirty-eighth parallel? strong, and we can keep America strong In Germany universal military train- . only by reclaiming and restoring and re ing has been the rule since 1814. And General MacArthur recently told the viving the full force and vigor of Amer there militarism has produced its usual world that he has been operating in Ko ican constitutional government. We harvest-poverty, destruction, and na rea under abnormal military inhibitions. must here and now turn back the power tional impotence. Because of these inhibitions, he said: grabbers, the Treasury-busting Social Japan adopted her universal military The battle lines cannot fail in time to ists, the authors of regimentation-and training in 1873; and once again run reach a point of theoretical military stale once more declare America free. mate. Thereafter our further advance would away militarism ground the n?,tion to ~r. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, the dust of poverty, destruction, and militarily benefit the enemy more than it would ourselves. I yield to the gentleman from Georgia humiliation. [Mr. CoxJ. Russia hJ.d universal military training Who is running this war to make an Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, probably under the czars. It did not save her advance of our fighting men a greater later in the debate I shall want to ex from internal destruction in 1917. Nor gain to the enemy than to the victor? press my views on the measure, con did it ward off invasion in 1941. And Who delivered some 200,000 American sideration of which this rule provides, here again, Russia was saved by powers boys for cannon fodder into this death but at this point I do wish to call the which did not have universal military trap of the New Deal's still-born United attention of my colleagues to the fact training in 1942-45. Not only did our Nations? that in spite of the hostile atmosphere boys save Russia with the second front Is it the intention of this Congress in which the bill will be considered in Europe, but we supplied some $12,- · of freemen to deliver into Mrs. Rosen- surcharged as it is with r~sentment and 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3205 bad feeling, most of which is justified How easy it is when our Nation is not is· devoted to the munitions of war. Un in spite of that, we must remember that involved in all-out war, and when the til recently we were even reducing the this bill presents a test of the capacity freedom being destr6yed is not our very size of our Armed Forces, while the Rus of this body to provide its own leader own, to forget the basic facts of inter sians were expanding their already gi ship and legislate in accordance with its national life-to keep our attention gantic military machine. Our indus frc~ will. riveted on the easy way-to continue to tries were producing washing machines, Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, demand business as usu,al, to seek to re vacuum cleaners, and television sets, I move the previous question. turn to the good old days. How easy it while the Soviet Union was producing The previous question was ordered. is to believe that when the freedom being rockets, tanks, and machine guns. While The SPEAKER. The question is on lost is far away and not our own, it is we were producing for the happiness and the resolution. not a matter of American concern. But the peaceful pursuits of life, the Soviet The resolution was agreed to. that is the easy road, the road of fantasy Union was developing the means by A motion to reconsider was laid on the unrelated to the facts before us. which she could engage in an all-out war. table. Every Member of this House knows We all know how precarious the world Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, I move that, basically, the world situation has situation still is. Just the other day the that the House resolve itself ir.to the not yet improved. It is common kpowl Secretary of De.fense stated that in his Committee of the Whole House on the edge that Russia has at least 175 ready opinion world conditions are, if any State of the Union for the consideration divisions-a 4,000,000-man Army-that thing, worse than they were a year ago. of the bill reservists are officers? tion require an armed force of 3,462,000 versies before the committee not a single Mr. V:iNSON. No; the gentleman is men by July 1, 1951. But they do not objection at any time was raised with · mistaken. · guarantee and cannot guarantee that this regard to reducing the age limit from Mr. CRUMPACKER. Could the gen force may not have to be increased. No 19 to 18%. We feel that 18% is the tleman give us the percentage? human being can possibly predict what correct age. If you went down to 18, Mr. VINSON. I will give you the fig the size of our Armed Forces will have you would :lave a larger pool than the ures tomorrow, l;mt I do not have them to be 1 year, 6 months, or even 3 months facts warrant and justify, so we create at my fingertips today. from now. How dangerous, how short only a sumcient pool to meet our re Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. Mr. sighted, how unrealistic it would be, in quirements. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? these perilous times in which we live Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, will the Mr. VINSON. I yield. today, to write in tpis bill a rigid statu gentleman yield? Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. tory limitation on the number of men Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle Speaking about the manpower pool, our Nation can have under arms to de man from Minnesota. what have the armed services done or fend her liberties. Mr. JUDD. Is it not true that the bill what are they going to do to reduce the No Member of this House, nor even passed by the other body sets the age physical standards for noncombat -the Joint Chiefs of Staff, can accurately at 18? troops? forecast what the military needs of the Mr. VINSON. That is correct. Mr. VINSON. If you will read the re Nation will be tomorrow, or a week from Mr. JUDD. So that if the :':louse port you will see where we have reduced tomorrow, or 6 months or a year from wants 18%, it would probably have to set the standards in this bill down to the now. No one can tell. The only thing it at 19, and then in conference i' might very lowest standards which existed for we do know is that we must have an come out at 18%; is not that right? physical and mental qualifications in adequate force to meet any military Mr. VINSON. No, we are not traders. January 1945. emergency that may arise. We deal square across the table. Dy the standards that we put in this On July 9, 1951, the present Selective Mr. JUDD. It seems to me that is a bill, some 608,000 men will be put in the Service Act will expire. The security square proposition, the way things op pool who are not in the pool today. of the Nation requires that the act be erate here in "Vashington. Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. That extended. This bill extends the Selec- - Mr. VINSON. I am not going to is, there will be 608,000 more men than tive Service Act until July 1, 1954, a pe dicker in conversation, nor am I going to we have under the present standards. riod of 3 years. dicker when I go to conference. I say Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Chairman, will the World conditions have made selective what I mean and I mean what I say. gentleman yield? service an integral part of our defense Mr. JUDD. If the gentleman will Mr. VINSON. I yield. structure. We must, therefore, continue assure us the conferees will come out Mr. RIVERS. In addition to that I to induct men into the Armed Forces with 18%, that will be satisfactory. wish our chairman would tell the Com for the immediate future in order to Mr. VINSON. I assure you now that mittee that by virtue of that amendment build up an armed strength and partic whichever way this House votes this bill, others will be reclassified and we- will ularly our Army to the sh;e deemed nec tliat is the way the conferees ar~ going get additional troops from those who essary for our minimum security re to stand, until you direct us to the have already been deferred under the quirements. The draft is an indispen contrary. · present standards. sable source of manpower for the Army. Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Chairman, will the · Mr. VINSON. That is right. Here at It is perhaps less importan~ to the Air gentleman yield? the desk is a complete analysis of the Force, the Navy, and the Marine Corps Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle bill and if Members will get the report because men volunteer for those branches man from Minnesota. it will give them a complete explanation "in greater numbers than for the Army. Mr. O'HARA. Will the gentleman of what we are recommending, and we But without a _selective service law it give us the wisdom of the chairman of will stand by what we have said in the is quite possible that we would not be the committee and of the committee report; The report will give you the able to maintain the enlistments in the itself as to what is the difference be- reason why we reduced the age and the Navy, the Air Force, and the Mari~e tween 18 and 18 % ? · reason why we have reduced the mental Corps on a voluntary basis, because 1t Mr. COX. Six months. and physical requirements to a lower may well be the thought of induction Mr. VINSON. As my distinguished level than it is today. If we do not do into the Army that prompts men to join colleague from Georgia suggests, it is 6 that, then we will be forced to go to the another branch of the service. The months. But what prompted us to do ~8-year-old class. I am unwilling to go Army is the backbone of our defense it was this: At 19 years of age you will to the 18-year-old class when there are structure. · hardly have a sufficient number in the over 600,000 people who are not being Under the present law men register for pool. You will scrape the barrel dry, made to serve within the draft age. induction at the age of 18. They are But there will be flexibility and a lee Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, will liable for induction at the age of 19, and way if you go to 18%. the gentleman yield? remain subject to induction until they Another reason that we put 18 % in pass their twenty-sixth birthday. Now this bill is that we hope to have a suffi Mr. VINSON. I yield. the change made in the proposed bill cient manpower pool to require the De Mr. HINSHAW. I am very mu~h in reduces the induction age from 19 years partmen-:; .to send back home the vet terested in the subject of physical stand to 18 years and 6 months, and requires erans from the inactive and volunteer ards because apparently at the present classification of the registrants before reserves who serve 12 months following time there is a different physical stand reaching the age of 18 years and 6 their recall to active duty. If you keep ard for the Army than there is for the months. They are classified by their it at 19, -then you are going to be forced Air Force and the Navy. Is there any local draft board before they become 18 to keep in every inactive or volunteer reason why the physical standards years and 6 months, and every man will reservist that has been called to duty. should not be identical for all across the know long before he is called just where So I certainly hope that any man who board? · he stands. moves to keep it at 19 will remember Mr. VINSON. The Navy and the Air If the merr.. bers of the committee will that at the same time he is fixing it so Force get them by the voluntary method. refer to the hearings and the report they that the reservist who has already Mr. KILDAY. Mr. Chairman, will the will see how we have made and justified served 5 or 6 years and is called back '.;o gentleman· yield so that I may answer our case. Statiselcally, we think it is active duty will have to stay there, be the question? proper to reduce the age from 19 to 18¥2 cause you will have no man to take his Mr. VINSON. I yield to my colleague. years. If you will read the report it place unless you go into the 18 % group. Mr. KILDAY. The gentleman from will give you a complete analysis, a com Mr. CRUMPACKER. Mr. Chairman, California is overlooking the fact that plete justification as to why, in the will the gentleman yield? this bill provides that the physical stand opinion of the Committee on Armed Mr. VINSON. I yield. ards shall be approved by the Secretary 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3207 of Defense and shall be uniform for all places? Somebody else in that local Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will the services, except as to the Marine · board takes their places, and the same the gentleman yield? Corps which has no supply lines and thing runs right through the bill. Mr. VINSON. I yield to my friend no medical detachments, which are fur ;Mr. COX. Mr. Chairman, will the from Michigan. nished by the Navy. But as to the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAWFORD. What is the dif branches other than the Marine Corps Mr. VINSON. I yield. ference between the House bill and the they must be uniform for all the services. Mr. COX. The gentleman will agree Senate bill, where the Senate bill pro Mr. VO RYS. ·Mr. Chairman, will the that it would have been well if that an vides you are deferring men for educa g·entleman yield? nouncement had been deferred until iional purposes? Mr. VINSON. I yield. after this bill had been considered? Mr. VINSON. The Senate bill sets Mr. VORYS. I wonder whether the Mr. VINSON. No. It is all right, be aside 75,000 people. There is nothing like Armed Forces say that the 1945 stand cause what is in the bill controls the ed that in this bill. The magnificent speech ards will be sufficient for their purposes. ·ucational situation, and I will explain that our very learned friend from New Mr. VINSON. Of course it would that in a minute . York [Mr. REED] made relating to all of create a pool, and of course the Depart . • Mr. ABERNETHY. May I go just a that, has no application to this bill at ment is very much opposed to lowering little further? all. There is not a line in this bill about the standards. But we had to do it, or Mr. VINSON. Yes, I yield. any 75,000 people being sent to school else go to the 18-year-old. class. There Mr. ABERNETHY. The facts are and selected. is no escape from that because you have that there are many boys in this country Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Chairman, will the to have men for the local board to draft. who are not so fortunately situated gentleman yield? If we do not reduce the standards there financially that they can go to school. Mr. VINSON. I yield. will be nobody in the pool and nobody Mr. VINSON. That is right. Mr. O'HARA. I asked the chairman will be drafted between the ages of 19 Mr. ABERNETHY. Since they are in this question before, as to the difference and 26. that unfortunate situation, a man who is between the 18-year-olds and the 18%, Mr. VORYS. They may object to the able to send his boy to school, his son re and he spoke of the need of a pool of standards, but the standards were good ceives a preference over the man who is manpower that the Army needed. In enough to win the war with. unable to send his boy to school, and I this announcement by General Hershey Mr. VINSON. Oh, yes; and we are think that is wrong. the other day, it was estimated, in the going to put that in the law now. Mr. VINSON. He goes to school, and newspaper at least, that 800,000 of these Mr. COX. Mr. Chairman, will the if he stays there one academic year- intellectual, smart boys that someone re gentleman yield? Mr. ABERNETHY. He goes to school f erred to would be def erred. Does not Mr. VINSON. I yield. if he is :financially able to go. the gentleman think that those who do Mr. COX. I am also interested in the Mr. VINSON. If he is financially able .not qualify under this fancy examination mental qualifications of the people who to go, and he stays there one academic would be stigmatized as being mentally are going to be drafted. From the an year, and then after that academic year inefficient, at the same time we are show nouncement made on yesterday the the draft is on his neck again; if he ing discrimination to some 800,000 who President authorized, and I believe he fails to meet the educational require are in college? has so declared, that the smart boys will ments, he will have to go in just like Mr. VINSON. I do not think so, but be deferred and not drafted at all, which everybody else. there are some 550,000 students deferred means that it is the Joneses and the Mr. ABERNETHY. The boy who is now under the present law. What Gen Smiths who plow the fields and feed the not financially able to go to school has eral Hershey is doing is practically car hogs and milk the cows who are going the draft on his neck now. rying out what the eight committees to do the bleeding and dying. Mr. VINSON. That is it, exactly. that have been advising him suggested Mr. VINSON. Let us get that Mr. ABERNETHY. That is the dif be done. straight now for the committee. No one ference. Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Chairman, will the can escape the draft because he goes to Mr. VINSON. That is right, but no gentleman yield? college or high school. He gets a statu one escapes the obligation. Eventually Mr. VINSON. I yield. tory deferment if he is in college. We he will have to serve. Mr. HARRIS. Did the gentleman have a provision in the bill which will Mr. ABERNETHY. Well.. he escapes mean to indicate a moment ago that give him a deferment for one academic to the extent of one year. under this bill, through Selective Service, year, and then under the provision deal Mr. GROSS. Mr. Cha.irman, will the they would take boys before they had ing with the President's powers the Pres gentleman yield? completed their high-school work? ident can grant deferments where it is Mr. VINSON. I must yield to my Mr. VINSON. No; I will get to that in in the interest ·of the national health friend from Iowa. a moment if the gentleman will just bear · and safety. But sooner or later he has Mr. GROSS. An act passed by this with me. got to come before his draft board and Congress is not binding on another Under the bill we draft at 18 years and be subject to the draft, just as the boy Congress. 6 months. The boy registers at 18, is who is on the farm is subject to draft. Mr. VINSON. Of course not. · classified before he gets to be 18 years The mere fact that one is in high school, Mr. GROSS. Then he can be deferred · and 6 months, but when he reaches 18 the mere fact that one is in college and forever, if the act is changed. years and 6 months the draft will put gets a deferment does not mean that Mr. VINSON. That is right. If they him into the service. he is escaping his draft obligation. De change the law. What happens after he gets in? He ferment means that for a temporary Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. Mr. has to have 4 months' basic military period he will not be required to serve, Chairman, will the gentleman yield? training, and that training must be in but after that deferment ceases he will Mr. VINSON. I yield. the continental United States; it cannot be subject to induction. Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. Can be in Asia, Europe, Africa, or South Mr. ABERNETHY. He gets defer the gentleman tell me what percentage America; it has got to be here, and be ment, but it does mean that somebody are required in noncombat duty as com fore he can be put into combat duty he else has got to take his place during the pared with combat duty? must have been in the service at least time he gets deferment. Mr. VINSON. I do not want to go into 6 m.onths. Therefore, it makes him 19 Mr. VINSON. Oh, that is true; and that now. What is known as a "divisional years of age before he gets in combat when the boy on the farm is deferred on slice" is about 40,000 men. On the battle duty unless there is an invasion of this account of agriculture, it means that ground you have only about 12 or 14 country. If any invasion of this country somebody must take his place. That is thousand. I will say there is a waste takes place, of course, we are not going all it means. It does not mean anything of manpower, and we have too many to stop to think about age when we are more than that. If you go down to Mis men behind the lines for the few number :fighting for our homes and our liberties. sissippi, in the gentleman's district, and that is doing the :fighting. We are try We have reduced the age. The next defer 10 of his constituents on account ing to correct it, but I cannot go into thing we change is the length of service, of agriculture, who is going to take their that now. which is increased from 21 months to 26 3208 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 months and we do it for this reason: the armed services only obtains 17 Eighth. We have liberalized reemploy The longer a man serves the less drain months of effective service from each in ment benefits. there is on the manpower pool. In fiscal ductee. When you go up to 26 months Ninth. We have liberalized high school 1952 if the length of service is not in it only nets the armed services for each and college deferment. creased to 26 months we will have to get man in the ranks, a total length of serv - Tenth. We have placed a termination 149,000 more men than we will with the ice of 17 months. If you let it stand at date on the authority to induct men for service increased to 26 months. 21 months, why it is 5 months less and service. Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, will the it increases for every month that you Eleventh. We have required the re gentleman yield? decrease the length of time. In addition, lease of thousands of veteran reservists Mr. VINSON. · I yield. for each month by which you reduce after 12 months' service. Mr. BARDEN. The gentleman keeps from 26 months you increase the cost by Remember, if you put the age back of discussing the question of the pool. I 5 percent for each inductee. 19, then on the other hand you are hold presume the gentleman is accepting the Let us take up education. Under exist ing in some 800,000 reservists, many of statement of the Department of ·Defense ing law today we grant a postpone whom, under our bill, will go out if you and General Hershey as to the size of the ment-bear in mind I use the word "post reduce the age to 18%. pool resulting from the operation of the ponement"-to high school students up Twelfth. We provide authority to ex draft act today. to their twentieth birthday. Under the tend voluntary enlistments for 1 year. Mr. VINEON. That is it; what is the bill we are more liberal. We grant a Thirteenth, We have permitted reg gentleman's question about it? statutory deferment. There is a big istrants to indicate whether they desire Mr. BARDEN. We have plenty of difference between a postponement and to serve in segregated units. time. a statutory deferment. We grant a stat Now, Mr. Chairman, that is the phase Mr. VINSON. I get tired talking for utory deferment to that high-school stu of drafting for service. Now I want to an hour. dent until he reaches 20 years of age. talk to you about drafting for training. Mr. BARDEN. I will try to refresh the That is a great benefit for him. Not a The bill authorizes-and I want every gentleman a little. I believe the gentle single high school or university of the body to understand it, and when you un man is aware of the manner in which country or any educators have com derstand it I am perfectly willing to leave these examinations have been held at the plained about that. it to the conscience of every man here induction cent.ers. Let us talk about the colleges. Under to do what he thinks is right, and I have Mr. VINSON. Yes; I am aware of existing law the President is granted no hesitancy in predicting what the ulti that. broad general authority to defer from in mate outcome will be-the bill author Mr. BARDEN. The gentleman has duction those students who are satisfac izes the establishment of a National Se discussed that with boththe Department torily pursuing a full-time course of curity Training Commission and creates and with myself and others. Is that cor. study at a college, university, or similar a National Security Training Corps. By rect? institution. Under this provision the the language of this bill we establish a Mr. VINSON. That is right. director of selective service, under the National Training Commission and by Mr. BARDEN. As a result of that dis :mthority de!eg'ated to him by-the Presi the same provision of the bill we create cussion does not the gentleman believe dent, has deferred 570,000. Now we pro what is known as a National Security that they are turning loose about 50 per pose to. continue in section 6 the Training Corps. cent or better of those who are mentally . ·broad authority of the President to grant Now let us see what the Commission qualified that should not have been deferments to college students, but we does. The Commission is composed of turned loose? also provide that the college student in individuals, outstanding American citi Mr. VINSON. That is right, and that stead of getting a postponement will get zens, appointed by the President and is the reason we are making the change a statutory deferment for one academic confirmed by the Senate. They hold in the law. year. In other words, your boy goes to office for a certain length of time. They Mr. BARDEN. Has the gentleman college in S~ptember. Suppose the draft receive $50 a day when they are work any explanation as to why the Depart board calls him in October. The law ing. All of that is written out just as ment of Defense has not changed its steps in and says: "You cannot lay your plain as the nose on your face; in the bill. policy when the man to whom we look to hand on him until he has finished that Then we say there is established a train direct the Department of Defense, the academic year." And at the end of that ing corps. gentleman from Georgia, calls it to their academic year he might qualify under V/hat happens next? You have got attention? the broad deferment authority that the to have some work for the Commission Mr. VINSON. The gentleman is er President has to grant deferments where to do. Now what is the job of that Com roneous, of course, when he says any it is in the interest of the national health, mission? The job of the Commission is one looks to me to direct the Department safety and interest, but, remember, he is - to prescribe the type of training and the of Defense; I am only here to cast one not escaping the draft. He is merely get bill says it must be basic military train vote, but I hope the gentleman will look ting a statutory deferment for 12 months ing. to me for guidance on this bill. or 9 months, and later on he will have Then what happens? Now let us not The committee had the pleasure of to serve just like everyone else if he create a big bugaboo in our minds that listening to the gentleman for 1 hour. meets the other qualifications. there is going to be regimentation or that I know his bill. We will debate it when I have been talking about 'induction in we are grabbing the youth of the coun when we· get down to him. Let me make the draft. Here is what it all means to try and throwing them in armed camps. my speech now and explain the bill and sum up: It is set forth in this bill, as the distin we will come to all of these things. First. We reduce the present draft age guished gentleman from Virginia pointed Mr. BARDEN. I thought the gentle from 19 to 18% years. out, that Congress will always retain man himself was going to have a little Second. We require the classification control. friendly chat with me. of men at registration and prior to at We create a commission and it is com Mr. VINSON. Well, I had a friendly taining the age of 18%. posed of five men. They are confirmed chat with the gentleman back in 1948 Third. We have increased the period by the Senate. Then they must formu when the gentleman had certain views. of service from 21 to 26 months. late a plan. Now, what do we say about I do not think his views have changed Fourth. We have eliminated the loop· the plan? We write out the require froin 1948 to 1951. hole by which aliens have escaped mili ments in the very heart of the bill on Here is the reason why it is necessary tary service. page 37. You will see here what the to have 26 months. Now listen. Con Fifth. We have lowered physical and Commission must deal with in its plan. sidering the fact that each inductee will mental standards for acceptability. Here is the yardstick. This is the very be given 4 months basic training and we Sixth. We have guaranteed 4 months substance of the Commission's plan. require that to be followed by 2 months training and 5 months noncombatant Then when the Commission writes it out, additional training, he will in addition assignment for each inductee. what becomes of it? This is not the average 2 months of travel, plus 1 month Seventh. We have eliminated the au usual kind of a bill. This is not left to of leave. Thus it can be seen that even thority to defer married men who have the departments to determine what hap by extending the period to 26 months no dependents other than a wife. pens. As far as our committee is con- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3209 cerned, we have grown tired of delegat proval of the American people, then the Why do we want this training pro ing authprity when we are qualified to program goes into effect. In that way gram? What is the reason? The rea reach a decision and to establish a policy, we are not buying a pig in a bag. We son is that it will enable the Government instead of delegating it down to the de know what we are doing. We can keep to reduce its large standing army. You partments. control over it. cannot reduce the size of the Army un Mr. COX. Mr. Chairman, will the Now go one step further. Suppose less you have somebody ready · to step gentleman yield? you do not want to continue it more than into the Army. If you do not have such Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentleman 1 year. All you have to do is pass a a reserve then you have to keep 3,500,000 from Georgia. concurrent resolution repealing a law or 4,000,000 men under arms for an in Mr. COX. I want to emphasize the that has been signed by the President. definite period of time. If you want to importance of what the gentleman has You do it by a concurrent resolution, reduce the size of your armed force just said. This bill is the product of something rarely ever done in the his you have to have somebody behind them an agency of this House, of the Armed tory of this Government. who are being trained to go into the Services Committee. Again, may I say Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Chairman, will the Army. That is the purpose of the bill, that it is the test of the competency of gentleman yield? and that is the reason for the bill. That this House to provide its own leadership, Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle is the long-ri:i,nge program. If you turn to legislate according to its own judg man from Iowa. down this proposition today and say ment. Mr. JENSEN. Is it not a fact that the that you are going to defeat universal Mr. VINSON. I thank the gentleman. universal military training section of military training, then you are saddling Mr. ROGERS of F10rida. Mr. Chair this bill will not go into effect until after on this Nation for an indefinite period man, will the gentleman yield? the draft has expired? of time an armed service of 3,500,000 or Mr. VINSON. I will have to yield to Mr. VINSON. That is right. I am 4,000,000 men, and if you continue doing the gentleman from Florida. He does coming to that. that with expenses as they are, and the not have an amendment to offer this One step further. Who is eligible for revenue a~ it is, you are going to lead early in the bill, does he? the training corps? The same qualifi this country to economic chaos. Mr. ROGERS of Florida. I might have cations and the same standards that ap Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, will the later on, Mr. Chairman, but not at this ply to the draftee for service apply to gentleman yield? particular time. those eligible for training, the same de Mr. VINSON. I yield. Mr. VINSON. All right; go ahead. ferments and the same age require Mr. JUDD. Does the gentleman have Mr. ROGERS of Florida. I wonder ments-18% to 19 would be the age. figures on what the cost of the training what authority this Commission would There are only about 500,000 . who program will be every year? have to use the facilities and buildings would be eligible this year for this train Mr. VINSON. Here it is. You can of universities and junior colleges in the ing program. figure it out in your head. It costs $90 training of these boys from a military Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, will the a . month for a man who is inducted in standpoint. gentleman yield? the armed service. It costs $30 a month Mr. VINSON. If they include that in Mr. VINSON. I yield. when he is inducted into the training the plan, it would be up to the gentle Mr. GROSS. The gentleman will ad corps. Five hundred thousand men man and 434 other Members to pass on mit, I think, that you are establishing would come out of the Armed Forces and it. . a basic law here. No matter how thin would be put into the training force at Mr. ROGERS of Florida. But could you slice it, you are still establishing a $30 a month instead of at $90 a month. they do that? basic law calling in fact for universal And running through this whole Mr. VINSON. Yes; they could do military training? proposition is the same idea. that. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. JUDD. But the country will still Bear in mind that you create the Com have to have its regular Armed Forces? mission, qualify all your five men, ahd Mr. VINSON. I yield. Mr. JAVITS. Does the gentleman in Mr. VINSON. Oh, yes, but we would you create your corps. not have to have a 4,000,000-man force. Now you have to go one step further. tend to discuss, during the course of his address, whether item 13, which he men Mr. JUDD. That is right. That is What do you do? You must have a plan. the· reason I asked the gentleman the This appears on page 37. It states that tioned with regard to . segregation, squares with the policy of the President question: Does he have any figures as the Commission shall prepare and sub to how much of an establishment we mit to the Congress a plan or plans for a and the policy of the Defense Depart ment to eliminate segregation? would have to maintain in addition to program of initial military training the trainees? deemed by the Commission to be appro Mr. VINSON. I will discuss that un priate to carry out the purposes of this der the 5-minute rule. Let us go back Mr. VINSON. Of course I can only a~ain. I want to hammer this in your guess, but I would say that in a year and act. . I will not take the time now to a half or 2 years, if you adopt this plan read it, but you read it in the bill. minds so that you will not forget it, be cause our country is at the crossroads. and if Congress approves it, you could This is what they have to submit to us. stop induction into the service and in Then they bring it back to the Armed It costs $35,000,000,000 a year to main.: tain 3,500,000 men under arms. The duct only for training. I think you would Services Committee. The Armed Serv be safe, if world conditions grew no worse ·ices Committee under the law must send total Federal revenue of this country last year was only $38,000,000,000. than they are today, in putting into effect it here for you to approve within 45 days. the universal military training program If you do not approve it, that is the end Think of it. The cost of maintaining 3,500,000 men under arms comes to with within the next 24 months. That would of that plan. A new plan is set up, and enable us, in all probability, to reduce they bring in a new plan. in $3,000,000,000 of the Federal revenue. The armed services eat up the gross the strength of the standing Armed Further, you do not have to have a Forces. constitutional majority of 218 men to Federal revenue of the Government to within $3,000,000,000. That does not in Mr. JUDD. How much? From three disapprove it. Only a majority of a quo and a half million down to what? rum is required. That means 110 men, clude equipment. That does not include because 218 is a quorum, and a majority the armament. That is the cost in nor Mr. VINSON. I would say if you put of that quorum can disapprove it. So mal times. Here it is. To you people 500,000 men in you might reduce the here it is for the Congress to say what who talk about economy we are showing force down to _2,000,000 men. Now, kind oI military-trainirig program we you a way how to get economy. Let me I wish you would listen to this. Every quote from the Comptroller of the De one of those three and a half million shall have. men are consumers. They are not pro strictly speaking, you do not get uni partment of Defense: versal military training until the plan The best estimate for the annual re ducing anything. They are eating off has been approved by Congress. All you curring cost of 3,500,000 men on a peacetime the substance of the Nation. We have got basis once they have been provided with to feed them. But if you have these are doing here is creating a commission. modern equipment is $35,000,000,000. Then at a later date you step in here and trainees, they stay there for 6 months provide the type of training. If it meets That is approximately $10,000 per and then they go home and produce your approval and if it meets the ap- man per year. wealth for 'the Nation. 3210 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 Now, Mr. Chairman, that is the issue than 4 months. It should be noted that cators and representatives of educational in this bill. That is the issue, clean cut. this applies not only· to men under 19, groups and in no instance has the com Remember, if you kill this universal mili but to all persons inducted. The bill re mittee been criticized for having estab tary training, then you have forced on quires 4 months of military training; and lished provisions which were either un the Department of Defense the absolute this does not include time spent in travel fair or too restrictive in the deferment necessity to maintain for an indefinite to a training camp or station. of high-school students. period of time an armed force of at least During this 4 months' period, no in Now let us take a look at the college 4,000,000 men, because the minimum ductee may be assigned for duty-and student. security of this Nation requires that we this includes training duty-at any in Under existing law, the President is be ready to meet Russian aggression any stallation located on land outside the granted a broad general authority to time it may come. However, if you adopt . United States, its Territories and pos defer from induction those students who this program of universal military train sessions, including the Canal Zone. are satisfact0rily pursuing a full-time ing, after you and I and our successors Thus, no inductee, during his 4 months' course of study at a college, university, have passed away, then you will enable training period can be assigned to duty or similar institution. Under this pro the Department to reduce its armed in Asia, Europe, Africa, or . South vision the Director of Selective Service service. In doing so you will save billions America. · under authority delegated by the Presi- of dollars to the taxpayers of America. Because of the necessity for ships and . dent has deferred approximately 570,000 Mr ..REES of Kansas. Mr. Chairman, airplanes to cover large areas, even dur students who are satisfactorily pursuing will the gentleman yield? ing training periods, and because they their courses of study in colleges, uni Mr. VINSON. I yield. must, of necessity, go beyond the terri versities, and similar institutions. Mr. REES of Kansas. As I understand torial limits of the United States and its In arriving at this number of educa the chairman, he does not propose to put Territories and possessions, the limita tional deferments, the Director of Selec · this universal military training program tion prohibits only assignments to duty tive Service has had the benefit of the into effect for a period of 2 years. Then at installations located on land. views of six committees on scientific, why the emergency that requires its pas- Of equal importance is the remainder professional, and specialized personnel sage at this time? . of the provisions which prevents any per which he appointed in 1948. Since the Mr. VINSON. How then can they son inducted from being assigned for Committee on Armed Services has re make plans to reduce unless they have a duty in any combat area during the 6 ceived no complaints ~gainst the present reserve back here? How can you begin months' i:eriod immediately following his system of educational deferments, it is to make expansion on your farm unless induction. s;:;sumed that the system is equitable you know that back in your bank you This provision, thus guarantees that both to the student and to the educa .. have got something to back it up? The all persons inducted into the Armed tional institutions. Department would be foolish to talk Forces will, during their first 6 months of We propose to continue the broad au about reducing its forces unless it knew service, be kept out of land combat areas. thority of the President to grant def er it had behind that reduction a program Under this provision, no person in ments for college students. But we also for a well-trained Reserve force. Now, ducted under the age of 19 can be sent provide that college students, instead of Mr. Chairman, let me continue my ex into a combat area on land located out having their inductions postponed as planation of the proposed bill. side the United States, its Territories provided in present law, will have their This bill makes available for induction and possessions. induction deferred until they complete some 608,000 men who heretofore have Now, let us take up the subject of edu an academic year. However, after re been deferred for physical and mental cational deferments. We are all very ceiving one deferment, a college student reasons as IV-F's. We have done this by much interested in this subject and the will no longer receive a statutory defer specifically requiring that the mental and Na~:on will watch closely what we do in ment, but he will be ·entitled to qualify physical standards for acceptability this respect. First, let us consider the for deferment under regulat~11ns issued shall be those that prevailed in January high-school student. by the President. of 1945. Under the proposed bill there Existing law provides for the postpone In that respect, I invite your attention will be no more wholesale rejections of ment from induction of students satis to the committee report which sets forth men for military service because they factorily pursuing a full-time course of the proposed plan just approved by the fail an examination which many of them study in a high school until the student P.resident which will set up a college de are very anxious not to pass. If a man has attained his twentieth birthday. ferment program on a Nation-wide can fallow simple directions he will be The proposed legislatic..n provides that basis, based upon individual class stand mentally acceptable. Even if he cannot students in this category shall have a ing and individual test results conducted read or write, he will still be liable for statutory deferment, rather than a post on a Nation-wide basis. · induction. Too many men have been ponement from induction, until they To sum up, if a college student is called escaping the draft. This provision will have attairied their 20th birthday. This .while in college the bill gives him a de put a stop to that method of avoiding will permit high-school students to elect ferment for that academic year, regard military service. the branch of service of their choice fol ~ess of his class standing. Thereafter, We also have made another large lowing their graduation. In other words, the President, under the proposed bill, group of persons eligible for induction we have liberalized the high-school de can grant additional deferments for as who have heretofore been deferred ferment provision. We have given him long a period as is necessary for the na that is married men who have no de a statutory deferment instead of a post tional health, safety., and interest. pendents other than a wife. The com ponement. In addition to these deferments, let me mittee did not think we should continue It has been determined that, in 1950, call your attention to the additional de to defer a man merely because he was . 122,000 high-school boys became 19 years ferments authorized for ROTC students. married. We were impressed by the old while in high school and before grad . Under the bill, a person selected for rather obvious increase in the number uation, which is more than one-fifth of enrollment or continuance in a college of marriage licenses issued throughout the male seniors of that school year. It ROTC or similar program, and who the Nation since last June. is readily apparent that, if the cut-off agrees in writing to accept a commis The Committee on Armed Services is age for deferment were set at any age sion, if tendered, to serve not less than convinced that the proper defense of the less than 20, many thousands of male 2 years on active duty and to remain Nation requires the reduction of the high school seniors would be deprived a member of a Regular or Reserve com present draft age from 19 years to 18 of the opportunity to complete their ponent until the sixth anniversary of re years and 6 months. high-school education. By establishing ceipt of a commission-less the period Remember then that meri will register a statutory deferment for high-school .of his active service-may be deferred at 18, will be classified before attaining students up to t:1e age of 20, the com from induction for training and service 18 years and 6 months, and therefore mittee has insured the graduation of ap until after completion of the course of will be ready for induction into the serv proximately 95 percent of all male sen instruction. ice at age 18 years and 6 months. iors from high school. At present there are 197,000 students Under the bill, each person inducted The action which the committee has participating in ROTC programs. into the Armed Forces must be given taken in this· respect has been wi 1.ely . The bill also authorizes the establish military training for a period of not less endorsed by numerous i·esponsible edu- ment of officer candidate classes among 1951 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3211 the varim'.ls services in order to g·ive en the ages of 19 through 25; 120,000 will Thus by- listed personnel on active duty an oppor come from enlistments of 17- and 18- First. Lowering physical and mental tunity to qualify for commissions. year-olds; 40,000 veterans will· enlist; standards, Let me call your attention to another and it is anticipated that 127 ,000 men Second. Extending the period of serv outstanding feature of the bill. That is, will reenlist. ice to 26 months, the provision which requires the military It appears, therefore, that the rapid Third. Inducting married nonveterans departments to release to inactive duty, expansion during the present fiscal year who are nonfathers, and upon application, any member of the in will take 862,000 men out of the 19-26 Fourth. By involuntarily extending active or volunteer reserve who is a vet age groups. Under present law. and un enlistments for 1 year, there will be a eran and has served on active duty since der the prevailing standards of accept sufficient pool of available men, without recall for a period of 12 months or more. ability, there will only remain a net pool regard to physical and mental quality, We are strongly of the opinion that it is available on June 30, 1951 of 411,000 between the ages of 19 through 25 to unfair to keep piling additional burdens men. The proposed bill raises the net support an armed force of 3,500,000 men upon the backs of our inactive and vol pool to 1,239,000 inen, without reducing probably until the end of fiscal 1953. unteer reservists. We sincerely hope the present draft age. Of this number, However, as has already been pointed that the departments will release other however, at least 608,000 will be men who out, the induction of men under the reservists, but we flatly require them to would otherwise be classified as IV-F ex proposed barrel-scraping standards must release the veteran inactive and volun cept for the proposed lowered standards be extended over a protracted period of teer reservists now on active duty who of acceptability . . time. · complete 12 months of service. Obviously, the increased number liable But, of even greater significance is the The bill requires all men under the age for induction, because of the reduced fact that the contemplated input of men of 26 who are inducted, enlisted, or ap physical and mental standards, cannot in fiscal 1952-641,000 under the present pointed in the Armed Forces subsequent be absorbed by the services in any large law; 428,000 under the House bill-does to June 25, 1950, to serve on active duty, number during a short period of time, not take into consideration the release and in a reserve component for a total and particularly during a phase of rapid of the more than 800,000 National of 6 years, unless sooner released for per expansion. Such men must, of neces Guardsmen and reservists who will be on sonal hardship reasons under regulations sity, be. inducted over an extended. pe active duty by July 1, 1951, most of whom issued by the Secretary of Defense. riod, since we cannot expect to main are veterans of World War II. I think I should also point out to you tain the efficiency of our Armed Forces, If these veterans of World War II are that the proposed bill permits young and particularly the Army which is the to be released, and the committee be men to volunteer for induction at the age recipient of the greatest number of in lieves they are entitled to the earliest of 17, with their parents' consent, and ductees, with men who, for all intents consideration consistent with national at age 18 without consent. and purposes, may be considered as sub security, then the available pool of men To make sure that the Congress is standard. who meet present standards must be in kept fully aware of the entire program, Let there be no misundertanding with creased. the bill requires for the first time that regard to the proposed lowered stand By lowering the induction age to 18 the Director of Selective Service report ards. The January 1945 level of accept years and 6 months, and taking into con annually to the Congress on the. opera ability can properly be called the barrel sideration all deferments authorized un tion of the Selective Service System for scraping period. The armed services der the proposed bill, the net pool will the preceding year. cannot be expected to assume a dispro be increased by 224,000 men who would portionate number of substandard men, qualify under present standards, and an We liberalized the reemployment and still be held responsible for the se additional 30,000 men who would q"mlify rights of servicemen and have guar curity of the Nation. under the proposed lowered standards. anteed them, for all practical purposes, · Thus what appears to be an excess Such an addition to the pool of avail the same job upon return from service, pool of men 19 through 25 potentially able men will- and not just a similar job. available on July 1, 1951, under the pro First. Permit a rapid expansion to The bill provides that an alien who visions of the proposed legislation, must 4,000,000 men, if necessary. enters this country and declares his in necessarily be analyzed in terms of net Second. Permit the maintenance of tention of becoming a citizen will be availability over a protracted period of an efficient armed force of 3,500,000 men. liable for military service. This change time. The pool of 19-to-26 men who and will prevent many thousands of men meet present standards is only 411,000. Third. Permit the earlier release of who have declared their intention of be The net increase to the pool by induct many hundreds of thousands of veteran coming citizens from escaping military ing men who are nonveterans and have National Guardsmen and Reservists now service.· wives only to support is 220,000, under on active duty than would otherwise be We have granted to the President the present standards of acceptability. possible. authority to induct men by age group From this group greater delays in re Now, Mr. Chairman, so far I have been or groups. In effect, this means that the porting for induction can be· anticipated talking about the drafting of men for President may order the induction of because of hardship. Thus the antici service in the Armed Forces. But this older men first in order that they may pated net pool of available men who can bill provides not only for the induction not escape induction by passing the age meet present standards of acceptability, of the youth of the Nation for service in of liability; or if he desires he can au as of July 1, 1951, will be only 631,000, the Armed Forces, it also provides for thorize the induction of men in any age just slightly in excess of the number the induction for training in the National group between 18 Y2 and 26. Director of Selective Service considers Security Training Corps. The thought will run through your must always be in the manpower pool At this point I would like to discuss mind-why did we reduce the age from to provide the necessary safety. margin. that phase of the bill which deals with 19 years to · 18 . years and 6 months? To maintain an armed strength of · the induction of men for training which Well, this is the reason that prompted 3,500,000 men, from July 1, 1951, to July is generally referred to as universal mili the committee to reduce the present 1, 1952, will require, under the present tary training. draft .age: Selective Service Act, an input of 641,- The bill authorizes the establishment As of October 1, 1950, there were 2,- 000 men. However, by extendi:ng the of a National Security Training Com 100,000 men on active duty in our Army, period of service from 21 .to 26 months, mission and creates a National Security Nav_y, Air Force, and Marine Corps, in and by authorizing the involuntary ex Training Corps. The Commission is to cluding 487,000 men from the National tension of present voluntary · enlist be composed of five members appointed · Guard and Reserves. Between October ments for 1 year, as provided in the by the President, by and with the ad 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951, the armed serv House amendment, this required input vice and consent of the Senate. It will ices must obtain approximately 1,400,- will be reduced, in fiscal 1952, to 428,000 be a civilian-controlled Commission. 000 men. Of this amount, an additional men. However, this figure is based on Three members must be civilians, one 380,000 men will be furnished by the the assumption that 135,000 men now in member will be a Regular or retired National Guard and the Reserve com service will reenlist, and that 240,000 member ·of the Armed Forces and the ponents; 862,000 will come from induc men will voluntarily enlist from outside remaining member must come from a tions and enlistments of men between the present group liable for induction. Reserve component. The Chairman. 3212 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 must be a civilian. The Commission The same deferment provisions will whether we will saddle on the American must consist of outstanding American apply to men to be inducted into the Na people, for an indefinite period, a large citizens. t ional Security Training Corps as is now standing force, or whether we will travel It will be the job of the Commission proposed for deferment from induction down a road that will safely permit a to direct and control the training of the into the Armed Forces. reduction in our standing forces through National Security Training Corps and There will be one fundamental differ the inauguration of a universal military that training must be basic military ence in the National Security Training training program. training. After the Commission has Corps, and that is its members will not It costs $35,000,000,000 a year to sup been appointed, it will prepare a plan be members of the Armed Forces. After port an armed force of 3,500,000 men. for implementing this military training. they have completed 6 months' training The total income of the Federal Gov The plan prepared by the Commission and have been assigned to a Reserve com ernment last year was only $38,000,000,- m,ust be submitted to the Congress. If ponent they will then become Reserve 000. Just think of it-the cost of main either House does not pass a resolution members of the Armed Forces, but not taining the Armed Forces, not including by a simple majority disapproving the until that transfer takes place. ori{;,inal equipment cost, is within $3,- plan, the plan will go into effect. The In addition, the proposed law grants to 000,000,000 of the total income the Fed proposed bill also requires that the plan members of the National Security Train eral Government received last year. submitted to the Congress will be re ing Corps a monthly pay of $30 per Now. we a11 know that this cannot go ferred to the Committee on Armed month during this 6 months' training on indefinitely. The only sensible thing S2rvices. To prevent the Committee on period. If the members have depend to do is to reduce the standing forces at Armed Services from ·bottling up the pro ents, they will be entitled to the allow the earliest opportunity. posed plan, the law will require each ances now authorized for dependents. But it is obvious that we cannot do committee to report a resolution to its No man can be inducted into the Na this unless we have people who stand House within 45 days after the plan has tional Security Training Corps until the ready to take the place of the reduced been submitted, stating whether the Congress has had an opportunity to dis standing forces. That is why we pro c:immittee favors or disapproves plan approve the plan submitted by the Com pose that the youth of the Nation, in submitted. That resolution will be mission. stead of being drafted int0 the regular privileged and may be called up by any . Mr. Chairman, this is a healthy provi standing forces, be given 6 months of Member. sion. This will give the Congress an op basic military training and then be The bill requires that the plan pro portunity to thoroughly examine the placed in the reserve components where vide for the basic type of military train plan submitted by the Commission. In they will be readily available for call to ing to be given to members of the corps. my opinion, it will assure a military active duty in the event of an emergency. The plan must set out measures for the training program. It is a wise provision The objective of the bill is to build personal safety, health, welfare, and because it will permit the Congress to up a strong, adequate, well-trained re morals of the members, a code of con closely examine every detail of the plan serve and, at the same time, permit a duct for the members, including pen submitted. Congress would not be buy substantial reduction in the size of our alties for violations, such other policies ing a pig in a bag. It will know the type standing forces. as the Commission may incorporate in of training the youth of our Nation will Bear this in mind. If you vote to the plan, and recommendations with re be given under this program. strike out the universal military train gard to the disability, death, and other In addition, the proposed legislation ing features of this bill, you are forcing benefits to be granted to members. of requires the Commission to report to the on the backs of the American people the corps, along with suggested duties, Congress semiannually on the entire op the necessity for maintaining for an in liabilities, obligations, and responsibili eration of the National Security Train definite period a large str.nding force, ties to be imposed upon such members. ing Corps program. which you and I know will eventvally Now, let me explain to you how in- . But even after the plan has been ap jeopardize and possibly ruin the ~co duction for training in the National Se~ proved by the Congress, further action nom.ic stability of this Nation. You can curity Training Corps will take place: is necessary before induction into the take your choice-saddle on the Amer ican people for an indefinite time a large It w-ill be accomplished in one of two National Security Training Corps is au ways-either the President may issue an tt_orized, because induction into the Na-· standing force, or institute a system Executive order stopping the induction tional Security Training Corps cannot which will permit us to materially re into the armed services of all men be be started until drafting for service of duce this standing force and, at the same low the age of 19 and calling for the men below the age of l 9 has ceased. time, provide security through a reserve induction into the training corps of all force tha.t can meet any military neces .Bear in mind that the available man sity that may arise. men then or thereafter liable for in po•.ve::- pool will not permit dra~ting for duction, or the Congress may inaugu service and induction for training at the Mr. Chairman, the Soviet Union lis rate the training by a concurrent reso tens only to a nation whose voice is same time. It is obvious that when in backed by steel. Here is the steel; here lution stopping induction for service and duction for training can be sta.rted, we initiating induction for training. is the sinew; here is the way to avoid will have to stop drafting for service. economic chaos·; here is the answer that The age limit for induction into the We have not enough people to operate will meet Russia's ambitions all wrapped National Security Training Corps, gen bo · ~h systems simultaneously because we up in this bill. It is yours to accept or erally speaking, will be between the ages do not have the necessary people to train deny. You may never be called upon to of 18 % and 19 years. Men inducted into two different groups. make a greater decision. the National Security Training Corps Bear in mind, also, that under the pro Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield will be trained for a period of 6 months posed bill, the Congress can terminate myself such time as I may require. in the continental United States and induction into the National Security Mr. WERDEL. Mr. Chairman, will then they will be required to join a Re Training Corps any time it sees fit by the gentleman yield for a · unanimous serve component and serve satisfactorily merely passing a concurrent resolution consent request? as a member of that r..eserve component stopping such inductions. However, the Mr. SHORT. Yes, I yield. for 5 % years after they have finished universal training features of the bill Mr. WERDEL. Mr. Chairman, I ask this training. There will be approxi will be permanent, since it is the long unanimous consent to extend my re mately 500,000 men per year who will be range planning part of the entire pre marks in the body of the RECORD imme- eligible for this training. They will be paredness program. diately following the remarks of the gen inducted through local selective service That, in essence, is universal military tleman from Missouri [Mr. SHORT] and boards and the same mental and physical training and the method by which it will to include as part of my remarks certain standards will apply to their induction be implemented, initiated, and super quotations, documents, and reports. as is now proposed for induction into the vised. The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman will armed services. Men below the age of I said in the beginning that Congress hav_e to renew that request in the House ·18 % will be permitted to volunteer for is faced with a momentous decision. I to include extraneous matter. induction at age 17 with parental con said the Nation was at the crossroads. Mr. WERDEL. I will amend the re sent, and at age 18 without parental The course we take today will deter quest, then, simply to include my own consent. mine for many, many years to come remarks at the point ~nciical;ed. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .3213 The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, certainly, I am not afraid. I care little and coercion. Naturally, it is repugnant it is so ordered. what people might think of me today or to freemen. A rose smells the same by There was no objection. t omorrow, but what they will think 5, any name given it. So does a polecat. Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, it is a 10, or 20 years from now. I am com This bill to me smells more like a pole rare privilege and a distinct honor to pelled by my conscience and the deepest cat than it does a rose. serve in the Congress of the United convictions of my soul to speak out. Personally, I am strongly opposed to States, particularly as a Member of the It is wonderful to live in a land where this shotgun wedding nf Selective Service House of Representatives and as a mem one can speak his mind. The only time and universal military training. Why ber of the Armed Services Committee. I an American cannot speak out is when mix the castor oil with the orange juice? hope the Members will bear with me, he is in the armed services. You can Why sugar-c'Jat the pill. This illicit and becaus.e one should not wait until his talk back in the college classroom, but untoly marriage is a bold and brazen fellow Member has died to pa,y him you do not talk back in the Army, attempt to achieve by indirection that honest and just tribute. though you might have forgotten more which the Defense Department could not It is altogether superfluous and un in your sleep than .your immediate su achi"ve by direction. In time of hys necessary for me to tell you that CARL perior ever dreamed of. teria we should not pass laws which in VINSON is one of the greatest, ablest, and Are we going to keep this a free coun time of calm reflection could not be ap best men I have ever known. While he try? Or are we going to make it a slave proved. In the 20 years that I have is here I want to say to his face that state to goosestep to the commands served in this body and even before I there is no Member of this House who and strutting of arrogant men who like came here the armed services have tried has a more real or a finer affection for to exercise power? to cram down our throats peacetime mil"'.' him than I have. Mr. Chairman, let us look at this bill. itary conscription, but always they have Now that my feelings have been truly I do not believe anyone could tell you failed. They failed in our old Commit expressed, there is no man who is foxier, anything about it that the able chair tee on Military Affairs; they failed in the more astute, or resourceful than the man has not comprehensively and accu Special Postwar Policy Committee set up gentleman from Georgia. He has a bar rately told you. But let us look at it by Speaker Rayburn, with our late and rel of tricks, and no one can tell when and the philosophy back of it and be lamented friend, Cliff Woodrum, as he will pull one from the bottom of the neath it. Let us think where it is going chairman. Why not separate the is barrel to upset his opponent. This is to lead us. It is not so important where sues? Let each measure stand or fall nor to indict him as a master of artifice you start or begin but where you end on its own feet. or chicanery, but to prove that the gen that counts. If we are wise we will pass the tleman from Georgia is always deter..; I have no argument with any Mem substitute bill to be offered by the mined to win his point-and he usually ber on either side of this aisle as to how distinguished gentleman from North does. he shall vote. Each man must search Carolina [Mr. BARDEN] that will continue Mr. Chairman, as all Members know, his own soul, trust his own judgment, the present draft law for 2 or 3 years and practically every major bill out of our and follow his own conscience-if he has that will meet all of our requirements any left. at the moment, and save unj.versal mili committee has been reported unani tary training to a later date when it can mously. But this bill is not. There is This whole abortive scheme is to be considered as a separate measure. no minority report. Only three of us shoulder upon us a system which, in my The sponsors of the bill know that it can voted against the bill in committee, but opinion, is anti-American, totally for not go into effect immeditttely. We do several members of both political parties eign, and unworthy of the lovers of lib not have enough men in this country to voted for it with their fingers crossed, erty throughout the world. The present take care of our draft requirements and with their tongues in their cheek, and world tension does not demand UMTS. universal military training at the same with reservations. 'The present Draft Act will supply any time. This law cannot become effective With all of his virtues and accomplish and all the numbers of men that are until the future, perhaps the dtstant ments, the gentleman from Georgia, needed. The sponsors of this legisla future. at whose side I have had the priv tion think that the psychology of the All these 28 years the armed services ilege and honor to sit, does not over time is ripe for passage. It is now or have come back hammering year after whelm me; nor do the generals or ad never. That is the only reason it is on year, and we have been deluged with mirals with all their honors and glories this floor today, telegrams from certain Legion leaders sink me. For 36 years the gentleman Let it be thoroughly understood that who are paid pretty good salaries, but I from Georgia has sat under the spell those of us who are opposed to peace do not think they speak for the rank of members of the Armed Forces. time military conscription are not aBd file of our ex-service men any more While he has strength of will and a against adequate preparedness. We than some of the labor leaders speak for powerful resistance, he is human and want to make this country strong. I the rank and file of labor. The spon naturally would be subject to the cease say in freedom is our strength. We want sors of the bill are taking advantage of less, incessant propaganda of the mili to see this Nation strong on land, on the terrific pressure in this jittery age tary. I have been here only half that the seas, and in the air to defend itself when many of our people have grown number of years, but I do not succumb against all possible aggressors. panicky due to the everlasting, tireless, and I will not yield because of their ex The pending bill, Mr. Chairman, pro and ceaseless propaganda waged by some alted state, and I shall not be overcome poses to combine with the Draft Act a · of the brass and the braid who now want by my admiration and love for my permanent system of universal military a permanent system' under which they chairman. training and service. The draft is a can command large bodies of men. No Sir, I am no push-over, nor am I scared temporary piece of legislation in the face preacher ever had a congregation large of the threats or efforts of this gigantic of an emergency. It is necessary and enough and no general ever had an army bureaucracy which would cut the throat indispensable, and we all know that we big enough to command. Naturally they of any man who dares oppose it. Nor must, under present conditions, continue have a selfish interest. · In time of peace am I led astray by paid propagandists the draft until such changes occur that the only thing the members of the armed who are interested in their own jobs and will warrant the repeal of it. But peace services are interested in, particularly who do not speak for great masses of time universal military training and the high-ranking officers, is pay, promo people they are supposed to represent. service is a permanent thing, and that tion, retirement, and for their sons to The issue before us today, my fellow is what the sponsors want-to mili succeed them iri the Military and Naval countrymen, is one that rises far above tarize the country. The time to subject Academies. personalities. Little that we say here men and boys to draft is in time of war Mr. DURHAM. Mr. Chairman, will will be long remembered, but what we or imminent war. When the war .is over, the gentleman yield? do here will never be forgotten. is no time to build up a huge military Mr. SHORT. I yield to the gentleman Mr. Chairman, let us look at this machine in this country. from North Carolina. hybrid mongrel bill and see just what its You can call this peacetime military · Mr. DURHAM. How many men can implications are. Perhaps I am in the training and service, but the essence is the Army ever have under the universal minority and almost alone, but it is not peacetime conscription with no termina military training program as suggested the first time I have been all alone; and, tion date in the bill. It is ·compulsion in the bill? 3214 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 Mr. SHORT. No one in the world should break out they will have to be That is a very pertinent question could tell you how big the Army would be. called back and given refresher courses. the gentleman has asked, and I will go Mr. DURHAM. The Army could not You cannot just take a man off the farm into a little further discussion of that in have more than three and one-half mil or out of an office or a profession and a moment. lion men under any provisions. send him into battle overnight. I do not Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. I was Mr. SHORT. Oh, yes. As the dis care how much training he has had, he referring particularly to the waste of tinguifhed gentleman from Georgia has grown soft and flabby in the interim. manpower in the noncombat service. pointed out, you pay the soldiers $90 a The second reason this argument Mr. SHORT. Oh, yes; in the last war month and you pay these trainees $30 a does not hold water is that fighting a you could visit camp after camp and month. But, he failed to point out that modern war-and how well so many of find a lot of doctors, M. D.'s, who were every year you take in 800,000. There you who were in the last war know this sorely needed back home in their com is not a man on our committee or on the is done by combat teams that must be munities. We had only one home-town :floor of this House who has the slightest trained as units in time of war. doctor left in my county, traveling over inkling as to the- cost of this measure. The third reason is that most of the the hills of Stone County, Mo., minis I predict it will cost a minimum of men of a modern army never engage in tering to 12,000 people. We had only $4,000,000,000 to $6,000,000,000 a year. combat. Only a few men actually get one old broken-down doctor, but you Heaven only knows how much it will to the br, tt~e line. Most of them do could go into the Army camps and find cost, but it will cost plenty. housekeeping work. They are radio a lot of doctors sitting around punch Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, will the men, mechanics, cooks, clerks, truck ing a typewriter-round pegs in square gentleman yield? drivers, and so forth. Certainly, tnin holes. You have a lot of them over here Mr. SHORT. I yield to my chairman. ing for such work usually is part of ir. the Pentagon. Mr. VINSON. Does not the gentle civilian life, and does not require 2 or 3 Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will man lmow that the only ones that are years of conscripted service. the gentleman yield? subject to universal military training are The fourth reason that their argument Mr. SHORT. I yield. those between 18% and 19 years of age? is fallacious is that heavy casualties do Mr. CRAWFORD. Why did not the There are only about 500,000 in that age not occur because of lack of training, military submit to this committee esti range each year. That is ail that can but because of disease, proximity to ex mated costs and comparable figures? ever be taken. ploding shells or bombs, and blunders by Mr. SHORT. They do not know. Mr. SHORT. You have a constant superiors. Mr. CRAWFORD. Why do they ·ex turn-over, and, naturally, it builds up. According to the Army's own reports, pect us to swallow this argument? Their service is for 6 years. and more specifically in answer now to Mr. SHORT. Because now is the only the direct question of the gentleman chance in the world for them to get this Mr. VINSON. In the Reserves, yes. passed. - Mr. SHORT. Surely, in the Reserves. from Michigan [Mr. DONDERO], it is in They look forward to retirement benefits teresting to look at World War II casu Mr. CRAWFORD. The argq.ment has and longevity pay, and unemployment alties. Countries without universal mil been made that the real issue here is a compensation, and compensation for in itary service suffered far less casualties question of budget figures. I do not juries that will occur. Why, the amount than countries with universal military swallow budget figures in that kind of will be in staggering proportions. Yet service. In World War II, the United an argument. States suffered 1,068,000 casualties with Mr. SHORT. The gentleman from you are ~oing to pass a bill, and you do not have the least conception of what 392,000 killed. The British Empire suf Michigan never swallows a figure. the total cost will be, and you know it. fered 980,000 casualties, with 353,000 Mr. CRAWFORD. I want to see some Mr. DONDERO. Mr. Chairman, will killed. Britain and the United States figures. I would like to ask the gentle the gentleman yield? each suffered less than 400,000 soldiers man another question, although he may killed. Germany, with universal mili touch on it later, suppose we create uni _ Mr. SHO~T. I yield to the gentle man from Michigan. · tary service, suffered 9,500,000 casual versal military service and develop this Mr. DONDERO. Will the gentleman ties, with 2,100,000 killed. Russia, with great force of men and they return to tell the House if any countries have been universal military service, suffered 13,- ~heir homes. When they are out of the spared the ravages of war, by compul 000,000 casualties, with 3,500,000 killed. service for 2 or ·4 or 5% yea;rs, will not sory military training? Japan, with 5,750,000 casualties, suffered hundreds of thousands of these men at Mr. SHORT. - They have not. But I 1,200,000 deaths. China, with 3,178,000 the time they are called back have wives should like to say to the gentleman that casualties, had 1,300,000 killed. and children, as well as other depend it is interesting to remember the argu Mr. DONDERO. What about France? ents perhaps, as is the case with the ment advanced by the gentleman from Mr. SHORT. France, of course, was reservists who are now serving? Virginia, Judge SMITH, that when his principally occupied. Mr. SHORT. Of course. boy goes to war he wants him trained. Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. Mr. Mr. CRAWFORD. Nothing has been Of course we all do. We do not want Chairman, will the gentleman yield? said about the expenses and about that to send green men into combat, though Mr. SHORT. I yield. part of the picture. Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. The Mr. SHORT. Of course not-they do they did take som~. not qnly in World Wars I and II, but they have sent them chairman admitted here a moment ago not know. to Korea. the waste of manpower in the armed Mr. WILLIAMS of Mississippi. Mr. The argument that every American services. Suppose you corrected th~t, Chairman, will the gentleman yield? . youth should have 2 to 3 years of com would you need ·to reduce the age limit Mr. SHORT. I yield. pulsory military service in order to re from 19 to 18%? Mr. WILLIAMS of .Mississippi. There duce wartime casualties is false for four Mr. SHORT. If the armed services is one poir1t that the chairman of the reasons. had carried out the plain intent of the committee overlooked explaining a few The first is that the training of the in Congress by building up our civilian moments ago, which I think is very perti. dividual for combat does not require any components, the National Guard and the nent to this legislation. such long period, but takes only 17 · reservists who have been so shamefully I am sure that the gentleman who is weeks, according to the .Army itself. treated, if they had employed the draft addressing the House now will be able to General Christiansen, in answer to a which they discontinued in January answer this question: Does the legisla question by our former colleague from 1949, over 2 years ago-not only dis tiol). before the House provide that the Michigan, Mr. Engel, said: continued calling them under the draft pool of men between 18 % and 19 will but they discharged 30,000 of them-if be thrown into the general pool with We found 17 weeks developed the man so they would lower the mental and physi those between 19 and 26, or does it pro that as an individual he could go into a combat organization and fight as a part of cal standards and requirements to Jan vide that the pool of men between 19 and that combat organization effectively. uary 1945 and tighten up on the admin 26 of eligible draftees must be exhausted istration of the law-if they had ob· before they reach the pool age of 19? So you do not need all that long time. served those three things that I have Mr. SHORT. No. They are all You train these men and put them in mentioned, this legislation would not be thrown together, according to my under the Reserve, and they go out, but if war here today, standing. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3215 Mr. CLEMENTE. Mr. Chairman, will Mr. SHORT. Not being a Delphian cannot vote; he has scarcely begun to the gentleman yield? oracle, I will have to refer the gentleman . live, yet you are calljng upon him to de Mr. SHORT. I yield. to General Hershey. I cannot answer f end this country where men who are Mr. CLEMENTE. The gentleman that question. men should be willing, and able, and made some comment in connection with I am worried about these 18-year-olds. ready to fight to defend it in any emer the amount of casualties which Great Let us talk about that for a minute. gency. Britain had in the last World War. Will . General Marshall and General Collins, I know that some boys at 18 are more you give some consideration to the fact and "Lightning Joe'' is a combat soldier, mature than others at 20. The unde that the regimental commanders had a real fighter, and ought to know what niable fact is that under this proposed scm3thing to do with the fewer number he is talking about. They both testified. legislation we are going to draft men of ·casualties in our Army? I would rather take his opinion than a at a younger age and compel them to Mr. SHORT. The gentleman is quite lot of desk generals.. They both testi serve longer ·~han is done by any other correct. He was a great soldier. fied that 18-year-old boys are the best country of the North Atlantic Pact na Mr. SUTTON. Mr. Chairman, will the soldiers on earth. I just do not believe tions. gentleman yield? it. In France, Belgium, Holland, Nor Mr. SHORT. I yield. Mr. TEAGUE. I just want to say that way, and Portugal they take young men Mr. SUTTON. And they did not say I agree with you a hundred percent. at the age of 20, and in most of those that they did not have universal mili Mr. SHORT. I would much prefer to countries they serve only 12 months tary training then. take the judgment of OLIN TEAGUE, a and in none more than 18. In Italy they Mr. SHORT. That is true. man who fought and was wounded in do not take them until they are 21 years Mr. SHAFER. ·Mr. Chairman, will the Europe during World War II, or PAT of age, and they serve for 18 months. gentleman yield? SUTTON, or a score of men in th:s House Now we propose to take the youth of Mr. SHORT. I yield. on that particular point, than to take this country at the tender age of 18 or Mr. SHAFER. I was rather interested the advice or accept the opinion of even 18%. in the waste of manpower in the Army. the Chiefs of Staff behind a desk in the I hope we can stand up in confer We do not consider the tremendous Pentagon. I think if you will talk to ence, but Senators have minds of their number of civilians who are now in the combat leaders, I mean your lieutenants own. If we do the wise thing we Pentagon and we are wasting their time, and captains and majors, talk to any will continue the present Draft Act as too. Since the Korean police action-- man who has been under fire with troops the Barden bill would, keep the age' at Mr. SHORT. Which has cost us and he will tell you that 18-year-old 19. But no; we are going to take them . about 60 ,000 casualties. boys-of course, they are bold, they are at 18 or 18% and compel them to serve Mr. SHAFER. That is true; but since daring, they are resilient, they have a not for 12 months or for 18 months, but that time, since we took that step over quick comeback; they are not as for 26; and then they are going to be there, we have averaged about 2,000 a courageous as they are foolhardy, just held in the Reserves, with the shameful, · week in civilian employees in our armed like hot-rod automobile drivers. They wicked, and inexcusable manner in · services, to the point that today I think are darned fools at times, although I which our inactive Reserves have been our total employment in the entire Fed knew more at the age of 18 than I have treated. They went out a year ago, or eral Government amounts to about ever known before or since. That is the on June 25, at the outbreak of the Korean 2,600,000. Is that not true? reason they want rn-year-old boys; they crisis. The Government reached out Mr. SHORT. That is my understand want to take them with fuzz on their with its strong arm and yanked in this ing. chins at a tender age, when they are inactiv~ Reserve, it yanked in the other Mr. SHAFER. Have we any idea how malleable, when they will obey com one, most of the members of which were many more civilians will be employed as mands, when they are impressionable; in their late twenties or early thirties. a result of bringing in all these addi they want to indoctrinate them. They are married, with one, two, or three tional boys under universal military Oh! We will never become a mili children or other dependents. They service, if that is adopted? taristic Nation. No; because we hate have boµght a farm, they are building Mr. SHORT. I think the gentleman's war. It will be with us as with every a house, they have gone into a profes figures are too high, but the senior Sen nation; saddle peacetime conscription sion. Many of these men have had 1, 2. ator from Virginia says you can dis permanently on the American people and 3 years of combat service. Their charge a lot of those people and get · we are human beings; we are not so dif careers had already been suddenly and much more work done. ferent from other peoples in other na seriously interrupted in World War II. Mr. SHAFER. I know that a week ago tions; it will not take long to make But the Government goes out and it there were 2,000 additional jobs opened America over, and that is the dream of so yanks in these men indiscriminately up, and they were all dispensed at the many people of this country, like Dr. from the inactive Reserve. They are White House. They are all jobs drawing Tugwell "We will roll up our sleeves and in Korea at this moment. Many of them pay of around twelve to fifteen thousand make America over." We will make have been killed. Others are fighting dollars a year. America over all right, if you pass this there at this hour while the National Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Chairman, will the bill, and, brother, it will not be to your Guard and the Organized Reserve units gentleman yield? liking. that have beeri taking training, receiv Mr. SHORT. I yield. You cannot tell me that an 18-year ing pay, and looking forward to longev Mr. O'HARA. It is my understanding old boy has the stamina, the strength, ity and retirement benefits have never that it was necessary to go down to the the endurance, or the mature judgment been called. It is the most disgraceful 18-year-olds to get sufficient manpower of older men capable of marching under thing that has ever happened in our for the draft. Is that correct? heavy pack over rough terrain. The history. Mr. SHORT. The Senate bill pro march of the men in the hills of Korea In spite of all the criticism of Madam vides for 18. We provide for 18 %, with proved that. I have talked to some of Rosenberg, I want to say to you that 6 months' training before going into the soldiers back from 1:;:orea, I talked she was more frank and forthright than combat. to one in my distrlct who was shot in any witness we had before us. I asked Mr. O'HARA. Would the gentleman both legs, an officer in an infantry divi her to justify the treatment given these explain to me his own thinking of this sion. He was at Percy Jones Hospital. inactive Reserve men. She said: "Con recent "smart boy" announcement by A graduate of the military academy; I gressman SHORT, there is no justification. the Selective Service that some 800,000 named him to West Point. We have done a sorry job." It is an aw students in the categories between 19 "Why," he said "those poor kids in ful mess. She was honest and coura and 26 would be deferred provided they that bitter cold would break down and geous enough to frankly admit it. passed this "smart boy" examination, weep like a baby," We are going to take these boys at 18 and just what is going to happen if they My God, it is awfut Do not forget and 18%. They are going to serve 26 are deferred ? How much lower are we Bataan and the Bulge, You are taking months. They will be in the Reserves, going to have to go to get sufficient man a boy immediately out of high school. including their training period, for 6 po':ver for the armed services? ~hat is sort of robbing the cradle. He years. 3216 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 I want it clearly understood by the this UMS, has no relationship to the The Armed Forces should carry out public just what our draft laws are. UMT program that the Legion spon orders. The trouble is there are too Under this pending bill we propose to sored? It h as no comparison at all with many people in the Pentagon who are draft men at an earlier age, compel them it, has it? trying to play the role of d ip~omat and to serve a longer period than any other Mr. SHORT. Well, the Legion is for statesman. They are determining policy member of the Atlantic Pact. Europe's it, or their leaders are. when they ought to be carrying out draft laws are milder than ours, or the Mr. SHAFER. Senator MALONE intro orders. The policy is established by the ones we propose to enact. Even in duced the Legion bill in the Senate as Congress of the United States. Soviet Russia they are not called up as S. 1. Senator MALONE, coauthor of this Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Chairman, will the early as the Defense Department in this original UMT bill, called the Marshall gentleman yield? country proposes. substitute a monstrosity and voted Mr. SHORT. I yield- to the gentle Are we going to keep this America? against it. As a result of changes made man from Minnesota. What good will it be for you to send in the Defense Department UMT draft Mr. O'HARA. May I call the atten your sons and brothers and husbands bill, top American Legion officials have tion of the gentleman to page 31, which to fight and die 7 ,000 miles away on the "gone along" with the proposal. But it provides for the continuation after the hillsides of Korea for freedom when we is worth noting that on January 22, Na 26 months of anyone inducted unless are in danger of losing freedom here at tional Commander Erle Cocke, Jr., told he is appointed in the Reserve Corps, home? I do not know how you feel .the Senate subcommittee: for a period of 6 years. Let me call the about it, but I do not want to Prus W~ want to make it clear that the plan gentleman's attenticn to the fact that sianize America. If this bill passes we before you is not universal military training ycu had thousands and thousands· of will conscript not only men into the of the type so long advocated by the Amer the youth of this country at college Army but we will put all Americans into ican Legion, and supported by tt.e people. and in high school who enlisted since a strait-jacket, which the Senate hear The committee will want to consider this the day provided here, June 25, 1S50. ings disclosed. They lifted the curtain matter with great care. They enlisted for 4 years in the Navy, in the Senate. They closed the shutters Mr. EHORT. Well, I am glad the Marine Corps, and Air Corps, or 3 years before our committee. Read the hear gentleman made that statement. It in the Army. ings over there. The real purpose back seems to me we have got the cart before Mr. SHORT. That is right. of this bill is to conscript even for non the horse. We are enacting legislation Mr. O'HARA. Under this same sec defense purposes. that will not go into effect until some tion you are also taking the youth of Let the camel get its nose under the future date, and may never go into effect. draft age for 26 months. What is fair tent and he will take over the circus. Why not cross that bridge when we get about keeping in the Reserve Corps for No Member here is so youthful or so to it? another 2 years the youth who left naive as to doubt that. Indeed the au I repeat, there are not enough Amer school because they were upset and off thors and sponsors of the legislation icans to carry on the draft and carry balance, and enlisted for 4 years? Can frankly admit that the UMT phase of this on UMT at the same time. How foolish the gentleman answer that? Is it the wicked legislation is for the future, per for us to muddy the waters today and intention of this bill to do that? haps a considerable distance in the fu put on the statute books a law which Mr. SHORT. I am afraid I cannot ture. cannot possibly be implemented for sev answer that point. Can the chairman Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Chairman, eral years to come. Every student of answer it? will the gentleman yield? government knows that one Congress Mr. O'HARA. May I say to the chair Mr. SHORT. I yield to the gentleman cannot bind another, and that we can man of the committee that on page 31, from Mississippi. not provide appropriations for our de in section 3, line 13, it provides that Mr. ABERNETHY. I have been re fense purposes for more than a 2-year · everyone who went into the armed serv ceiving a number of letters from Legion period. Would it not be better for the ices by draft or enlistment after June organizations in the country encour Congress to wait until the real need for 25, 1950, should serve for the period of aging me and other Members of Congress UMT arises to pass a law to that effect? enlistment, I suppose-it is not provided to support UMT. Would the gentleman Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, will the there-but 26 months; in effect; but then care to express himself on that? gentleman yield? you provide that they continue in the Mr. SHORT. I will be very glad to. Mr. SHORT. I yield to the gentle Reserve Corps for a total period of 6 The gentleman was not here a while ago man from Minnesota. years. These youngsters who enlisted when I said that a lot of these leaders Mr. JUDD. It has been said several had to enlist for 4 years in some branches are paid pretty good salaries, but they times today, including in the remarks of the service and for 3 years in one. do not speak for the rank and file. made by the gentleman from Virginia Then they have to serve two more years. Mr. ABERNETHY. I have received a [Mr. SMITH] when we were c·onsidering Mr. VINSON. That is right. If he number of letters. the rule, that the reason the UMT sec has enlisted for 3 years after the twenty Mr. SHORT. Well, I have received tion is in this bill is that it probably fifth day of June 1950, the total service them. They saw me at my home last would not pass if it were brought up any cannot exceed 6 years. week during the Easter recess. But let other time. Mr. O'HARA. When that boy enlisted me tell you gentlemen this-and if any Mr. SHORT. He let the cat and a lot he made a contract with the Army of you want to see them, you are wel of little kittens out of the bag. which said nothing about the Reserve come to come over to my office--since Mr. JUDD . . I would like to have the Corps. Is not that true? Why are you debating this issue with General Hershey gentleman's opinion on this: If this is going back and changing it? over television on the American Forum a democratic nation, ought anything to Mr. VINSON. We are not changing of the Air a month ago I have received pass if the people do not want it passed the terms of his contract. He enlisted literally hundreds upon hundreds of let on the basis of its own. merits? Why for 4 years or for 3 years. We are not ters and telegrams not only from the should anybody want to put something interfering with that. But Congress Midwest, but along your seaboards, the throug:3 which it is admitted could not comes along after that and says, "When Atlantic and the Pacific, and from the go through when the people are living you have finished serving 3 years you deep South, and I think I am safe in under normal conditions? will have to serve three additional years saying that not more than 50 of those Mr. SHORT. This bill is infinitely in the Reserves.'' That is consistent letters and telegrams dissented from the better than the bill sent over by the De and does not interfere at all with his position I took; not 50. The overwhelm fense Department. I think the House contract. ing sentiment of the American people !s bill is a much better bill than the Senate Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I con against this wicked, iniquitous thing, bill, with all credit to my able and dis sider this legislation not only dangerous Mr. SHAFER. Mr. Chairman, will the tinguished chairman, but the conception but most untimely. It is easier to put gentleman yield? of this thing was brooded and hatched on excess weight. than it is to take it off. Mr. SHORT. I yield to the gentleman and born over in the ·Pentagon. Mr. Those of us who are past 50 realize this. from Michigan. Marshall admitted he wrote the bill. So it is with this legislation. It is easier Mr. SHAFER. Is it not true that this Who determines policy if not the now not to pass laws than it is to take legislation we are talking about today, elected representatives of the people? them off the books once they are on. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOU.SE 3217 To adopt this double-barreled pro pletely ignored in order to force a com that an idea cannot be shot with a can gram now would be a radical departure pulsory system of peacetime military non and that ideals cannot be destroyed from our American system. It violates training and service upon us? The by an atomic bomb. every tradition of our forefathers. Armed Services cannot escape this re- Mr. Chairman, on yesterday we heard Certainly we do not want to employ sponsibility. .· the President of the Republic of France. the techniques, the methods, plans of the Under the pending bill, it is proposed I want to quote briefly a significant state nations whose dictators we have fought that we in this country draft our young ment that he made: to destroy. Germany,· Italy, and Japan men at an earlier age and compel them For us, indeed, the effort fol," peace and the had peacetime military conscription and to serve a longer period of time than any effort for defense are not contradictory; they universal military training; but history other member nation of the North Atlan complement each other. With the prudence is replete with instances where every ma tic Pact. Their draft laws are milder and firmness dictated by our sad experience, jor nation that has followed this scheme than the orie we propose to enact. we shall never cease to answer negation, pro cedural obstructionism and propaganda in has inevitably been led down the road Youths even in Soviet· Russia are not the langauge of right, of truth, and of sin to war and eventually to ruin. Freemen . called up as young as the United States cerity. can still outproduce and outfight slaves. defense department planners propose. Let us not fail to speak clearly, frankly, In World War II this country raised an According to testimony of our own de- . and firmly. Let us put at the service of armed force of more than 12,000,000 men fense establishment the number of men peace and freedom, side by side with our and women and won the greatest war in needed for the period January 1951 material forces as long as those are needed, history-and we did it without peace through June 1952 is 1,382,000. This in the invincible moral forces which always time conscription or universal military cludes 8CO,OOO able-bodied men in I-A animate free people aware of the righteous training. It must not be forgotten that at the beginning of 1951 plus 200,000 col ness of their cause. the United States of America and Great lege students to be drafted next summer, Mr. Chairman, on this floor last year, Britain-the world's two great democ plus 851,000 able-bodied men to reach on July 25, 1950, I said: racies-won against overwhelming odds age 19 in this 18-month period. These There is another quality which is neces because their heart was in the fight. figures clearly give us a margin of 460,- sary for any country to win in any armed It is significant to note that since VE 000 men in reserve while the Defense De con:tlict. That is a spiritual quality and a and VJ-day our Navy and our Air Force partment considers a margin of only moral force which dictators often overlook have succeeded in getting, without any 400,000 in the draft pipe line as essential. or underestimate. great effort, all the volunteers they It is clear, I think, to most members of The love of liberty, the devotion to a great and righteous cause, the indomitable spirit needed. our committee that if the physical and of men which believes in the dignity of the It must also be remembered that the mental standards of the IV-F's or re human soul and the love of a just and last Army back in January 1949 stopped jectees are lowered; if married, childless ing peace. These ethical principles cannot be drafting men because they, no doubt, men in the 19 to 25 age bracket who have conquered by the might of materialism. In figured they had all they needed. They never seen military service; and if ad the beginning of a con:tlict, brute force may discharged 30,000. We also know that ministration of the present law is tight triumph for a while, but the undying faith, all branches of the armed services have ened, the required number of men can be the resolute will, the indomitable courage done very little to help the Reserves and secured without having to draft 18-year born of Christian idealism will ultimately triumph. These virtues which belong to the National Guard-and that there would olds or without having to take any vet United States and western civilization will be -no need for a draft or UMT if the erans at all. eventually triumph over the ruthless in Army had done its duty and supported It is utterly foolish for us to spend stincts and barbarous tactics of a godless the Guard and the Reserves and made a billions of dollars to build up the Armed atheistic communism. We will give Russia sincere and earnest effort to build them Forces, increase the numbers of men in and the whole world to understand that up. the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine much as we might differ among ourselves in Mr. FULTON. Mr. Chairman, will Corps unless we furnish them the weap a country of freemen on domestic issues, we shall ever rise as a united nation and a the gentleman yield? ons of war with which to wage a conflict. united people to fight and die to preserve .Mr. SHORT. I yield. Men do not like to train with broom . our Republic against all ruthless aggressors. Mr. FULTON. May I ask the gentle sticks and stovepipes. There is nothing man-and also the chairman of the so destructive of morale; which will pro The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman has committee, if he is on the floor-as to mote such dissension and griping as to consumed 1 hour. the policy of permitting reserves who have idle men sitting around without Mr. KILDAY. Mr. Chairman, not are now in service to go to the officers• housing and without equipment. We are withstanding the gentleman has con candidate schools? If I may use a per short of strategic and critical materials. sumed 1 hour, I ask unanimous consent sonal reference-yesterday evening Paul Already in this proposed program we that he may be permitted to proceed. Hoffman, of the ECA, said that his boy have had more men in the different The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection? was a sergeant in World War II and then branches of service than we can take There was no objection. went back. to school and got his degree care of; boys twiddling their thumbs Mr. SHORT. I will close very shortly. and applied for admission to the offi with nothing to do-who are discouraged Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, will cers' candidate school and was told then because they want ei!ectively to serve the gentleman yield at this point? that he was too old under the regula their country. Mr. SHORT. I yield. tions to be an officer. Will the gentle We had 70,000 at Lackland Base. They Mr. BROOKS. Some question has man please tell me, for the Committee on do not have uniforms or the weapons. arisen in the minds of some as to the at Armed Services, what the policy is? . housing or sufficient instructors. It is titude of the American Legion· with ref Mr. SHORT. That is the military stupid and selfish for us to rush men into erence to this legislation. I wish to call mind speaking. That is the thing we the service until we have weapons and to the attention of the distinguished want to guard against in this country. equipment for them. gentleman from Missouri the testimony · Mr. FULTON. Could I ask the com If we spent one-tenth as much of our of Commander Cocke at page 395 of the mittee-is that a policy which the com ei!ort and money on the achievement hearings, especially this statement in mittee has set, that if a man has been of peace, as we do on the problems of conclusion of the commander's able re in World War II and then goes and gets war-if we had not demobilized so rap marks regarding this legislation. He his degree and comes up for admission to idly-we might have won the peace. Un said: the officers' training school, or makes fortunately, if the military gains control Gentlemen, your committee has stood application, he is told he is too old? we shall never achieve that objective. shoulder to shoulder with the American Le What is wrong? I still believe with Lincoln that right gion during our long fight for adoption of Mr. SHORT. No; the Congress or the makes might and that all of our faith UMT. We believe that fight can and must committee has had nothing to do with should not be put in material power. be won this year. such a policy. This is diametrically opposite the philos Mr. SHORT. We shall repel all en . Mr. Chairman, could it be possible that ophy of Nietzsche who believed that croachments upon our liberty with all the draft law was not invoked and that might makes right. Let us therefore the might we have, but at the same time the organized Reserves and the National continue in the footsteps of our fathers we shall attempt to prove to the rest of Guard were shamefully and almost com- ·in the Christian way of living, believing the world that America with her humble XCVII-203 3218 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 spirit and generous heart will do every I shared with many millions of people the following year, only a few months thing to convince all mankind that we throughout the world, that a just and before Pearl Harbor. When we passed are a nation without ambition or desire enduring peace could be established and into actual conflict, under conditions of for territory or indemnity; to win and that war might be a.voided in the future, total war, all restraints were dropped. grant to other people all the blessings and so I opposed ·arid voted against the We reached a peak strength of 12,124,- of liberty and opportunity that we now Selective Service Act in 1948. But these 418 on May 31, 1945. possess. fond dreams of world tranquillity were After VJ-day we began the familiar I plead with you Members of this soon rudely shattered. Our erstwhile process of casting away our strength House that we keep America free, be allies in Russia-or rather the little with breakneck speed. By March 31, cause our freedom is our strength. Let group of cruel men who have seized po 1948, despite the evidences of Soviet du us not follow a discredited foreign phi litical control of the Russian people plicity in the United Nations, our losophy that has been tried and failed embarked upon a deliberate program of strength had sunk to a postwar low of every time it has been tried; let us make promoting wars-cold and hot-in wide 1,398,726. and keep America a land of freemen ly scattered sections of the world-wars . The facts of Soviet imperialism forced where every citizen· can walk the ·earth which the Russian Communists cunning a new upswing.. Selective Service was his own king, the equal lord of every ly contrived to have fought by the peo reactivated and our strength climbed to other man, to ·go his own way, work out ples of other nations, while they artfully 1,668,492 on January 31, 1949. Emphasis his own will, weave into the warp and prel?erved their own manpower and mili on budget economies again reversed the woof of the magic spell, the dreams that tary resources. trend. The number of men in service haunt, the duties that inspire and urge While these diabolical intrigues were slipped off to 1,460,261 on June 30, 1950. him on. in progress, the American people, de Again an acute crisis forced us to swift The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman luded by political programs of economy, action. The outbreak of hostilities in from Missouri has consumed 64 minutes. permitted our national defenses to sink Korea started us on the road to a force Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, I yield to a low level, which encouraged our adequate to provide genuine security. such time as he may desire to the gen new-found enemies to plot the overthrow On March 21, of this year General Mar tleman from California [Mr. HAVENNER]. of the American Government. Then shall was able to inform the President Mr. HAVENNER. - · Mr. Chairman, came the aggression against South Ko that we had more than doubled the force more than 10 years ago I stood in the rea, and the sudden realization by the we had when the Communists made their well of this House and tried to describe American people that the policies of unprovoked attack across the thirty the emotional experience of an A·meri disarmament and defenselessness, into eighth parallel on June 25, 1950. Our can liberal who was confronted with the which they had been led by political siren present strength is more than 2,900,000, unhappy conviction that conscription of songs, could only lead to national dis and our immediate goal is a total of the manhood of America was essential aster and possibly to the extinction of 3,462,000, to be attained as soon as pos for the national defense. I made public the American way of life. sible after June 30. confession then that throughout my At this point I think it is appropriate The feast-or-famine concept of de thinking life I had feared and distrusted to review the history of our fluctuating fense which has marked our past record the intrusion of military institutions into . national defense policies, during the has been extremely wasteful. It has pro the fabric of our democratic society be present century, for the purpose of illus vided no real security. It has invited cause it seemed to me that the two things trating how I have arrived at my reluc disregard by other nations of our peace were fundamentally incompatible and tant conclusion· that a program of sus ful purposes. It encourages the belief that if they were forced to endure side tained military strength will be neces among those who conspire to destroy us by side the military influence might de sary in the future for the protection of that we will again relax our vigilance if stroy the processes of democracy. In my the American way of life and the main they delay any overt attack long enough. early life-and, indeed, until very re tenance of world peace. What is more, the acceptance of the the cently-I have opposed and denounced It has been said that our defenses-have ory that our· primary defense must al every suggestion that compulsory mili been mounted on a political roller coaster ways be our troops actually under arms tary service-outside of wartime-should which shifted abruptly from peaks of involves military expenditures of such ever be permitted to exist in my beloved jittery mobilization in periods of national great magnitude that they might even America. I once fondly imagined that crisis to depths of dangerous weakness tually bankrupt our country. Our en peace on earth could be achieved by a in times of fancied calm. Shortly be emies have openly predicted that our resolute application of the doctrines of fore· the outbreak of World War I, in democratic institutions would crumble disarmament and universal friendship to June 1916, we had a total of 179,000 men under the combined impact of a huge our national and international policies. in our Armed Forces. Under the spur standing Military Establishment, with its r was persuaded that the psychology of of war thi's number skyrocketed upward strong pull toward a militaristic spirit, peace could overwhelm the forces of war until, by Armistice Day, November 11, and the tearing down of our living stand in world relationships. The idea that 1918, the total had ieached 4,282,000. ards by excessive military costs. the youth of America could or should be Then the pendulum· swung into reverse This bill authorizes the creation of a transformed into warriors was utterly at a dizzying pace. In less than 2 years permanent and stable reserve of trained abhorrent to me. after the end of World War I the number manpower in America through a system But I was confronted then, as I am of men under arms was back down to of universal military training. I repeat confronted now, with a spectacle of stark 344,000. that it was with extreme reluctance that realism in far-away areas of this blood The downward trend continued for I reached the conclusion that such a stained world-a hideous spectacle of another 2 years. Then the size of our drastic departure from the antimilitaris ruthless depredation which could only be Armed Forces reached a point of stabil tic traditions of our peace-loving Amer resisted by military force. So I decided ity which was maintained from 1922 to ica is now necessary. But I am con then, as I have decided now, to set aside, 1935. The number of men on duty dur vinced that the present danger to the temporarily, at least, some of my earlier ing those years ranged between 243,845 existence of democratic institutions in idealism for the purpose of preserving and 270,027. By ·June 30, 1939, shortly every part of the world makes this step what is to me the dearest thing on before Hitler invaded Poland, the total imperative. earth-the freedom of the American climbed to 334,473.· When France fell, a And I wish to emphasize again my way of life-and to reestablish through year later, our strength was still short of conviction that the future safety of our out the world peace and good will among half a million. The exact figure was men. , 458,297 on June 30, 1940. Nation and of human freedom here and At that time I voted for the Selective It was not until the Selective Service elsewhere in the world depends upon our Service Act.of 1940, and subsequent world Act was passed, on September 16, 1940, creation and maintenance of a stable events convinced me that the momentous that rapid mobilization of military man military reserve force of sufficient step which I took on that occasion was power got under way. Even then our strength to discourage any enemy attack. necessary and right. progress was far from assured. Con This means, of course, the permanent After the surrender of Germany and tinuation of selective service squeezed abandonment of the policy of vacillation Japan, .I again indulged the hope, which through by the margin of a single vote between extremes of strength and weak- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-HOUSE 3219 ness which has characterized our defense compulsory military training in America. passes on it, a~ to whether or not it programs in the past. I am convinced that today America is in meets its views. Of great incidental importance is the danger, perhaps even greater danger than Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, will the fact that the estimated cos~ of the huge in the days when Lincoln made tl'e world gentleman yield? reserve force which would be created by resound with his heroic resolution that · Mr. HAVENNER. I yield to the gen the proposed system of universal military the American way of life should not per tleman from Minnesota. training would be far less than the cost i~h from this earth. I am sure that if Mr. JUDD. The statement has been of maintaining a much smaller standing he were with .us today he would exhort frequently made that the best time for arniy in active regular service. The p1•0- us to mobilize all of our resources, mate a boy. to get his service usually is when f essional stat: of the Armed Services rial and human, to protect the America he finishes high school. If the age of Committee has informed me that the cost we love so well against threats of attack induction were set at 18% years and he ·of maintaining each man in our Regular by the foes of democracy. finished high school at 18 and he wanted Armed Forces is approximately $10,000 Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Chairman, will to go in then and get it over with, could per year. They have also informed me the gentleman yield? he be inducted ahead of 18 •h, or would , that for approximately one-quarter of Mr. HAVENN:ER. _ I yield to the gen he -. have to enlist and then serve for that per capita cost an equivalent reserve tleman from California. 3 or 4 years? · force could be tra1ned and maintained Mr. JOHNSON. ::. want to compli Mr. VINSON. The bill permits E. boy through a system of universal military ment the gentleman on a very informa under universal military training to go training. · · tive and constructive discussion. I have in at the age of 17 years wi.th his parents' However, I serve notice here that when gone through the same evolution in my consent and 18 without his parents' con the time comes to set up the National thinking as he has ·gone through in his. sent; but he will have to go in at 18% if Security Training Corps I shall support I thinl{ the world is too explosive, it is he is drafted for that purpose. amendments to this bill, if it is enacted t8o small, for us not today to write into Mr. JUDD. And if he· is inducted into law, which will insure the continua the law of the land a permanent mili ahead of time, it is for the same length of tion without interruption of the educa tary policy that will give us some secu time? · tion of every youth who is inducted into rity. That is why I am going to vote for Mr. VINSON. Exactly-6 months. . the corps. - this bill exactly. as it came out of our Mr. JUDD. And it is not for a reguiar I am confident ;hat overwhelming pub committee. 3- or 4-year enlistment period? lic sentiment'throughout the Nation will Mr. HAVENNER. I thanl_{ the gentle Mr. VINSON. One of the basic differ compel the adoption of such amend man. ences is that when he is in training he is ments. The chief and most valid objec Mr. FULTON. · Mr. Chairman, will not in the armed services. · tion ·to this measure from a social stand the gentleman y:eld? · Mr. JUDD. That is right; he is not in point, aside from the basic opposition to Mr. HAVENNER. I yield to the gen the Army. compulsory military service, is that its tleman from Pennsylvar.ia. Mr. VINSON. He is not in the Army. present provisions would take our Ameri Mr. FULTON. Could the committee Mr. BROOKS. Mr: Chairman, will the can youths out of school during the pe tomorrow expLain what the provision on gentleman yield? riod of · tr~ining. In IIiY opinion ·the segregation, at the bottom of page 53 of Mr. HA VENNER. I yield. American people will not permit this to the bill, actually means, so that some of Mr. 'BROOKS. I have given consider be done, and I feel sure that before uni us will know what we are voting on? able thought to that particular provision versal military training is put into effect . Mr. VINSON. Before the debate is of the bill. ·It is my thought' that since the · Congress will adopt legislative pro ended we will endeavor to do that. I the boy goes into school at a certain reg visions to prevent it. · doubt whether we can do it tomorrow ular age; he may come out of high school The chairman and other members of becam:e the p1;ogram for addresses has at that same relative age and that a the Armed Services Committee will dis already been set up. However, we will great many of them will want to go in cuss the selective-service .provisions of try to give the Committee full informa at 18 years of age and will not want to this bill in detail and I shall not con tion as to what it means. wait until they are 18% years of age, sume any time in a repetition of the in Mr. FULTON. You will explain the and· in that event they will get the obli formation which they have placed in the procedure fully so that we can tell as to gation out of the way and behind them RECORD. We devoted many days to pains promotion, training, service, and so and be able to go about the regular busi taking and exhaustive hearings on the forth.? ness of life. whole subject of conscription of man Mr. VINSON. We will try to explain Mr. JUDD. I approve of that in cases power, and the bill now under considera it as best we can. I do not know that I where the boy desires to start earlier. tion has passed through the crucible of understand it myself, having voted But I do not like to take all at 18 years searching inspection by the entire com against it. Nevertheless, we will try to because there ·are some at the age of 18 mittee. advise you as best we can. years who are not mature enough to go Mr. Chairman, the dearest thing on Mr. FULTON. I, too, am opposed to through this kind of experience without earth to me is the freedom of the Ameri segregation. a certain amount of character or psy can way of life. My forefathers and Mr. YATES. Mr. Chairman, will the chological damage from which they do yours fought and died to create the gentleman yield? not always completely recover. Magna Carta of personal liberties which Mr. HAVENNER. I yield to the gen Mr. FULTON. Mr. Chairman, will the is the Bili of Rights in the American Con tleman from Illinois. gentleman yield? Mr. YATES. In the committee con stitution. In my humble way, I have Mr. HA VENNER. I yield. always fought to protect civil liberties in sideration of universal military training America against every threat of impair did the committee go into the question Mr. FULTON. · Will the chairman sup ment or destruction. Sometimes my de of whether or not it will be possible to ply us later in the debate with informa votion to the Bill of Rights has made me obtain· a sufficiently trained number of tion on extra pay for combat areas? I a target for bitter criticism and denun men through training facilities in col understand that certain people are being ciation. There have been occasions when leges and other schools of various kinds, paid extra for combat areas on the World the ugly eye of suspicion was directed at rather than interrupting their school War II basis when this is really Korea. me because I did not submit to outbursts ing? Mr. VINSON. There is a bill before of mass hysteria which sought to set aside Mr. HAVENNER. We have discussed the committee which was sent up by the some of our constitutional guaranties of that. In my opinion, it would be pos- Department, but we have not had a the rights of individuals. But I shall sible. · chance to get around to it yet. The De continue, so long as I live, to fight for Mr. VINSON. I will say that in. the partment is asking in that bill that extra the dignity of the individual, for civil plans that are to be submitted by the compensation be given for actual combat liberties, and for the preservation of the commission they can incorporate that service. But that is a separate matter American way of life. type of training, at universities instead from this altogether. It is preciseiy because I hold these of in training camps. In other words, Mr. FULTON. So that you are in things so dear that I am now persuaded they will lay the whole plan of training . cluding the paying of combat pay for to relinquish for awhile my objections to before the Congress. Then the Congress areas that are World war II areas, where 3220 :CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 there is no actual risk involved? Are those taken in for universal military what the military had in mind as far as you doing that? training at their own choice at the age what this training consisted of. Mr. VINSON. The question of combat of 17 or 18 or before they reached 18 % In this particular bill it is very inter pay is all embodied in a bill which is years of age could serve their 6 months esting to note that none of us is actually pending in the committee, which was and discharge the obligation. I should deciding on any program of universal sent up by the office of the Secretary of like to know whether that same provi military training. We are actually dis Defense a few weeks ago. sion applies to those who would be called. cussing the structure that will be set up. Mr. FULTON. But it will be separate up under the draft portion of this bill No more. from this? for 26 months of military service. I am reading from page 15 of the Mr. VINSON. Yes; t·hat is entirely Mr. BROOKS. Subsection 2 describes . committee report where ·this statement separate legislation. specifically that any person between the is made: Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, will the ages of 18 and 26 shall be afforded an In order to assure the establishment of a gentleman yield? opportunity to volunteer for induction truly military training program for the mem Mr. HAVENNER. I yield. in the Armed Forces of the United States bers of the National Security Training Corps Mr. GROSS. Why was the maximum for training and service, prescribed ill the Commission must submit its ·plan for high school age placed at 20 years? Is subsection (b). such a program to the Congress, to be re f erred to the Armed Services Committee of that both for military service and for the Mr. JUDD. That also applies down both Houses. purpo::;e of universal military training. to 17, if he has the consent of his par- Why was it set at 20 years? ents? · Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, will Mr. VINSON. In the law today it is Mr. BROOKS. Yes, for the service. the gentleman yleld? 19 years. A high school student is given . Mr. JUDD. Thank you . Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield. a postponement up to his 19th year. The . Mr. COLE of New York. Mr . .Chair-. Mr. BROOKS. I may say to the gen evidence disclosed that a large .percent man, I yield 15 minutes to the gentleman tleman that it is going to be all right. age were in high school after they from Missouri · [Mr. CURTis]. · The bill stipulates specifically a truly reached their nineteenth birthday. · The CHAIRMAN. The . gentleman military program- which was endorsed by Therefore we gave them a statutory de"." from Missouri [Mr. CuRTIS] is recog-· the committee. Of course a training ferment up to 20 years of age. · nized. program of a military nature will change Mr. GROSS. What is the average Mr. COLE of New York. Will the gen and will develop from time to time and age of graduation from high school? tleman yield before he ·commences his year to year. The . training program , Mr. .VINSON. It is below 20. remarks? which we had,. for instance, in World Mr. GROSS. · At what point below 20?· Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield. War I was .cQnsiderably different .from Mr. DURHAM. · Mr. Chairman; will Mr. COLE of New -York. In order that the training program in World War II; the gentleman yield? the RECORD may show the ansYTer to an and r would suppose, naturally, that any Mr. HAVENNER. I yield. inquiry that has been raised this after training program would be modernized . Mr. DURHAM. It is under 17 at the noon with respect to the cost of the mili• from time to time. But regardless of that present. These figures will give you the tary training p}lase of the program, the fact the program is going to be presented percentage of the 500,~00 that graduate best information I have on the subject is to the Congress for its· .approval and its fr.om the high schools. At 17 you have in a report on a similar bill for universal endorsement under the provisions of the 16.5 percent. At 18 to 19, 32.9 percent; military training, reported favorably by bill, and I think. will give the gentleman and at 19 to 20, 14 percent; and above the Armed Services Committee in the in total what he had in mind. 20, around 4 percent. ·So you get all Elghtieth Congress, which estimated Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I appreciate of them graduating from high school, that the cost of that program, which is · that, I may say to the gentleman from except 4 percent, up to 20 years of age, substantially the same as this program; Louisiana, but I think it is quite im The total is 500,000. was $1,750,000,000. portant that the committee should have Mr. GROSS. Does that not put a · That, however, provided for a 12 gone into a consideration and a study of premium on the boy who flunks in high months' period of training, whereas this · what has been the military training pro school and does not that defer him an bill is only for 6 months. So each Mem grams for a period of years and in par other year because a heavier percentage ber can compute for himself the approxi ticular they should have considered what graduates between 18 and 19 years· of mate cost of the 6 months' universal the military might have in mind as far age? military training, allowing for the infla"." as training programs are concerned. In Mr. ELSTON. Mr. Chairman, will the tionary factors that have occurred. My going back to the Compton report I gentleman yield? own estimate is that the cost of this pro would hardly think that the system ad Mr. HAVENNER. I yield. gram would be approximately a billion vocated there-which is little more than Mr. ELSTON. I think it might be to a billion and a quarter dollars. national education with maybe a little stated to the gentleman from Iowa that Mr. BROOKS. The report referred to bit of military training, is what we are the principal reason for raising that age by the gentleman from New York was a interested in; and as I proceed with my limit to 20 is that some boys may have unanimous report from the Committee discussion here I am going to try to been held back in school for physical on Armed Services with reference to point out why I think it is particularly disabilities or for other reasons, and it universal military training legislation. important that the committee should was to take care of those boys princi It is a very strong report. have gone into the actual technical pally that there was a change in the Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Chair phases of military training, because a age. man, I am going to address myself to lot of these problems I am convinced Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Chair one particular phase of this legislation that face us or seem to face us might be man, will the gentleman yield? · and try to bring out that particular solved if a real analysis had· been made Mr. HAVENNER. I yield. point of what military training consists of. Mr: coLE of New York. I think there This bill, of course, concerns universal Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. has been some misinformation given to military service and training. Of course Chairman, will the gentleman yield? the committee. The present law pro the draft law, which mqst be extended, Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield. vides for the deferment of high school . in my opinion, is only one phase of this Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I was students up to the age of 20 years. This bill, as has been so fully discussed~ I somewhat disturbed by the statement of bill does not change the treatment of am concerned basically, however, with the gentleman from Virginia [Mr. high school students in any respect universal military training. I am most SMITH] when he said that one reason whatsoever. · concerned because, having gone .through for the need for universal military train Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, will the all of the hearings in the Senate and the ing as provided in this bill was due to gentleman yield? House and then going back to the Comp the fact that the Army took these Mr. HAVENNER. I yield. ton report, I have been amazed to find draftees raw and sent them into combat Mr~ JUDD. I should like to clear up that nowhere has there been a discus duty. If that be the case we certainly for the record a reply made a moment sion of what universal military training need some change in the policies of the ago by the chairman of the committee consists of. I wanted to know what the Army. I understand this bill seeks to in answer to my inquiry. He said that curriculum was. I wanted to know just correct that by requiring at least 4 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3221 months of training by the Army of the Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. That is the to bring out, as was brought out in one of draftees under the Draft Act. Is that whole crux of the matter. What is mill• these reports, the situation in regard to the gentleman's understanding? tary training? I think I can bring this the Seabe.es, for example. Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. That is my out if the gentleman will bear with me. The Seabees are a technical corps. It understanding. But there is no under My talk will bring out exactly what he is is very interesting to me to note that they standing of what that training is, nor referring to. May I go ahead a while, did not follow the usual system of draft did the committee go into that phase and then I will be glad to yield. selection, nor were those men just of it. My interest in this particuar subject brought in under the usual Navy system Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Has it of what universal military training con of everybody coming in as an apprentice been the policy of the Army right along sists of, and it is sometimes referred to seaman, then working their way up the to send men in raw without any training? as basic military training, led me to ladder. Those men were given ratings Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. They cer quite a bit of research. I went to the and ranks based upon their experience in tainly did it in World War II, with prac Legislative Reference Service of the Li civilian life. You found many of those. tically none; and we saw this example brary of Congress to find out what had men who worked there were not phys-. at this Lackland Base-of course, that been written on the subject of universal ically suited under military standards to was the Air Force down in Texas-where .military training, or what I refer to as serve in the Armed Forces. A man would they got no training at all under that military training or basic training, and I come out of civilian life and if he oper so-called training program. was surpriSed to get the answer back ated a bulldozer he would be given a sec Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, will that there was no particular article on ond-class rating in the Seabees and the gentleman yield? the subject nor was there any specific in would go right to work. Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield. formation on the subject. So I went You do not need this sort of training Mr. BROOKS. I think it is fair to back to them again and asked them to if you talk about basic military training say that the bill stipulates that they send me what pieces of information they for the men who are going into the tech shall not be sent into combat service for had. Among other things I received an nical services. As a matter of fact, the 6 months, not 4. unpublished report in regard to the burden of my argument is the best way to Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Yes; but training program set up at Fort Knox. train those men would be through our nowhere, Mr. Chairman, nowhere in the I was quite interested in that report, par civilian enterprises under a system, if hearings is there any discussion of what ticularly as it was unpublished, and the you please, of reserve forces such as for universal military training is. That is unfavorable aspects of that particular mer Secretary Forrestal suggested. the point, and I would like to get on program that were brought out. But Mr. VCRYS. Mr. Chairman, will the with my discussion so I can emphasize essentially I did get some information gentleman yield? the importance of it, having considered from the Air Force, the Navy, and the Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield to that phase of this legislation. Army. the gentleman from Ohio. Mr. ELSTON. Mr. Chairman, will the Mr. NICHOLSON. Mr. Chairman, Mr. VORYS. What would the gentle gentleman yield? will the gentleman yield? man think about this, that in order to Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield. Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield to maintnin discipline for men who are go Mr. ELSTON. As a matter of fact, the gentleman from Massachusetts. ing to be billeted together, and so forth, the universal military training program Mr. NICHOLSON. They do not draft it is a good thing that they have some does not begin until after the universal in those three services. Would the gen sort of basic training in the manua! of service program is completed. tleman tell the committee how long he arms and all the rest of it, even though Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. That is cor thinks a man ought to train so that he what they do from then on is going to be rect. would have fundamental knowledge a civilian job for the most part, like driv Mr. ELSTON. So there is not any sufficient to take care of himself, ing a tractor or pounding a typewriter? universal military program and there whether it be 1 month, 6 months, or 12 Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Well, I do will not be until this emergency is over at the most? not agree with th~t; I do not ·think it is ana there is no longer any need of these Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. May I say, necessary. and I think I will again refer men 18% to 19. Only then will they sir, that although I served approximately to the Seabees·as an example. Of course, begin the universal military training 4 years in our armed forces I am not I was in a maintenar.ce unit myself, and program. qualified on that subject. But I will say men worked together like they work in I think the argument the gentleman that when you have combat troops, any garage or factory. Of course, mine from Missouri is ·making is an excep obvious~y any man going into combat was aviation, but in a hangar, where tionally good one, stressing the need for must have training, I am going to get there are technicians, they do not need separating training from service. When to· that point and in order to forestall that. As a matter of fact, that sort of the time comes to vote on universal mili some of these interruptions perhaps I interferes with their work, I might add. tary training then the Congress would best make the remark that the distinc They will have plenty of discipline from be in much better position to determine tion I am trying to draw is between one angle, the same discipline you have whether or not it was advisable than combat and noncombat duty in uniform. in any .plant in the United States, and they are at this time when they do not We are talking essentially abou".i com that is the desire of the American men to know what the situation will be when bat training, yet 90 percent, some even do the job, and a good job. they set it up.· say 95 percent although others say as Mr. CLEMENTE. Mr. Chairman, will Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I thank the low as 80 percent, of the people in uni the gentleman yield? gentleman, and I agree with him exact form in the Armed Forc2s are in non Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield to ly. That is a point I want to bring out. combat work. They are technicians. the gentleman from New York. Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Chair The crux is this: Is a military organiza Mr. CLEMENTE. Would the gentle man, will the gentleman yield? tion the one best suited to train men man put the civilians who would do the Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield to in these techniques, the civilian teehni seabee work in the same category as the the gentleman from New York. cal fields, because all those particular Seabees? Mr. COLE of New York. I wonder if military subjects have their civilian Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Yes. the gentleman would mind telling us counterparts? When you talk about Mr. CLEMENTE. And would they go whether he favors a program of univer universal military training, let us sepa to the places where the Seabees are used? sal military training or not? If he.does, rate the two types of training. One is Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Yes, and it is simply a question of the type of combat training, which is .only a rela you had that same condition in this last program. tively small portion of the boys in uni war where you had men from the avia Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. No; it is not, form and actually the problem of train tion companies right out on the front and I think I will be able to bring that ing men for combat is relatively simple. lines. out as I go along. I favor a type of pro The handling of the combat question is Mr. CLEMENTE. They went there of gram. relatively simple when we compare it their own volition, did they not? Mr. COLE of New York. My question with the bigger portion of those who are Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Well, I am is wh ~ ther the gentleman favors the in uniform, those who have been in our not going into that pha.c;: e of it. Of principle of universal military training? technical services. I particularly want course, there is some distinction. This 3222 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 is not a new idea. Germany operated Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. But it does carefully, more thoroughly, and over a on a system of classifying their men as not show in these reports, sir. All I am longer period of time than has been the one, two or three men-I do not know going on is the hearings and the reports. universal military training proposal. how many classifications they had. I Mr. DURHAM. You can find all types Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I appreciate am talking from a physical standpoint, of reports of the training programs in that, and I compliment the committee. which has no relation to a job analysis the early days, even in the Louisiana Mr. BROOKS. I have sat in commit of what those men did in the armed maneuvers of 1939 and 1940. tees over periods of months, and I have forces. Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I appreciate read t ens of thousands of pages of hear Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, will that. In closing I make my basic point, ings on this subject covering all types of the gentleman yield? and that is this, that there is a real dis proposals for training and other phases Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield to tinction between your combat troops and of this program. the gentleman from Louisiana. your noncombat troops, and the same Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I appreciate Mr. BROOKS. The Germans had problem we are faced with when it comes that. I want to say here and now that I about 12 classifications, but they were to the physical standards of the combat have high respect for the work done by almost entirely based on physical fitness troops and the physical standards now this committee. All I am trying to do is and physical ability. set up by the Armed Forces is brought point out some thinking that I do not Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. But they up in that particuhr manner. If you believe has been considered. It certainly were also based on this. Once you had have a different classification for physi has not been in the hearings, and there physical fitness, they were put in billets cal standards on the basis of what a are some 800 pages of them that I have or jobs that they could properly func man was going to- do, you would solve read. But that has not been considered, tion in and they did not have to know a great deal of this IV-F problem. and that is what I am urging. the manual of arms or the military basic Further, in getting into your training, Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, I yield training. As a matter of fact, the men and here is the crux of the matter, is it such time as he may desire to the gentle would do better if you trained them in better for the civilian schools, the various man from South Carolina [Mr. BRYSON]. what you wanted them trained in. trade schools, the formal schools, the Mr. BRYSON. Mr. Chairman, as an Mr. BROOKS. They proceeded on the schools operated by our factories, and advocate of universal military training theory that everyone owed an obligation the school of hard knocks, to be train for many years past, I am delighted to to the country. ing our technicians for t:b.e jobs they know we now have the privilege of vot Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Certainly, might be calleci upon to do if we were at ing for a measure embodying this much and I a gree with that. war, or is it better for the Armed Forces needed and to.o long delayed type of Mr. :3ROOKS. I fully agree with that, to train those technicians? I might add, service. The bill now before the House, too, but as I understand the gentleman's another problem that would be solved, S. 1 as amended, has been referred to perplexity is not in favoring the bill. He because this is thrown up every time we as a one-package bill. In view of the favors the bill, but he is uncertain as to talk about lowering physical standards, present emergency, this type of legisla the type of training, satisfactory train is that "it might well be if we did this job tion seems desirable. Of course, the ing, and all that sort of thing. analysis that when we came to consider universal military training provisions of Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. No; I do not veterans' problems we would not be con the bill will not be effective now. The favor the bill because I do not believe the fronted with the problems we are, be most-needed feature of the pending bill bill has been properly considered. The cause if veteran privileges and the is the one relating to extension of the committee did not even go into the sub medals and the honors went to the com Selective Service Act so as to include ject I am discussing; in other words, a bat troops, where they belong, and no younger men. I am in favor of the en job analysis of what the people in the where else, you would not have this mass actment of the pending measure as is; Krmed Forces do. of veterans on your shoulders. but, of course, I am anxious to hear the Now, let us take the four categories we I think there is another point where d~bates in full so that I may determine have in our own society when we have a this same analysis that I am trying to what needed and helpful amendments war or an emergency. We have people make bears fruit. That is why I say that may be desirable. · in defense industries, and they are civil I am against this present bill, in joining It is my purpose to offer an amend ians. We have people in the civil serv together the service and the training, ment to the bill. On page 36 thereof at ice who are hired by the Armed Forces. because the service is an immediate thing, line 17 after the word "Corps" and before They are civilians and they are not in and we have to do something about it, the word "Subject", change the period to uniform .. Then we have the people who and the training is another matter that a comma and insert "including the sup are doing technical work, very similar, I I do not believe has been gone into fully. pression of vice, gambling, and the sale, might add, to the first two categories, I thir:k we should give a great deal more furnishing or possession of alcolholic who, for some reason or other, are put in consideration to it, and we should decide beverages containing over one-half of uniform. They are the noncombatants one basic matter: Is the military organi one percent of alcohol by volume upon that I am referring to. And finally, you zation best set up to train our combat or in close proximity to any place or have your combatant troops. troops, which I believe it is, or is it best institution to which members of the Na Mr. DURHAM. Mr. Chairman, will set up to train our noncombat troops, tional Security Training Corps may be th9 gentleman yield? which I believe it is not? I think that if assigned for training." Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield to you have a joining of the two you will Mr. Chairman, it is imperative that the gentleman from North Carolina. end up without having combat troops this amendment or something similar Mr. DURHAM. I do not recall in my properly trained and you will not have thereto be written into the measure, for experience-and I have been on the com the noncombat troops properly trained, we will be entrusting to the care of the mittee for more than 12 years-the Con either. National Security Training Commission gress ever attempting to write a training I urge that the bill be separated. I t:i:lousands of our young American sons. program for the Armed Forces. That is know there will be a bill proposed along It is, of course, of great concern to all what puzzles me. that line. I urge that the training fea of us here that these boys be given Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I am not tures of the bill be referred back to the proper care. In this respect, Mr. Chair advocating that. I am saying that the committee for further and thorough man, I feel that, unless we write into this Congress should study what is in the study. bill the specific provisions of the amend military mind, and the Congress should Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, will the ment I am proposing, the members of make a job analysis of what these people gentleman yield? the Commission will have great ditliculty are doing because only then can they Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield to in curbing vice, gambling, and drinking write an intelligent training or educa the gentleman from Louisiana. in places close to stations and institutions tional program and set it up. Mr. BROOKS. I yield to the gentle engaged in training members of the Na Mr. DURHAM. To my knowledge the man the sincerity of his position, but in tional Security Training Corps. It is old Committee on Military Affairs trav absolute fairness to his proposal I want with a deep sense of urgency that I now eled for months and from camp to camp to point out to him that there is no pro appeal to the distinguished Members of to analyze all of the training programs. posal, I think, that has been studied more this House to take advantage of this 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3223 opportunity to insure the well-being of chiatric Institute, Municipal Court of afternoon. Therefore, I move the Com the young men about to be called to Chicago, has stated that for the 10-year mittee do now rise. defend us all. Just as it is their duty period of from 1936-46, of all cases The motion was agreed to. to answer the call to arms in order to referred to his laboratory, alcoholism led Accordingly the Committee rose; and protect the freedom of this great Nation, all others as a diagnostic group. Spe the Speaker having resumed the c.hair, it is in like manner our duty to see to cifically, 7,184 out of 29,756 cases fell Mr. DAVIS of Tennessee, Chairman of the it that every precaution is taken to pro into the category of alcoholism. Think Committee of the Whole House on the tect them. That there is need for pro of it; nearly 24 percent of all cases fell State of the Union, reported that that tecting the freedoms of this Nation can into the category of alcoholism. The Committee, having had under considera not be denied; neither can it be denied tragedy of it all is the fact that every tion the bill (S. 1 J to provide for the that there is need for protecting the year more and more young people start co_nmon defense and security of the character of the young men who will down this road of degradation, hardly United States and to permit the more protect those freedoms. aware of the serious consequences that effective utilization of manpower re Mr. Chairman, today one can hardly face them. sources of the United States by author glance at a newspaper or magazine with Mr. Chairman, I know that the distin izing univ.ersal military training and out seeing full-page advertisements of guished Members of this House share service, and for other purposes, had come alcoholic beverages. Television, radio, with me the hope that the young men to no resolution thereon. billboards, and almost every other me who serve in the National Security The SPEAKER. Under previous order dium of advertising color the various Training Corps will return from their of the House, the gentleman from Mis types of alcoholic beverages with great service as good, responsible citizens, sissippi [Mr. SMITH] is recognized for attractiveness and appeal, constantly ready to take their rightful places in ci 20 minutes. seeking to expand the market of alcohol vilian life. If any change in their char INFLATION consumers. Under the provisions of this acter takes place while they are in train Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. Mr. bill large numbers of our youth will be ing, we certainly do not want it to be for Speaker, today the American wage brought together as concentrated targets the worse. We do not want any of these earner and every other individual who for those who would corrupt them with boys to return as alcoholics and crimi must live upon a fixed income is caught alcohol, gambling, and vice. nals destined to spend much of their lives in the cruel vise of relentless inflationary Young men taken away from the in in mental and penal institutions, suffer forces. The American taxpayer is a vic fluence and guidance of their parents ing the heartaches of broken homes. tim of the same circumstances. He is and projected into military service de The court records of this country at being called on to pay rearmament costs serve a wholesome environment in which test to the close tie-in between alcoholic that have risen Plore than 50 percent to live and train. Without the restraint beverages and vice, gambling, and all since the beginning of our immediate of their parents there will be a tendency other forms of corruption and crime, Mr. mobilization effort. for these young men to escape from their Chairman. It is my contention that one It has become common custom in the routine of regimentation by succumbing of the· best ways in which to further the past few years to seek a scapegoat for to the temptations put before them by moral and spiritual growth of the young every hardship, for every discomfort money-hungry vendors of vice. men affected by this bill is to reduce the which we are called upon to bear. The It has long been recognized that men accessibility of alcoholic beverages in elected victim at this moment of high of this particular age are highly impres areas surrounding them. By doing this, prices · appears to b3 the American sionable, Mr. Chairman. Their sur it naturally follows that their chances farmer. A large segment of our na roundings during these few years will of falling into the ways of vice and tional press, particularly that with little play a great part in shaping their moral gambling will be reduced automatically, rural circulation, is in the midst of an character; their entire lives will be in and we will have a stronger, healthier, apparently concentrated attack on fluenced by the conditions which con more effective fighting force made up of Americd.n farm prosperity. This irre front them during this vital period of wholesome young men who will be proud sponsible thinking has been echoed too their lives. If we allow gambling, vice, to return to their homes just as good and often even in the Halls of Con'gress. and liquor to contaminate the areas in just as clean as they were when they It is true that many food prices have which our young men live, a large num left. recently risen out of proportion to other ber of them will suffer irreparable dam If we fail to provide every possible price increases. Naturally these dis age spiritually and morally. We owe means of promoting better moral sur proportionate prices should be curtailed the parents of these.young men the tan roundings for these boys, we will be re if we are to have any price stabilization. gible assurance that this amendment sponsible for the degradation into which We cannot destroy a fair price system will offer; they should know that every many of them will fall. Mr. Chairman, for farm products, however, if we are to effort is being made to give their sons I say that if we fail to enact the pro preserve and to continue to develop a the proper atmosphere in which to visions of this amendment into law we prosperous farm economy. develop. will be guilty of criminal neglect. It is At a time when corporation profits Conscious of the vice and corruption our moral obligation to provide· for the have mounted to an all-time record, that has inevitably grown up around suppression of vice, gambling, and the when the national income is at its high armed services installations in the past, use of alcoholic beverages in places est level, farm income in the country has the parents of .the boys who will be af which will be frequented by the young been dropping regularly since 1946. Ac fected by this bill want to know that men of the National Security Training cording to the Bureau of Agriculture gambling, vice, and the use of strong al Corps. Economics, the net national farm in coholic beverages in and around military I maintain that the very forces mak come was seventeen and eight-tenths bil training installations will not be tol ing the adoption of this bill necessary lion in 1947; sixteen and five-tenths bil erated. Experiences of World War II make it imperative that we try to build lion in 1948; fourteen and one-tenth bil are too fresh in the minds of many as strong a force as possible within the lion in 1949; and thirteen billion in 1950. Americans to warrant anything less than limits of our ability; and any measure With total national income ranging up the provisions of this amendment. which will foster the development and ward well beyond $200,000,000,000, the Today drinking has been made to look preservatiQn of character and the moral farmers' share has been regularly de highly attractive to the youth of our and spiritual growth of the young men creasing. The farm population is about country, Mr. Chairman. · Every day large we propose to train will contribute great 18 percent of our national population. numbers of the youth of America are ly to the strength and effectiveness of Last year initial estimates indicate that taking that first drink, and for many of our military forces. Mr. Chairman, it farmers received only 6 percent of our them this is only the first step toward is my sincere belief that such will be the total national income. broken, shameful lives of alcoholism. It effect of this amendment; therefore, I In 1949 the average income for the is well known that there is a direct con urge that it be considered and adopted worker in American industry was $2,900. nection between alcoholism and crimes by this House. During the same year the income of the of nearly every sort. The noted Dr. Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, we average farm worker was $i,600. In David B. Rotman. director of the Psy- have no further requests for time this come per person on American farms was 3224 CONGRESSIO:NAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 61 percent of the nonfarm average in 1910-14 period would be held to $1.06 to is he outstanding as a friend of the 1947, 58 percent in 1948, and, as I indi $1.33 an hour, instead of present pay people who till the soil. cated above, barely more than 50 per scales, which often are double that Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. I thank cent in 1949. When the 1950 figures are amount or more. the gentleman very much. available, it is likely that the ratio will Surely if the farmer's products would SPECIAL ORDER drop well below 50 percent. buy certain things in 1910-14, the work The immediate target of this antifarm er's dollar would do the same. The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. element raising its voice so loudly today The parity system is responsible for no McMULLEN). Under the previous order appears to be the system of parity price part of the present high food prices at of the House, the gentleman from Cali supports, which stands as a landmark in the grocery store. The only time the fornia [Mr. WERDEL] is recognized for American farm progress. Parity is in parity index increases is when the price 60 minutes. actuality the farmers' equivalent of a of nonfarm items, that is those items (Mr. WERDEL asked and was given minimum wage. It should not be taken which the farmers must buy, goes up, permission to revise and extend his re as an indication of what a fair price for The whole purpose of the parity system marks and include therein documents, farm products should be, any more than is to give the farmer some assurance of reports, and excerpts from instruments 75 cents per hour should be accepted as a fair return on his production in order quoted from and referred to.) a fair figure for the wage of labor. to meet nonfarm costs. OUR GROWING "PRUSSIAN" STAFF Many arguments are being renewed in On the average the farmer is receiv Mr. WERDEL. Mr. Speaker, first I opposition to parity, while new ones are ing less than one-half of the consumer's want to thank the Members of the House ·being devised. food dollar. More than 50 cents of the for granting me this time. I really One of the most illogical which has dollar which the consumer pays at the wished to engage the attention of the been recently raised is that which asserts grocery counter goes to various middle House in the early part of the debate in that parity should be down-graded to men who stand between the farmer and connection with the proposed amend allow for the increased productivity of the consumer, providing preserving, ment of the Selective Service Act of 1948. our farms as contrasted with the 1910-14 packing, handling, transpcrting, whole I have been long and very deeply en historic base period for parity. This is saling, and retailing service. These serv gaged in making inquiries in regard to a vicious argument, completely contrary ices are essential and it is not my pur universal military training and the pres to every American concept of higher re pose here to deny any of them a fair ent draft law. In the past, I have felt, turns and better standards as a reward share of the ultimate cost, but it should with some degree of sensibility, the im for increased efficiency in any type of be made clear to all that consumer pressions of fact that I know affect other business. The cornerstone of our free prices are not farm prices. Members of the House. Yet, not being enterprise system is the incentive to bet In the field of nonfood farm products, a member of the Military Affairs Com ter reward through more efficient meth the comparison between farm and con mittee I have not attempted to trouble ods of production and distribution. sumer prices shows an even far wider you o~ what I believed to be the merits Shall we deny any laborer the reward gap. Today the price of cotton is frozen of the subject. I now feel that I would for increasing his individual productiv at approximately 46 cents a pound. Most be remiss in my duties if I were silent ity? Such a step would be the rankest of the cotton production of 1950 was sold during the debate. I feel that we have kind of regimentation. by the farmer at a price level well below come to what may be the final issue. In the period 1910-14 the national this paint. It takes three-fourths of a It is now to be determined whether average for corn production was 26 bush pound of raw cotton to make an average the intention of the framers of our Con els. Today the average is 37.6 bushels. cotton shirt, which sells for $4. The stitution to avoid standing peacetime The average price of corn in the base farmer receives approximately 30 cents armies is to be circumvented. It is also period was 65 cents a bushel. The parity for the cotton in this $4 shirt. During to be determined whether discretionary price today is $1.71. Parity is deter the period when the price of shirts has powers are to be given at the national mined by the comparison of the cost of increased from $2 to $4, the price of raw level to destroy the National Guard at what the farmer buys now with what cotton in the shirt has increased only a the local level, and whether the discre he paid in the base period. The current little more than 10 cents. tion of the local draft boards in regard parity index is 266 percent of the base Our country must take effective action to draft and deferments is to be de period. to curb and control the threat of infla stroyed. In that base period a man employed in tion, but destruction of the parity sys At the outset, I believe we may agree common labor worked from 60 to 72 tem is not the answer. Parity price sup that turbulent and discontented men of hours a week and made from $1 to $2 port levels are a cornerstone of security rank in proportion as they are puffed a day, while skilled laborers-carpenters, for our farm economy. Destruction of up with personal pride and arrogance or bricklayers, and other artisans-earned this economy will strike at the heart of in proportion as they overestimate the as much as $4 and $5 a day. American productive capacity. responsibilities of their particular rank, Since that time productivity of labor In the difficult days which lie ahead, generally despise their own order. They, has increased with the advent of devices every segment of our economy, every of course, feel justified to make changes and machines permitting greater output portion of our pcpulation, must carry a in social order in an effort to accomplish per man-hour, with greater skill on the heavy share of the burden of defense the result they believe beneficial. part of the worker himself. Work hours mobilization. There must be an equality I am sure we are agreed that in times have been shortened. Wage scales have of sacrifice, however. We cannot destroy of emergency or when self-defense seems gone up as the workers shared the bene the stability of our economy in an effort necessary, individuals and states make fits of more efficient production. to have the American farmer or the unreasonable and violent decisions. So That is as it should be. By the same American wage-earner assume the ma universal is this behavior that the law reasoning, the farmer who increases his jor burden of the fight against inflation. makes provision and allowance for it in mechanical know-how, who finds better Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, will the most societies. However, we have just seed and grows greater crops, should gentleman yield? returned from an Easter recess and the profit. If a farmer who gets 266 pe:r:cent Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. I yield. drafters of the proposed bill do not make of his 1910-14 price is getting too much, Mr. COX. Because the gentleman its date effective in important particulars what of the laborer who worked 10 hours succeeded an old friend of mine with for at least a year. We, therefore, can to earn $2 in that period, but who now, whom I served in this body for many not excuse the lack of reasonable ap by Federal mandate, gets a minimum of many years, the gentleman from Mis proach and full argument of the subject 75 cents an hour for the first 8 hours and sissippi, Mr. Whittington, I have been on the grounds of emergency or urgent time and a half for overtime? Should particularly. interested in him, and -I am defense. he be cut back to 266 percent of the 20 happy to report that I have found that We must also admit that this subject cents an hour which was the scale in he is a careful student of all public ques is not new to the Congress. Like many 1910-14? This would be 53 cents an tions, that he is measuring up to my other subjects where additional execu hour. high expectations and those of others tive powers are sought, this Congress has On the same basis, the skilled workers who were interested in his coming and been lashed round and round a vicious who made 40 to 50 cents an hour in the interested in his career, and particularly circle of compromise argument and tern- ·,,. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3225 porary expedient-argument trimmed strait-jacket the law will put us in. consider to present the most serious in to half-truths and half-facts in the hope · We are to pass it now and think about it ternal trouble that America has ever that out of expedience and compromise later, when its amendment will be diffi faced. at leaJt part of the power can be ob cult. ·Lack of immediate support and Recently, the Nation has been shocked tained now and the balance in the participation in clarifying argument is by crime disclosures. We all agree that filture. said to be unpatriotic even though im a grave situation has been uncovered My inquiries, therefore, have given portant portions of the legislation will there as it has been in ethics and de some attention to past requests of our not go into effect for 1 year. I believe portment among Government officials. Military Establishment and to discover, the Air Force and Navy support it be Although those situations be serious, they if passible, its future plans for addi cause the Army and its top brass want are temporary. ·The threat to the free tional requests from the Congress. it. That top brass is a small group doms of our country, presented by our I am reluctant to admit that I now within our present General Staff. Other top military brass, is permanent. Their believe that we have come to the awful informed military men are under orders desires are not only insidious in their day in America where we have a su to express no opposition. conception but are extremely perilous in preme general staff, modeled after Hitler M~1 conviction rests upon the obvious their execution. and the Prussians, seeking military con violation and planned distortion of con What I speak of involves men, sworn trol over industry, labor, all military gressional intent in the past by staff to protect and defend the Constitution establishments, the ·economy, and the officers and written evidence, carefully of the United States against all enemies, press. I am convinced that this is their ruled "secret" by the Pentagon, demon both foreign and domestic. These very plan against the expressed will of the strating that other and more important men I believe to be prostituting their Congress. motives lie behind this determined drive oath of office to their hunger for power. Before I take my seat this afternoon, for new power. The only honorable justification that I I intend to present documents and evi Today we are being lashed once again can see for their action is that they be dence which I am confident will induce around the vicious circle of compromise, lieve the American people have been so other Members of this House to agree expedience and piecemeal expansion bribed and debauched in the past with me in my assertion that we have while the brass and the galleries cry through political chicanery that they the Hitlerian general staff in operation "urgent" and point the finger of scorn. will not voluntarily rise up to def end today. It has been built slowly and in For several months, I have been quietly themselves in future emergencies, and sidiously under our very eyes and we contacting and discussing with Army that they must be required by force to have not seen it. Suffice it to say at Air Force and Navy officers the universal do so. It requires the assumption that this moment that ·control of the press military training issue. From some, I this administration cannot and will not and of the information reaching Con- . have received standard double-talk prop attempt to throw off the disabilities of gress has played a large part in erect aganda. Others were evasive, some were double government created by incom ing the iron curtain around the Penta reluctant, but others placing confidence petence, labor bosses, subversives, pres gon through the method of marking in me expressed very frank and opposite sure-group propagandists, and political confidential and secret certain docu views to those of our Prussian general profit seekers. If, therefore, we credit ments describing their plans which staff in the Pentagon. Sometime ago, these men with any honor, we must also should be public record available to the my mail began including documents debit them with a complete lack of press and to the public. Some of these marked "classified" by the Military Es knowledge of the American people and documents I intend to describe to you tablishment. None of it would be of aid their abhorrence of a garrison economy today. and comfort to the enemy. Exposure which has licked two Prussian staffs in As is in the case with other Members of of the documents could only result in a the past-under the Kaiser and under this House, I have favored universal .disclosure to the press and the public Hitler. Under such circumstances, it is military training and expressed support ·of the Political intentions to continue the nonpartisan duty of this Congress for that program. The reason, of the expansion of our Prussian general to tell the honorable gentlemen support course, was a sincere feeling that it staff. Some of these documents had ing this legislation that America is going meant greater national security. I have explanatory notes on them. Others did to stay strong. always felt that such program should be not. Mr. Speaker, I hold here a plan for provided for by expanding title 32 of the I set about putting the jigsaw puzzle the ultimate in super general staffs. It United States Code, where provision is together. I offer them to you today hop has been marked as a highly classified made for the National Guard and the ing that in the interest of our country, document by the Pentagon. It is care rights and duty of the States to train debate of the subject under considera fully, even surreptitiously, circulated at men for military purposes during peace tion will be thorough, with the result that the Pentagon. This document describes time. the bill be returned to committee to a bold system and plan for placing the My studies now require me to say that guarantee civilian control of our Armed military in charge of every phase of our I believe any other approach to the sub Forces and the continuation of the pow national life in. time of war. ject should be defeated by this Congress. ers of the local draft boards, and the con It is a blueprint for power, how to ac Surely we must all ask why the Defense tinuation of the use of our National quire it, and how to keep it in time of Departments have used the methods and Guard in training military personnel in peace. It is a straitjacket for any nation tactics they have demonstrated in pre peacetime. which might accept it under the guise of senting this legislation to Congress. They I know there are others in the House an emergency measure, in the name of have argued the issue fanatically. Every who believed that many details and plans coordinated effort. type of high-pressure method has been of considerable political bearing have Tl:is plan was written by Heinz used by top generals before committees. been hidden behind the power of our Guderian. He was Hitler's last chief of They have presented fantastic, yes, un Prussian General Sta1f to mark political staff. He wrote it while in an American believable, figures to support their claims documents classified information. In prison camp. He wrote it at the specific of the efficiency, the economy and the this regard, one of our great generals, request of our top American staff offi security that universal military training A. A. Vandegrift, said before the Armed cers-our military elite. It was circu would provide with all decisions in Wash- . Forces Committee on October 17, 1949: lated in 1949 "facilitating" the study of ington. They have juggled statistics on Then, as now, these matters were the sub the merger of the United States Armed quotas in so many directions that no ject of negotiations behinci the scenes under Forces. Note the date. over-all picture of manpower has been the i::;anctuary afforded by rubber stamps arrived at, nor is it possible to come to marked "Confidential" or "Top Secret." Let us remember the unification law a reasonable conclusion. They have Then, as now, matters which should have was passed in 1947. Guderian's plan was sought to instill fright, and the Secre been presented openly to Congress for solu written 2 years later no less, at the ex tion, were withheld from the light of public pressed desire of the top generals in our tary of Defense continued this tactic dur inspection. · ing the recess. His object is that the Army. Its production by Guderian was proposed universal military training bill Mr. Speaker, enough papers, docu promoted by our General· Staff in the be adopted without discussion or debate, ments, articles, et cetera, have come to Pentagon. Why? I repeat-Why? which would disclose the permanent me that a picture is disclosed which I General Guderian signed an explanatory ·3226 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 letter in this Prussian general staff plan. chiefs of staff, then, completed the first two his panzers rolling on to the controversial He said: parts of the OKH project (Manuscript, No. Kiev encirclement, to Bryansk and Orel, to T-111, approximately 2,100 pages). the abortive assault on Moscow in the cold The discussion as to whether a unified Yet it remained highly desirable to salvage and rain and snow of a Russian autumn. On A; med Forces high command is preferable the potentially most useful th!rd part, OKH December 5 he was forced for the first time to the hitherto prevailing independence of .. as it should be." Zeitzler and Guderian, · in World War II to break off an attack. On the military services has not been silenced by· therefore, were commissioned to prepare, sep December 20 he flew to Hitler's headquarters the termination of hostilities. This problem arately and unaided, their recommendations to explain the desperate situatiop at the has been given practical consideration, par for the organization of a future army high front and to urge, perhaps a trifle untact ticularly in the United States of America. command, based on their extensive presur fully, a major change in strategy. He re At the request of the Historical Division render experience and using Manuscript No. turned to the front, was accused of insub of the United States Army, I have expressed T-11 as a line of departure. The following ordination by his army .group commander my ideas on this important problem in the study, Manuscript No. T-113, includes Gude (Field Marshal von Kluge) when one of his following pages. rian's recommended solution to this organi corps failed to hold its ground, and was re- HEINZ GUDERIAN. zational problem, but is concerned chiefly . lieved to spend the next 14 months on inac The plan follows: with the organization of an armed forces tive duty. During this period he suffered UNIFICATION OR COORDINATION-THE ARMED high command rather thus because he deems from a heart ailment, possibly aggravated by FORCES PROBLEM the former issue preeminent and the latter the circumstances of his relief. comparatively simple, once the greater prob Recalled by Hitler in February 1943, (By Gen. Heinz Guderian) lem has been solved. · Guderian was named inspector general of PREFACE The solution outlined in Manuscript No. Panzer troops-a post which made him re Manuscript No. T-113 was prepared as a · T-113 was envolved by Guderian without sponsible for organization, equipment, and result of a unique chain of circumstances, guidance or suggestions from American per training of the tank forces and an advisor on for an. exceptional purpose, by an unusual sonnel; its distribution does not constitute armored tactics. His influence on the course man. The chain of circumstances began in endorsement of Guderian's recommendations of operations was restricted to that result- early 1946 when the chief historian of the by the Historical Division of the Department . ing from his personal prestige and the ad European theater, operating under a direc of the Army. visory function of his ofll.ce. On July 20, tive which charged him with "maximum ex HISTORICAL DIVISION, 1944, however, when the army chief of staff ploitation of sources of combat information SPECIAL STAFF, UNITED STATES ARMY, (Zeitzler) was relieved in the wake of the available in the European theater," began FEBRUARY 1949. assassination attempt of Hitler, Guderian was entrusted with the performance of his the concentration of more than 200 former THE AUTHOR German generals and general staff corps ofll · duties, but was not relieved as inspector gen cers in a single prisoner-of-war enclosure. Heinz Wilhelm Guderian was born on June eral of Panzer troops: With Hitler's distrust By mid-August of that year, this grol,lp has. 17, 1888, the son of a Prussian officer who of the army at a peak and with the influence been thoroughly organized and was fully en died fl- brigade commander in 1914. He re of Himmler and the SS constantly increas gaged in writing narrative histories of Ger ceived cadet training and, on February 28, _ing, Guderian could do little more than man operational units which opposed Ameri 1907, joined the Army as an officer candidate supervise the collapse of the eastern front can troops under the command of SHAEF. (Faehnrich). At the outbr·eak of World War and observe, impotently, the disintegration At this time it became evident that, among I, he was a student at the War College of the Wehrmacht. His attempts to regain other possibilities, the study of problems (Kriegsakedemie); he later served on various the lost powers of the chief of staff were incident to the proposed merger of the staffs as a captain_. His .military service was futile, and the few emergency operational United States Armed Forces inight be facili not interrupted by the armistice, and for the measures for which he could secure approval tated by the preparation of an organiza next 13 years he alternated between troop met with only transient and limited success. tional history of OKH ( Oberkommando des . duty and the Reichswehr Ministry, where he In the black days of March 1945, Guderian Heeres, German Army high command) • was chiefly concerned with motor transporta once too often supported a general (Busse) tion. In 1931, as a lieutenant colonel, he who had incurred the displeasure of Hitler, Available to the chief historian as coor bec·ame chief of staff of the inspectorate of dinators for such a project were two former and was sent away on sick leave. motor transport troops, was promoted to The military career of Heinz Guderian is chiefs of staff of the German Army, General colonel in 1933, and in 1934 was named chief oberst Franz Halder ( 1938-42) and General in itself enough to establish his ability as of staff of the armored command. Return an organizer, a theorist, and an aggressive oberst Heinz Guderian ( 1944--45). Of the ing to troop duty as a commander of Second two, Halder had more experience in OKH, field commander. Even in an American pris Panzer Division in 1935, he continued a oner-of-war enclosure he retained his excep and any idea of placing Guderian in charge leader in the development of armored war of the OKH project was rendered completely tional intellectual integrity, his firm and un fare, rose to general officer rank, wrote nu comprising attitude, his untactfulness un academic by his angry refusal to begin work merous books ·and articles (including the unless ofll.cially assured that he would not be der stress, and his alloy of courtliness and military best-seller Achtung! Panzer), and acid humor. He is a man who writes what tried for war crimes. Furthermore, the fact was promoted· to commander of XVI (Pan that these two men were not even on speak zer) Corps as a major general (Generalleut he thinks and who does not alter his opinions ing terms maC:.e it impossible, in any case, to nant) in early" 1938. After only 9 months in to suit his audience, or to avoid implications employ them as a team. General Halder, this rank and participation in the ceremonial in the Nuremberg trials. therefore, assumed responsibility for the occupations of Austria and the Sudetenland, INTRODUCTION study and had a group of 13 general ofll.cers Guderian was again promoted, to lieutenant The discussion as to whether a unified at work by the end of November. His writing general (General der Pansertruppen) , and armed forces high command is preferable to staff totaled 15 in January 1947, 26 in March named chief of motorized troops. the hitherto prevailing independence of the 1947, 33 in May 1947, 35 in September 1947, On September 1, 1939, Guderian was in the military services has not been silenced by the 46 in November 1947, 38 in December 1947, field as commander of XIX Panzer Corps, termination of hostilities. This problem has and 12 in March 1948, by which time most which led the advance from the Polish bor• been given practical consideration particu of the writing had been completed. The der to Brest Litovsk. For his performance in larly in the United States of America. work of Halder's staff, facilitated in its later the Polish campaign, he was awarded the At the request of the Historical Division stages by the availability of a large body of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. The corps of. the United States Army, I have expressed captured German documents, did not suffer shifted to the west, and in May 1940 Guder my ideas on this important problem in the from lack of experienced or high-ranking ian's three panzer divisions knifed into Lux following pages. authorities: in December 1'947, for example, emburg, took Sedan, overran the French HEINZ GUDERIAN, the group comprised 12 lieutenant generals, positions on the south bank of the Meuse, OCTOBER 1948. 4 major generals, 9 brigadier generals, 9 colo and swept to the channel-after Guderian nels, and 4 lieutenant colonels. had twice refused to obey orders to halt and CHAPTER 1. EVOLUTION OF ARMED FORCES The organizational history of OKH was con had .once been threatened with relief for his ORGANIZATION IN GERMANY ceived by General Halder as a trilogy: QKH refusal. On May 21 he turned north to cap 1. After the victorious unification wars "as it was," OKH "as it should have been," ture Boulogne and Calais, and a · few days of 1864, 1866 and 1870-71, the German Army and OKH "as it should be." By March 1948 later obeyed the order to halt, just short of was the main component of the Wehrmacht. it has become clear that only the first two Dunkerque. On June 9, now in charge of two At that time, the army's fellow service was a parts could be completed under General panzer corps, Guderian began an 8-day drive weak navy, destined chiefly for coastal pro Balder's direction before European command to the Swiss frontier near Pontarlier. On tection, and at first the responsibility of the policies forced a major reorganization of the July 19, 1950, he was promoted to general Prussian Ministry of War. But as early as German historical project at.the end of June. (generalober11t). · the Bismarckian Era the significance of the Sufficient time remained, however, to attempt On June 22, 1941, the Wehrmacht having fleet increased with the extension of Ger to compensate for any slant that might have turned to the east again, Guderian began many's overseas trade and the acquisition of been given to the work by Halder, by secur crossing the Bug River with three panzer colonies. As a consequence of this German ing commentaries on the first two parts from corps of his Second Panzer Army; during the expansion, the necessity of creating a special Generaloberst Kurt Zeitzler (army chief of following month his forces crossed the Bere top-level agency became more urgent, all the ata~. 1942-44) and Guderian, who had be sina and the Dnieper and captured Smolensk. more since the navy was a national navy come thoroughly cooperative at last. The Having just been awarded an Oak-Leaf and therefore directly subordinate to the active participation of all three wartime Cluster to his Knight's Cross, Guderian sent Kaiser, while the armies of the major fed- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3227 era! states remained subordinate to the required uniformity. His first opjective was result was that the importance of the top federal princes. According to the military to influence the training ·of the men in posi Ievel structure was lessened in Hitler's mind agreements concluded in 1871, these con; tions of leadership. The Wehrmacht Aoad· while he considered his intuition infallible tingents were subord'nate to the Kaiser only emy was to serve this purpose. It was sig and believed that it could replace the knowl in case of war, while in peacetime his powers nificant that he was unable to obtain stu edge and advice of the experts. Incidentally, went only as far as inspecting them. The dents for this training college of the future this overevaluation of himself was not re troops constituted by the smaller federal leaders of the Wehrmacht. His second idea. stricted to the military sphere but embraced states were incorporated in the Prussian was to bring into accord the operations of all fields of public life; it rapidly transcended Army.• the Wehrmacht services. The direction of into dangerous megalomania. 2. For the army or navy, there was no operations on land had until then been the 12. In this mental condition Hitler went, special commander in chief alongside or mission of the army-and that for cen in 1941, into the gigantic struggle with the under the Kaiser or, in peacetime, the re turies in the past--while naval operations Soviet Union, suffering from the delusion spective prince. A great number of agencies had been the domain of the navy. Neither that he would be able to crush this "immense were therefore directly subordinate to the of these two services was willing to accept country within a short time, without first Kaiser and the princes; the representatives a curtailment of its rights. But the most having reached a final settlement with the of these agencies had the righ ·~ of direct ac presumptuous attitude was that adopted by enemy in the west. The first reverses dur cess and were thereby in a position to infiu· the third service, all the more since its ing the hard winter of 1941-42 in no way un ence the wearer of the crown. In Prussia, commander in chief (Goering) held, aside deceived him, but instead led to a new in· there were among others the Minister of War, from his military rank, a particularly high crease in his own powers, for he dismissed the Chief of the Great General Staff, the position in the party and in political life. the commander in chief of the army and Chief of the Military Cabinet, the corps com The efforts of the Reich War Minister were took over both his official functions and his manders, and the inspectors general of the resisted. by all three services. The flaming responsibilities. The chief of staff of the most important branches (infantry, artillery, struggle for power was, however, not re· ·army now was no longer responsible for all etc.); in the navy, the State Secretary of stricted to the sphere of the Wehrmacht ground operations. He bad to surrender the Reich Navy Office, the Chief of the Bat proper, but rapidly developed into a struggle a major part of his.function to OKW; the so tle Fleet, the Chief of.the Naval Cabinet, and against the National Socialist Party, which called OKW theaters of war came into exis the naval base commanders enjoyed the same was striving for complete control of the state; tence, the operational control of which now privileges. The Luftwaffe came into exist it became a struggle against Hitler himself. devolved upon the chief of the Wehrmacht ence shortly before World War I and had at 7. Hitler very soon perceived the actual operations staff, while the supply services, this stage no organization of its own. A state of unity prevailing within the Wehr organization, and training of the entire army number of new organizations originated in macht. He realized the weakness of the remained without change within the scope World War I, and, 1n consequence, addi Reich War Minister, who was continuing in of the army high command. · tional directly subordinate agencies made his efforts, as well as the animosity of the 13. Hitler subordinated the army person their appearance. key generals toward the Minister and his nel office directly to himself and thereby 3. The profusion of agencies directly under regime, and he drew his own conclusions. created a new military cabinet. He inter the Kaiser resulted in his being overburdened On February 4, 1938, he dismissed the Reich ested himself personally in armament details and having to decide on matters of which he War Minister and personally assumed the and often intervened in order to accelerate understood little or nothing. The contradic· office; he also replaced the commander in matters. He developed tremendous solici tory.opinions of numerous eager, ambitious, chief of the army (Von Fritsch) by a new tude for all spheres of the war effort. Yet and capable councilors were supposed to be man (Von Brauchitsch). The means em all his efforts produced only greater confu coordinated and uniformly implemented by ployed in this process w.ere evil. sion. him. This went beyond the power of any 8. On the surface the organizational con 14. These excessive demands, combined one man, even a genius. After the loss of sequences consisted in a strengthening .of with an unreasonable schedule of daily ac World War I, our defeat was justly imputed the central executive, the OKW (oberkom tivities and immoderate use of dangerous to, among other causes, the defective top mando der Wermacht, armed forces high and partly untested drugs, finally caused the level structure of the state and of the mili· command). But this progress was out man, whose physical resistance never was too tary high command. weighed by the inadequacy of the chief of strong, to be taken ill. The unsuccessful at 4. According to the Constitution of the OKW (Keitel), who continued in this im· tempt (July 20, 1944) on Hitler's life re Weimar Republic, the Reich President re portant office until the coJlapse of Germany. sulted not only in an increase in his mental tained supreme command of the armed In reality, the independence of the services irritability, but also in a number of organ forces. The responsibility for their organ• increased, particularly that of the lUftwaffe; · izational changes which led to a further 1zation was delegated to the Reich Defense they enjoyed the same privileges and were splintering of the mil"itary command author Minister, to whom the army and the navy on the same level as OKW and therefore ity. Thus, the commander of the replace were accordingly subordinate. The dictate were, as under the monarchy, agencies di· ment training army, who hitherto had been of Versailles (Diktat von Versailles) pro rectly subordinate to the chief of state. subordinate to OKW, was now directly under hibited the Reich from maintaining an air 9. At the end of September 1938, the chief Hitler. The post was filled by the appoint force. Directly subordinate to the Reich of staff of the army (Beck) was relieved (and ment of a military novice, Reichsfuehrer-SS Defense Minister, the chief of the army high replaced by Halder) because he did not ap Himmler. command exercised command authority over prove of the foreign policy of the chief of 15. By the year 1944 there was nothing left the army, while the chief of the navy high state-because he considered a long span of of the original unified command authority command held the corresponding position peace necessary for strengthening the state over the Wehrmacht. Only the supreme with the navy. The sphere of influence of and its military force. The leading generals commander united in his person all the many the Reich Defense Minister mainly extended of the army-and they were the only ones directly subordinate agencies he had created, to the representation of the Wehrmacht in involved-did not at that time show any ex but this supreme commander was no longer external (and political) matters within the ternally visible reactions to the measures equal to the task because of his deficient Reichstag and the Government, while the . directed against them by the chief of state. background, his failing health, and, finally, chiefs of the Wehrmacht services were They did not resist the abolition of the office his spiritual deterioration. A state which granted far-reaching independence in purely of Reich War Minister, the replacement of had arisen through the perfection of its gov military questions. This structure proved the commander in chief of the army under ernmental and military institutions in three ' . effective in its time. , false pretenses, or the change in the position victorious wars, and which owed its ascent to 5. With the seizure of power by national of the chief of staff of the army. As a con the wisdom and moderation of its rulers, socialism and the ensuing rearmament, the sequence of this passive attitude, Hitler's perish now because of the lack of these Wehrmacht was faced with several new tasks disdain for them only increased. In addi qualities. which also gave rise to major organizational tion, Hitler's foreign policy proceeded from 16. The following proposals result from the· changes. The Reich Defense Minister be one success to another ·against the predic bitter experiences of the last years of the came Reich War Minister and simultaneously tions made by the generals. war. They are of a purely academic nature. commander in chief of the Wehrmacht. The 10. In 1939 the Wehrmacht entered its Human beings with their divergent opinions position was filled by a professional soldier fateful struggle with a structure which, and their manifold ambitions will never per (Von Blomberg). The chief of state held though it had in theory a unitive top in mit their realization. The geographic, eco the supreme command powers over this spe OKW, was in reality similar to a common nomic, and political characteristics of such cialist who exercised the command func· wealth of rival command agencies directly country will entail divergencies. The pro tions. In addition to the army and the navy, subordinate to an energetic dilettante. posals can therefore serve only as a clue to the Luftwaffe was called into existence as a 11. The first campaigns against Poland future organizations which may be exten third service. Each service was under a and Norway, as well as the subsequent fight· sively influenced, in addition, by the devel commander in chief with far-reaching 1ng in the west, repeatedly contravened the opment of new technical possibilities. powers. This organizational structure was skepticism of the army high command and nearly ideal, in theory. But in practice the justified Hitler's plans, which were based on CHAPTER 2. UNIFICATION OF COORDINATION actual situation was, unfortunately, quite a more realistic psychological approach. I. The significance of technical developments different. The result was a further increase in his self· The past century has brought about a com 6. . The Reich War Minister and commander assurance and his disdai:P for the generals. plete change in the evaluation of weapons. in chief of the Wehrmacht set up a staff to Opposed by the inspiration of the moment, 17. During the German wars for unifica assist him and attempt to unify whatever military orthodoxy steadily lost ground; the tion as well as during the American Civil War 3228 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 there were only the old major arms of the terrifying :f.orce,. the active effectiveness o! the development of flying is still in its service-infantry, cavalry, and artillery. But which has not yet been fully determined, initial stage and that it can only be rendered as early as the Boer and Russo-Japanese and against which there is for the time being economical and remunerative by combining Wars, the influence of modern automatic no adequate defense. It remains to be seen all efforts. The great tasks which the fu weapons and the use of heavy artillery by whether these two new means of warfare ture holds for aviation can be most effec the field forces resulted in a strengthening can, in the future, increase the intensity of tively accomplished by strict centralization of the defer..se. These facts, insufficiently ap warfare against the civilian population be of the available forces and means. Neces preciated by the time of World War I, led hind the front to a decisive degree. There sary cooperation with other authorities need to positional warfare. The war of position may be objections to their use in the forward not suffer from this. ~ lasted for years without either side being combat zone because of the danger they pre- 28. One must therefore affirm the necessity able to bring about a decision. Finally, cer sent to both sides. · of creating a separate air force which, in tain technical advances, such as the intro 23. From a purely military point of view addition, will be granted the necessary in duction of the tank and the development of one-can state that the old arms of the service fluence on the development of civil avia- · the Air Force, in conjunction with a tremen-: in their hitherto prevailing form are certain tion. It will also be appropriate to assign dous superiority in numbers and war poten to disappear. In Western and Central Europe, to this air force the ·organization of air-raid tial, provided the Allies with their victory the maintenance of infantry is justified only protection. in World War I. Materiel was victorious over in fully motorized formations. In the East, III. Independent services versus spirit. other means of transportation may also be inspectorates general taken into coni;ideration. An essential mis 18. After World War I, the countries which 29. The preceding .exposition leads to the were free to do so attempted to draw con sion of the infantry will be cooperation with tanks. Cavalry has been replaced by armor; proposition that in the future a national clusions from past events. This happened military establishment consist of three in the most varied ways. The simplest meth only in the East will it still be possible to employ mounted units. Artillery must be major services: od was, no doubt, to pursue an ostrich-like The Army, consisting of all ground forces, policy and leave everything unchanged. This motonzed and the majority of the guns must be self-propelled so that they can be used in with the exception of the ground units and was the method employed by most of the persQnnel of the .Air Force (including the professional general staffs. It was every combination with the tanks. The develop ment of V-weapons (rockets) will transform air-raid protection troops) and the coastal where left to outsiders to grasp new ideas and organization of the Navy. to carry their point through infinitely tough the artillery completely. Armor, partly re placing cavalry, will, however, beyond that be The Navy, which . includes . all seagoing struggles against the orthodox. In many combat forces and their bases and organiza cases they failed in their efforts; Fuller in an assault force of primary importance; it will play the leading part in ground combat, tions on land. England, De Gaulle in France, ~nd Douhet . The Air Force, consisting of all flying units in Italy. In other countries they achieved closely linked with the other modernized arms . . Engineers and .signal communica and their_ ground elements and organiza partial successes. When World War II-broke tions, as well as the units . and agencies for out there probably was not' one really modern' tions .units will have to be adapted to the re quirements of modern times. The air force air-raid pr.otection. military establishment. will have to take over a major part of the . 30. There is no doubt that these three · 19. In pre-World War II days in Germany reconnaissance. work. Its primary mission; principal components have to be subordi it had been clearly realized, however, that in: however, will consist in fighting the enemy nated to a joint top-level agency. The only the_air force and the armored corps two· new air force, both in providing fighter protec . uncertainty lies in the degree of inde major arms ha·d been created which were tion against enemy bombers and in carrying pendence they ·should maintain in order capable of replacing the old cavalry and of out bombing missions in an air offensive. to work with maximum efficiency. At all surmounting the repelling firepo_wer of' the events, a structure consisting of three inde defense, thereby restoring to the attack its II. The separate air force pendent services directly subordinate to the significance on the battlefield. This -realiza 24. In all countries, the army and the chief of state and coequal with an Armed tion, however, was even in Germany re navy will be inclined to request the assign Forces high command lacking command au stricted to a relatively small circle. The ma ment of air reconnaissance units to their thority, proved faulty in Germany during the jority of the routinists tenaciously clung to respective services, and one cannot deny that last World War. Another solution must tradition and bampered progre.ss so much ~hese requests are quite justified. Recon therefore be found. that they succeeded in preventing the exten naissance operations executed for the army 31. Now the question arises whether it is sion of initial successes into complete victory. or navy require the pilot's thorough train necessary to subordinate each of the three 20. Nevertheless, 1939-40 saw spirit victo -ing in the combat methods of the force major services to a high command of its rious over material. Our adversaries, so far which they serve. One cannot demand, for own, and, if so, what authority can be con as they were accessible to our first onslaught, instance, that the same pilot carry out mis ceded to the commander in chief of each were beaten by our new methods. They did sions in connection with artillery adjustment service in relation to the supreme com not hesitate to learn from their defeats and, fire, strategic railroad reconnaissanc.e, com mander of the entire Armed Forces·; or supported by their recurring numerical and bined operations with armor, and recon whether it suffices to have an inspector gen material superiority, they then turned our naissance for submarines. These tanks are eral supervise each service while the com own combat methods against us with the very diversified in nature and their successful mand authority is exclusively concentrated same result as in World War I. · · accomplishment can only be expected if the in the commander in chief of the Armed 21. Because of their industrial produc pilot is familiar with the characteristics and Forces and his staff-the Armed Forces high tivity and their self-sufficiency in fuel, the procedures of the service concerned. command. The ans:wer to this question de British and the Americans reappeared in 25. For certain types of air combat for pends essentially upon the characteristics Europe with fully mobilized armies. Horses mations, also knowledge of ground or naval of the country and upon the missions its had been eliminated from their· ranks. The combat methods is essential if success is to Armed Forces presumably will have to under_. commitment of American armor was be achieved with minor losses. Cooperation take. An island state will be inclined to achieved according to the principles which with armored forces in ground combat can adopt a different solution from that arrived had been applied so successfully by the Ger only be successful if their combat forma at by a country with open continental man armored units during the overthrow of tions are well coordinated with the armored borders. A country whose main interests lie France in 1940. The Air Forces of the two· units. The combat activities of Air Force overseas must come to an organization dif major western powers completely dominated units based on aircraft carriers can only fer·ent from that adopted by a nation with the air. They not only exerted strong in achieve success if these units have previously mountainous borders and no overseas in- fiuence on the development of the· situation undergone thorough training. Combined terests. · at and closely behind the front, but also, by operations of air combat formations with 32. If we take nations like Great Britain extensively paralyzing the lines of commu submarines certainly require equal practice. or the United States for examples, it will nication and the armament industry, 26. On the other hand, one is equaily jus always occur in case of war that only parts weakened to a singular degree the efficiency tified in stating that the commitment of of the ground forces, that is, of the army, of the Wehrmacht. The strategic bombing large bomber formations and their protec have to be transported overseas; that they of defenseless German cities was supposed tion by fighter and reconnaissance units will therefore require the transportation fa to terrorize the civilian population and pre seems feasible only if uniform training and cilities and the protection of the Navy; that pare the people to ask for peace. Although command are assured. It may be said that upon arrival at their destination they will this type of warfare led to terrific losses of technical development of planes and weap have to be combined with units of the · air precious lives and to·the destruction of great ons, installations of air bases, and air-raid combat fore-es; that, therefore, a unified cultural treasures, the expected military ob protection can only be accomplished under a command over those forces of the three serv jective was only very ineffectively obtained. unified command and by close cooperation ices which are destined for a joint mission 22. The following new means of warfare · of flying personnel with ground and tech will become necessary. Thus, as a rule made their first appearance: the v-weapons, nical personnel. there will be need not for the commanders a new· type of artillery, based on the rocket 27. The installations of the civilian air in chief of the services, but rather for a joint principle, possessing very great range with services will have to be integrated with the commander in chief of a task force composed corresponding inaccuracy, and doubtless only military in one. way or another; the tech of elements of all three services. on the threshold of their development; and nical development of the two cannot be sep 33. Will the situation be very different in the atomic bomb, a new type of bomb with arated. Furthermore, one must admit that the case of a purely continental power, as for 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3229 instance the Soviet Union, if it were impli grown their former narrow framework. De remedies. But, in determining the consti cated in a war? Of course, the Navy will be termination of whiph objectives will, in the tutional basis on the position of the chief of of considerably less importance, but the Army future, need the protection of fortifications state, one should not base his judgment on - and Air Force units will have to be subordi requires thorough investigation. For this a fiaw in the constitution. nated to a unified command no · matter purpose, a single command system must be 46. The commander in chief of the armed Whether they are to be employed in the Far· devised for territorial and coastal fortifica forces and his staff: Directly under the chief East, in Iran, or in Western Europe. In this tions, as well as for the air defense installa of state, and dependent upon his decision case also unrestricted command authority tions for ground fortifications, the lines of in all policy matters, a m1litary m an should will have to be requested by and granted to communication, the supply establishments, exercise the top command over the entire the theater commanders and not to the com the armament industry, and the civilian military establishment. He would be ap manders in chief of the services. population. In this connection one might pointed an d dismissed by the chief of state, 34. The commanders in chief of the serv discuss the impact of both V-weapons and perhaps with the consent of the cabinet. ices will, therefore, in future wars have to atomic bombs on modern city planning, and Subordinate to the commander in ch ief are· find their main field of activities in their own on traffic installations and industrial enter his staff (the armed forces high command) · country, in the home or replacement train prises. and the commanders in chief (inspectors ing army, and in the cor·responding elements 41. The rn;icessity of uniform training of general) of the services. The staff of the of the Air Force and the Navy. Armed Forces leaders by an Armed Forces Academy has commander in chief of the armed forces commanders in chief will have to command already been mentioned. Furthermore, should be subdivided into the personal secre the combined formations of the Army, Navy, there will have to be an agency.for the uni tariat, the armed forces general staff, and and Air Force in the respective theaters of form direction or influencing of the press the armed forces armaments office. war. In order that this important problem an Armed Forces press office. Finally, one 47. The armed· frirces general staff: .In may be solved it will be necessary to train might consider the formation of an agency summary, then, the armed forces general the top-level commanders and the potential for the procurement of. maps for the entire staff should consist of- members of their staffs, tl;le general staff offi Military Establishment, though its existence (a) Operations branch; cers. · In prewar Germany there was the may perhaps not be absolutely essential. . (b) Foreign branch (military attaches and Wehrmacht Academy for the accomplishment 42. We have outlined the Armed Forces liaison with those from foreign countries, of this task. As already mentioned, it failed high command general staff by enumerat intelligence information on foreign armed because of the negative attitude and passive ing the above functions. forces); resistance of the military services. Since 43. Let us briefiy consider Armed Forces. (c) Counterintelligence branch; there are indications that similar difficulties armament. (There should be a general ( d) Chief of armed forces supply; also exist in other countries, the reference to Armed Forces office to coordinate all fields (e) Armed forces signal communications the importance of sufficient mental schooling of armament. The weapons office directs service; of the top commanders and their assistants the development and testing of weapons and (f) Armed forces transportation service; ' is perhaps not superfluous. maintains contact with the armament indus (g) Chief of national fortifications; 35. One may, therefore, state that an try. provided no civilian ministry for arma (h) Armed forces academy; Armed Forces high command is necessary; ment and war production exists which can. (i) Armed forces press office; and that commanders in chief for the services at take over this task.) The administration (j) Armed forces map service. home-the Army, Navy, and Air Force of the office is in charge of all real estate, build 48. The armed forces armaments office: zone of the interior-are feasible but not in ings, food, clothing, civil servants, and pay The following agencies would be incorporated. dispensable, and that inspectors general of rolls. The economics office handles all prob into an armed forces armaments office- the military services are better suited to the lems connected with national economy, par ( a) General armed forces office; limited missions assigned these agencies. ticularly the procurement of raw materials (b) Armed forces weapons office; ( c) Armed forces administration office; IV. Functions of the Armed Forces high required by the war industries, the develop ment of factories working on Armed Forces ( d) Armed forces economics office; command (e) Armed forces personnel replacement 36. After having concluded that a com contracts, and stockpiling for war. (The personnel replacement office is in charge of office; mand agency with complete cotnmand au (f) Armed forces legal office; thority over the entire Military Establish procurement and allocation of manpower registration, induction, and discharge of (g) Armed forces medical office; ment is essential, we must clarify the func (h) Armed forces pensions office; and tions with which this high command should those liable for service; maintenance of their records; and assignment to the individual (i) Armed forces budget office. be entrusted and the functions which, not 49. The military services: Each field of being of common concern to the armed serv services according to their requirements and the aptitude of the selectee.) The legal of military activity which does not pertain to ices, should, therefore, remain under the all the services would have to remain under supervision of the individual services. For fice handles judicial matters and legal prob lems of the Armed Forces. The medical the supervision of the respective service in this purpose we shall proceed from the as order not to inflate unnecessarily the armed sumption that the new central agency will office is in charge of the Armed Forces health services. The pensions office takes care of forces high command. In conformity with become very large in any event, and that this idea, the direction of operations which. nothing superfluous should be incorporated the veterans, particularly the disabled ones. The budget office is in charge of the finances involve only one service would devolve upon into it. Otherwise it would become top that service. The organizational details, the heavy and would soon show inclinations to- of the Armed Forces and s"Ubmits the Armed Forces budget to the le'gislative body. training, armament, personn~l problems, and ward falling apart. · technical direction of the individual arms 37. The tremendously increased operation 44. All these functions can be uniformly of the services would have to .be left to the al significance of the air force, which is administered for the entire Military Estab service concerned. Finally, the services must destined for further expansion because of lishment. If the services administer them retain such functions as are of interest only separately as hitherto the result is double developments to be anticipated, makes it ob to them. vious that joint operations of the three • work and widespread controversy and over 50. The army: At the top of the army or services can only be directed by an opera lapping in general; the right hand does not ganization is the commander in chief (in tions branch of the armed forces (the know what the left is doing, and adminis spector general) with his staff, the army former armed forces operations staff (Wehr tration much more expensive. high command. The army high command macht-Fuehrungastab) of ·OKW). There will CHAPTER 3. THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ls composed of the following agencies: be no differences of opinion as to the in MODERN ARMED FORCES (a) Operations branch, the instrument for dispensability of this branch. 45. The chief of state: The chief of state the execution of directives received from the 38. Enemy intelligence must be made ac is, as a rule, the person who exercises deci armed forces high command; cessible to this staff. The staff must be in a sive infiuence on the conduct of foreign pol (b) Organization branch, for the organ position to influence the collection of such icy, and who has to declare war and make ization of individual arms of the service and information. The information must be com peace. For this reason he must also be combined-arms unit up to and including prehensive and satisfactory to all three serv granted supreme command over the -instru corps level; ices. '.!'he. procurement of _intelligence will; ment of state power, the armed forces. Since ( c) Training branch, for the training of therefore, be in the future, an armed forces the chief of state frequently is. not a military the individual arms of the service and army function. Security measures against enemy man, a trained professional must exercise units; intelligence must ·also be included in the the actual supreme command functions ( d) Personnel office, for personnel matters armed forces functions, for similar reasons. under the chief of state. In normal circum concerning the army; 39. In war or in peace, military supply, stances, there ought not to be any objec ( e) Branch inspectorates, for the execu utilizing all available means of transporta tions to the person of the chief of state. If, tion of directives received from the armed tion-whether land, sea, or air-is an armed however, there are any objections, then the forces high -command (general armed forces forces function. The general staff officer in person in question is not suitable for his office) with regard to organization, training, charge of supply should, therefore, be an high office and should be declared incapable armament, and equipment of the arms of armed forces man. (Transportation should of governing by a supreme judiciary and the service; and · become one of the armed forces functions.) removed from his office. The lack of this (f) Army veterinary service. 40. National fortifications formerly · an supreme judiciary in Germany led to the 51. The navy: At the top of the navy or army engineer matter, have, in view of the situation t:Oat a licentious dictatorship came ganization is the commander in chief (in close interrelation between the services, out- into power against which there were no legal spector general) with his staff, the navy bigh 3230 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 command. The navy high command is com 57. The Armed Forces of the United States: production exists, which can take over this posed of the following agencies: As far as I know, the original intention was desk. (a) Operations branch (as above): to provide the U. N. with armed forces of its This study, making recommendations (b) Organization branch (internal organ- own. Up to now this project has probably ization of naval units); not gone beyond the .stage of nominating a for an .American Prussian general staff, ( c) Training branch; commission for discussion of the matter. proposes some of the things we have ( d) Navy personnel office; But it cannot be denied that the plan for heard in the present arguments in con U. N. armed forces is sound and that the (e) "Branch" inspectorates of the navy; nection with our draft law.- He says organization of such forces is essential to there should be one office to gather in and the future vitality of the U. N. The position (f) Naval vessel construction branch. of the U. N. mediator in the Palestine conflict the selectees and send them to the indi Naval experts should be consulted as to would have been easier if he had had at his vidual services, according to the require which additional agencies of the service could disposal an up-to-date, well-equipped armed ments and the aptitude of the selectee. be added to the above list. force. The U. N. armed forces can only be There is an unusual similarity in lan 52. The air force: At the top of the air come effective if they are . subordinates to guage in his recommendations and that force organization is a commander in chief a United Nations armed forces high com used by the proponents of the subject (inspector general) with his staff, the air mand. But we probably have a long way to under consideration by the House. force high command. The air force high go before we come to that. 20, command is composed of the following On page General Guderian says: agencies: The Guderian plan outlines a military The Personnel Repiacement Office is in (a) Operations branch fas above); high command which is the ultimate, the charge of procurement and allocation of (b) Organization branch; millennium in the complete Prussian manpower-registration, induction, and dis general staff concept. It holds that the charge of those liable for service; mainte ( c) Training branch; nance of all records; and assignment to the ( d) Air force personnel office; military should control the destiny of individual services-, according to their re (e) "Branch" inspectorates of the air the nation in time of war and have quirements and the aptitude of the selectee. force; and decisive voice on everything which af (f) Aircraft construction branch. fects the military in time of peace. He The Pentagon serial number on the Air force experts should be consulted as to tells how to organize the entire nation Guderian document is MS No. T-113. which additional agencies of the service could under military command so that its Mr. Speaker, this is not the only care be added to the. above list. people, its economy, its policies, and its fully guarded plan to be solicited by our 53. Theaters of war: World War II extend thinking may be directed by the high power-hungry generals from our German ed over so vast an area that several thea command. prison camps. Papers which are highly ters of war were created on both sides; these regarded as showing us the way the vic theaters were nearly independent of each This Guderian plan, which is so highly other as far as the fighting was concerned. regarded in the Pentagon, even goes so tors should be guided by the vanquished Although the supreme direction of opera far as to state that the President should are numerous in number. Some of these tions were centralized, each theater of war be removed if he is found objection are known as Reflections of High Com acted more or less independently in the exe able. That, of course, means objection mand Organizations, High Command in cution phase. On the German side, we were able to the generals controlling the guns, the Future, the German Army High Com unable to establish armed forces command the tanks, and our entire economy. · In mand. Them papers, written by German ers of all units employed within each desig generals, all similar· in nature, propose nated theater of war. The consequences of this regard, General Guderian says on this were serious. On the Allied side this page 22: the extension of a system of military so mistake was avoided. The consequences of But in determining the con::;titutional cialism found natural in the alien, dic unified· command were beneficial. In the basis of the position of the chief of state, tator iron curtain countries. They are future there will have to be, for each theater one should not base his judgment on a fl.aw repugnant to our form of government, of war, one arm•ed forces commander in in the constitution. to our well-educated people, and our free chief, who will have unrestricted command competitive system that gives us authority over all units employed within his Like Hitler, Peron, Mussolini, and their strength. However, I am advised these area; and it will be immaterial to which predecessors in history, a grab of auto studies by the German generals are basic service or even to which ally they belong. cratic power must be cloaked in propa references for those in the Pentagon who 54. Occupied areas: Whenever a success ganda that the grab.is legal. believe that the only wrong with the ful campaign leads to the occupation and ad The plan directly contravenes our Supreme Prussian Staff was the people ministration of enemy territory for a long Constitution when it says that the Presi period of time, such an area is usually placed who ran it. Our top brass believes the under military administration. During the dent must turn over his function as . system is fine because it is a definition of last war, the Germans made the mistake in Commander in Chief of the Armed power-power for them. many cases of replacing the military admin Forces to a general. I know we all are concerned to know istration by a civilian one under the direc Heinz Guderian says on page 22: how far a Pentagon clique has led us tion of party officials. Military governments Since the chief of state frequently is not along the trail to the Prussian supreme are certainly not ideal permanent solutions, a military man, a tratned professional must general staff system-or as General Mar but still they are preferable to civil adminis exercise the actual supreme command func trations, which usually are composed of sec tions under the chief of state. shall phrases it to make it more palatable ond- anq third-rate personnel. The mili to American ears, the single chief of staff tary commander of an occupied area must It states that there must be a military • system. This system is admitted to be have unrestricted command authority over control of the nation's press. This Pen military socialism, with its separate set all military and civilian agencies stationed tagon· guide on page 20 says: of laws and courts from which there is within his area. As a rule, he will be di Furthe:·more, there will have to be an no appeal to civil tribunals including our rectly under the commander in chief of his agency for the unif0rm direction or influ country's armed forces. Supreme Court. encing of the press. 55. Colonial territories: In peacetime lt First, of course, there is General Mar will be appropriate to subordinate military General Gudefian points out that shall. He was qualified by special act installations and troops in the colonies to ·Prussia's experience calls for turning of Congress last year, as a civilian, and the governors, while their organization, train with his five stars in the pocket of his ing, armament, and strength are controlled over control of the nation's transporta tion to the military. He says on page civilian clothes, he now occupies the po by the commander in chief of the mother sition which the Guderian plan pre~ country's armed forces. In time of war the 19: scribes as only proper for a career mili type of command structure will depend on Transportation should become one of the tary officer. He is Secretary of Defense. the importance of the colony to the total war armed forces functions. effort and its geographical relationship to the Mr. Speaker, it was General Marshall principal combat actions. He also insists that an industrial con who even during the stress and strain of 56. Mandates: A similar arrangement to trol be set up and run to suit the mili war, caused his general staff to spend that recommended for colonies should be tary. In th.is regard, he says on page 20: time and commence secret work on a adopted for mandates, unless an interna plan for a super staff. tional body such as the United Nations issues There should be a general armed forces special directives. We are at present wit office to coordinate all fields. of armament. Then there is General Collins, who led nesses to such a situation in the Palestine O:ile weapons office directs the development the fight for the first public superstaff conflict. Only the future can tell whether and testing of weapons and maintains con proposal. He was so effective that the the solution adopted in this instance is to tact with the armament industry, provided proposal became known as the Collins be considered ideal. no civilian ministry for armament and war plan. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3231 Then there are Generals Vandenberg ment of War in the postwar period, the de the present system of operation, the Army, and Bradley, who even after Congress tails of which could be settled later. the Navy, and, to a large extent, the Air made it clear that it considered the su 3. If consideration to the above is in the Forces, each have their own systems and affirmative, it ls then suggested that the ap organizations for supply. This situation has preme Chief of Staff theory to be in pendix be referred to the Joint Strategic Sur caused a great .amount of duplication and compatible with the American form of vey Committee, and that that committee be has resulted in the uneconomical and ineffi government in 1949, still publicly con directed to study and ·submit recommenda cient use ·of funds, personnel', transporta tinued their activities to establish the tions in the premises as soon as practicable. tion, and production, storage and opera Prussian type of staff. tional facilities. On numerous occasions, Then, of course, there is General APPENDIX the services have competed wit h each other Gruenther, who as Director of the Joint in the award of supply contracts, for allo A dINGLE DEPARTMENT OF WAR cation of raw materials, and for the use of Staff in 1949 testified that he believed 1. The ultimate solutions of many of our production facilities. we would have a single supreme Chief demobilization problems concerned with the 6. Many items of supply and equipment, of Staff within 5 years, the views of Con disposition of our wartime personnel, ma which could well be standardized for all gress notwithstanding. terial and facilities hinge to some extent services, are now being procured under dif I do not know Admiral Sherman's pres upon the size, nature, and organization of ferent specifications. Moreover, a sizable ent position on the matter. He was the permanent military establishment that reduction in the number of items of mate against it in 1946, but since the turmoil will prevail after the negotiation of peace. rial and equipment to be procured c,auld be last year he was elevated and supported While the final decision will be xµade by effected by the adoption of weapons and Congress, it is important from the standpoint other munitions so designed as to render by power-seeking military men. Perhaps of providing accurate direction to demobili them suitable for use by all services. that explains why we have heard no late zation planning that the War Department 7. While wartime haste has magnified the expression from him on the matter. attitude, and in addition that of the Joint waste caused by separate and competing sys We cannot overlook General Eisen Chiefs of Staff and the President, be resolved tems of supply, the economy that would re hower. He urged the adoption of the in the near future. sult from centralized control of the supply idea with every ounce of his persuasive 2. Certain initial steps have been taken to of all services in peacetime would be appre p3rsonality. Even after Congress denied determine the attitude of the War Depart ciable and would enable the Nation to suu ment as to the size and internal organiza port adequate military forces witl;l less ex the soundness of his proposals, in his tion of the future military establishment, penditure of the taxpayers' money. final report as Chief of Staff he insisted but no comparable action has been taken 8. It is therefore evident that economy as on considering our present law as an in 1n regard to the working relationship of the well as national security demands that the terim measure, saying that eventually we Army with the other Armed Forces. Since several armed services be mutually coordi would come to adopt an American Su the mechanism adopted to insure proper co' nated under unified command and that each preme Staff. Yes, General Eisenhower ordination among the Armed Forces will service be assigned its proper role and mis believes we will have an Ober Kommando, directly affect the size, organization, and sion as a player on a well-balanced war team. a great robot military brain, which fits mission of the Army, it seems clear that Our enormous public debt will demand the studies made at this time include an analy most rigid economy in the organization of naturally only in countries where plan sis of the benefits which could be gained the national Armt?d Forces after the war. ning, power, and authority are centrally through the creation of a single department This will require the ruthless elimination of consolidated along socialistic and Fascist of national defense, hereinafter referred to all overlapping functions. The creation of a lines and mistakes are covered up and as the Department of war. single Department of War seems to be the turned. into halos through a controlled 3. The lack of real unity of command has best organizational mechanism to attain that press. handicapped.the successful conduct of this objective. The remarks of the gentlemen I have war. As a means of providing some degree 9. The amalgamation of the Army and of command unity, a number of coordinating Navy into one Department of War will re mentioned are a matter of public record, committees have been established to weld quire a deliberate and scientific study of the but there is a side to that record which together the divergent views, and to coordi roles and missions which each force should is given the highly classified treatment by nate the action, of the Army and Navy. be assigned. A Joint Committee on Missions the generals. Their reason, of course, is · However, a system of coordinating commit of the Army and Navy, organized under the that its exposure would delay the imme tees, although probably the best method Joint Strategic Survey Committee pursuant diate results they expect to achieve. possible with separate Departments, cannot to a directive from the Joint Chiefs of Staff I hold here another paper purporting be considered as a satisfactqry solution; is presently at work on the missions and roles necessarily results in delays and compro of the Army and Navy as now organized, with to be classified for security reasons. It mises and is a cumbersome and inefficient a view to eliminating unnecessary duplica is classified for internal, politicaLreasons method of directing the efforts of the Armed tions and in order to more effectively apply and not because its revelation gives mili Forces. Any system which depends upon available means for the prosecution of the tary information to the enemy. It is committee action for high-level military de war. While such a study will be most help General Marshall's proposal for a su cisions in time of stress, is unsatisfactory, as ful, it will -not obviate detailed study specifi preme staff for the United States. Pre it lacks the quality of prompt and decisive cally aimed at the organization of a Depart pared in 1943, despite the necessity at action that springs only from true unity of ment of War, if provision is to be made in one command. Department for separate ground, air, and that time of using available time to con 4. This war is, and future wars undoubt navy forces and centralzed control of supply. centrate thinking on the defeat of our edly will be, largely a series of combined Moreover, the determination of the War enemies, it is entitled "A Single Depart operations in each of which ground, air, Department's attitude toward a proposal for ment of War in the Postwar Period, 1943. and sea forces must be employed together a single Department of War can well be made Memorandum by the Chief of Staff, and coordinated under one directing head. in advance of the study and assignment of United States Army," and is as follows: The necessity for such coordination exists not the roles and missions of the several com only at the level of the supreme command ponents. A SINGLE DEPARTMENT OF WAR IN THE of the three forces, but persists down through 10. The Department of War should be or POSTWAR PERIOD, 1943 the echelons of command to the smaller ganized broadly as follows: (Memorandum by the Chief of Staff, U. S. task force commander having under his (a) The Department should _be headed by Army) jurisdiction elements of more than one of a Secertary of War with four Under Secre 1. In their meeting of September 28, 1943, the three basic forces. Because the full im taries, and organized into three major the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved certain port of combined operations in a global war groups: The Ground Forces, t.he Air Forces, assumptions for postwar and demobilization was not recognized, this war found the the Naval Forces, together with a general planning in accordance with recommenda United States relatively unprepared to pro Supply Department. The latter would pro tions submitted by the Joint Strategic Sur vide command and staff officer personnel who vide centralized control of procurement, sup vey Committee. The War Department Staff are trained and accustomed to supervise the ply, and service function for the three com Division charged with postwar planning has operations of combined forces. A perma bat forces, although certain special classes submitted the appendix suggesting a single nent single department, with combined of equipment, such as naval vessels for the Department of War in the postwar period. staffs in habitual operations not only at Naval Forces and airplanes for the Air Forces, The basic idea meets with my general the top_ level, but also in overseas garri should continue to be procured by the using agreement. sons and on all other occasions where co agency. 2. Planning for postwar period would be ordination of the basic forces is necessary, (b) There should be a Chief of Staff to the greatly facilitated by a decision at this time would provide the remedy. President, to serve the President in exercising as to whether or not thei'e will be a single 5. If the Armed Forces were operated un his functions as constitutional Commander department. It is, therefore, proposed that der one head, there could be centralized nu in Chief of the Armed Forces. He would the Joint Chiefs of Staff consider whether merous functions for which separate organi take precedence over all military and naval or not they are willing to approve for plan zations are now maintained, thus eliminat officers. On matters relating to strategy, ning purposes the idea of a single Depart- ing duplication and overlapping. Under tactics, and operations, the preparation a~d 3232 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 presentation of the joint military budget, some of His omniscience in a human being, Hopkins, General Marshall; and Admiral and on such other matters as he may con and I don't think that happens. King, and he advanced the further reason sider pertinent to his constitutional func for the need, as he saw it, for unification, tion as Commander in Chief, the President I am still quoting Mr. James Forrestal: which we all know was true of the Army should communicate his instructions to the It was expressed in the Collins plan which, after the last war as it ls after all wars. Department of War through the Chief of as you know, did have a single civilian secre He said that the Army faced the fact that Staff to the President. In all other matters, tary, with a Chief of Staff, and in my opinion the country wanted to disarm; the further the President's orders should be transmitted would result in the isolation of the civilian fact that the Secretary of War didn't take through the Secretary of War. charged with the responsibility for the run a very aggressive interest in the affairs of 11. Each of the Armed Forces, ground, air, ning of the organization:, which I also think the Army, and he stopped General Pershing's and naval, would retain a small general staff. was the Army's intent-in fact, Marshall attempt to create a general staff, and in 12. There should be a compact United quite frankly · said so. fact forbade Pershing to see the President States General Staff (joint) which would be of the United States without his permis headed by the Chief of Staff to the President. The statement of Mr. Forrestal fol sion, the permission which I believe he said The United States General Staff would be lows: he didn't give. General staff experience composed of the Chiefs of Staff of the three EXTRACTS FROM ENCLOSURE (B) TO CONFIDEN• that the Army had gathered out of the Armed Forces and the Chief of Staff for Sup TIAL LETTER CNO TO DISTRIBUTION LIST, SE· First World War was practically to all in ply. In working out the organizational de RIAL 02P02A, DATED FEBRUARY 19, 1947- tents and purposes lost. They didn't get a tails of ,the United States General Staff, ad SUBJECT: CONFERENCE OF CONTINENTAL general staff until much later, and they vantage should be taken of the experience NAVAL DISTRICT COMMANDER$, NAVY DEPART• weren't able, of course, to get much money of the present United States Chiefs of Staff MENT, JANUARY 31, 1947-(NO'IE.-ENCLO• to do anything with; and he said-he was in the present war. SURE B CONTAINS MINUTES COVERING AFT• very frank· about it-that the Navy was a 13. It is recommended that- ERNOON SESSION OF SUBJECT CONFERENCE) popular service because it gave people to (a) The War Department take a positive believe that it could keep war away from Mr. FoRRESTAL. The principal purpose of this country, and it always had more visible stand in favor of a single Department of this afternoon's meeting was to talk a little War, organized broadly outlined in para appeal than the Army had. There wasn't about a subject which we are all going to much sex appeal to promenading over an graph 10 above. get very bored with before it is finally fin · (b) At an opportune time when considera Army post and watching soldiers spade up ished, and that's the proposal for the unifi· the garden. Well, we offered the obvious tion of the proposal will not have an adverse · cation of the armed services. Admiral Sher effect on the prosecution of the war, the objections to that thinking. We recognized man will give that in detail, and will invite, his reasons, but we expressed misgiving, War Department should propose to the Pres I am sure, any questions which you may ident through the Joint Chiefs of Staff the which I still have, about the ability of any have as to the wording of the bill, its intent, man, .whether a military man or a civilian, appointment of a commission to make a scope, and some of the history of the draft comprehensive survey of the existing Army to administer an organization of such dis ing of it. I am going to talk just very briefly persed functions as naval forces and army and Navy Establishments, and to make de about my own views on this proposed meas tailed recommendations for their more ef forces. We objected, and I still do object, ure, which I think will receive the support to the concept of tne straight line of com ficient and economical operation and their of Congress. You know-I don't need to integration into a single department. The mand as being applicable to the Navy, be· trace for you-the history of the negotia cause it seemed to me-who began as a com Commission should be headed by an out tions that led to this result. They began standing civilian as Chairman who is ac plete amateur-that the Navy had to have really in 1942 when the Army drew up its both a vertical and horizontal organization. ceptable to the armed services. The body ideas of how the military forces of this of the Commission might be composed of You have to have military command, but country would be best organized and ad there had to be lateral dispersion of func one or more additional civilians of similar ministered. Those ideas, I think-I may be qualifications, and three representatives tions, because that's the nature of the Navy. unjust about this remark-but I think they You come into the shipyard, and the minute each from the Army and Navy, each agency ran fundamentally a.gainst the ideas of the supplying a representative for ground or you are in port, you are in touch with a naval forces, for air, and :(or supply. Navy, and I also believe that they ran against multitude of lateral functions, whether it's the spirit and genius of American institu engineering or gunnery or supplies, repairs · I have here another highly classified tions. They were based, and always have of various sorts, that immediately spread paper, the existence of which has never been, upon the concept of a single control out into a broad area. We also said, and I been hinted at. It is the minutes of a of all military effort, that control nominally have always felt, that this fundamental dif· vested in a civilian, but in actual practice ference between the two services rested upon discussion which grew out of the pro and result really in the hands of one mili posals by General Marshall that I have the difference in the organization which tary chief of· staff, and I do not believe that arises out of the nature of their business. just cited. These are the minutes of a it was simply because we were members of The Navy has to be an organization which Navy discussion. The speaker is Mr. the naval organization that we found that consists of either one ship or a ·thousand James Forrestal. He is describing a distasteful. I think it was based on a ships. It's a great amoeba that can be dis meeting between himself, General Mar- deeper and wider foundation of misgiving, persed into many parts or come together and . shall, Harry Hopkins, and Admiral King, first, that it was alien to the basic idea of form a large worm. The Army can move our Government, and second, that it was only by divisions, and their application of to discuss General Marshall's proposals. humanly unsound because it rested upon His audience was the District Comman force is in terms of momentum and mass and the assumption that God had invested some not the individual effort that it seems to me dants Conference of January 31, 1947. I of his omniscience in a human being, and I we are built on. am now going to make these minutes don't think that happens. I think the That's the background of what has always public for the first time. Their serial Navy's distrust of that scheme also obvious seemed to me to be two violently opposed number is 02P02A. Mr. Forrestal stat ly :flowed from its experience, what it had sets of thinking about the military organi ed at this conference .. in regard to the seen in the way of experience in the war, za.tion. It was expressed in the Collins origin and nature of the plan, whose in and what it knew had happened to the Ger plan which, as you know, did have a single man Navy, to some degree to the Japanese civilian Secretary, had a Chief of Staff, and tent was so frankly described in secret Navy, and to an almost disastrous extent to by Marshall: in my opinion would result in the isolation the British Navy. I think also-I may be of the civilian charged with the responsi They began really in 1942 when the Army putting thoughts in your minds that don't bility for the running of the organization, drew up its ideas of how the military forces exist-but I think it also stemmed from the which I also think was the Army's intent- of this country would be best organized and fact that the profession of the naval officer in fact, Marshall quite frankly said so. To administered. Those ideas, I think-I may forces him to think in global terms and not go back to that organization, there was a be unjust about this remark-but I think the more limited terms of land warfare. single Secretary with three Secretaries for they ran fundamentally against Purely as an outsider, I have been struck War, Air and Navy, and then five functional the spirit and genius of American institu by that difference in talking with the leaders Assistant Secretaries to do the procurement, tions. They were based, and always have of the Army as against talking with men the education, training, and so forth. It been, upon the concept of a single control like yourselves. I think the Army, by the was an organization that always seemed to of all military effort, that control nominally nature of its profession, has to think in me somewhat like the kind of corporation vested in a civilian, but in actual practice terms of land masses, and by virtue of the relationships that existed in the 1920's which and result, really in the hands of one mili naval profession, you have to think in terms we called corporate incest-everybody swal tary Chief of Staff * * • because we of global medium, because wherever ships were members of the Naval organization, we can make way, there is always the possi lowed part of everybody else, and compa found that distasteful. I think it was based bility of naval war occurring. Nevertheless, nies bought each other's shares, and the re on a deeper and wider foundation of mis the Army proposed that basic idea, and sulting monstrosity went along weeping giving, first, that it was alien to the basic General Marshan was very candid in express streams of stock at every joint. It was un idea of our Government, and second, that ing it to me when I had a meeting with him workable, in my opinion, and I think that it was humanly unsound because it rested with Admiral King in the spring of 1945. any such concept still is. It was ponderous; upon the assumption that God had invested We met at my house for lunch with Harry it involved crosscuts of authority; and as 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3233 far as the Navy was concerned it seemed to Senator TOBEY. Do you know who in the but necessary. The complexity of mod me it involved extinction. Army was the bell-wether of the flock or ern economic life requires that trained The Army didn't surrender that attitude father of the idea? and position, however, until they found that Admiral KING. General Marshall. men be not gagged through rank and they couldn't get what they wanted. Ad Senator TOBEY. And he has remained, up that they speak out from experience and miral Leahy made the first contribution in to the present time, a consistent advocate of training on subjects that both affect the knocking off the idea of the single Chief of this procedure? national economy and military prepared Stafl'. The President began to see somthing Admiral KING. Yes, it was General Mar ness. Accuracy and correctness of plan more of the Navy, and particularly see some ~hall. As I think Secretary Forrestal said, ning in this regard is necessary and vital. thing more of you men. We got him to go it was the General who said that we should The necessity for speed of decision as out with Admiral Mitscher last spring with accept the principle of the single head and required in the field of battle is not pres Admiral Nimitz; he went to Key West to then work out the details. the submarine base; and in general he began Senator ToBEY. He has picked out a nice ent. The concentration of power in the to absorb a good deal of knowledge about the job there. hands of a general-staff system on a na Navy. And I want to impress upon you, the Admiral KING. To me, it looks like trying tional level allowing one mind out of a fact that he did because he had, and still has, to work out the problem backward. hundred and fifty million to force his an open and unprejudiced mind. Had he I realize that most of our people believe decisions, as Hitler did, on the basis of been a truly stubborn man, we could not have rank is dangerous and needless from made that progression. About 2 or 3 months the words "general staff" designate a military system demonstrated by expe every point of view. Such a man with ago, we began having some conversations with experience based on one military service some of the people in the Army, the Air rience to be necessary. The designation has always been a failure when opposed Forces particularly. Admirals Sherman, Rad "General Staff" to most people is a des ford, Symington, and myself met at my house ignation of excellence. This is the result by a nation where the combined judg and exchanged the conventional and obvious of the effective use of the combat General ment of men experienced in several mili remarks as to the harm that it was doing to tary services and economic life prevailed. all the service and to the Nation. The first Staff in the field of battle. There a com bat commander uses it as the most effi A supreme general staff has always sign of some flexing of Judge Patterson's squandered the Nation's resources, trying rigidity resulted after a Cabinet meeting, cient military device by which he re after he finished reading a book you may ceives decisions from several specialized to prove that one man can be infallible. have read called Lost War, by a Japanese officers to produce a fairly high degree A supreme general staff gradually in man named Cato, and he said he was struck of correct combat decisions in a very creases its powers over the whole foreign in that book, and quite worried by what he short period of time. Speed of decision and domestic policy of a nation, over its read, struck by the bitter controversy that involving complicated specialties in the manpower and even the thoughts of the developed between the Japanese Army and people. It first centralizes control of all Navy, and he expressed misgivings that a face of attack and counter-attack, are essential to successful field operations. military services, then it provides for similar condition was arising here. Well, I control of the Nation's manpower, in remarked that I ha,d been trying to say that Some people assume that a general staff to him for 2 years, and I was very happy that with a supreme ranking mind to whom cluding the draft of labor. It then he had come to that conclusion. But he all others must be subservient would also makes a concerted effort and eventually did shift to the position that we .had always be beneficial at the national level. This gains control of the industrial war-mak taken, that whatever of this nature is done is done even though in two wars we have ing potential. It controls and infiuences can only be done and can only be successful the press and carries on internal propa if the people who are the components of the demonstrated it not to be true, and other countries, such as France, Germany, ganda to men in the services, selling the new organization want it done and truly idea of military socialism. believe that it can work. After that, Admiral Italy, and Japan, which had the Supreme Sherman and General Norstad, Symington, Staff concept, went down to defeat. These factors are all found in the and myself met and finally wound up with On the level of national policy and Prussian general staff's plan so conven an agreement, a statement of general prin planning, the time element is secondary. iently supplied our military elite by Hit ciple, which you saw in the newspapers, re The Supreme General Staff is undesirable ler's Guderian. It is significant that it leased 2 weeks ago today. The essence of can be demonstrated that these factors that statement, I believe, is that we retain and dangerous for many reasons. It is clumsy. It develops a gigantic bureauc are present in the United states today. the autonomy of the naval service. We re Now that it is in existence it constitutes tain naval air in that service. We keep racy. Red tape destroys efficiency and those components of ground aviation which economy, which its adoption purports to a continuing menace to the future exist we need for the specific job of reconnaissance stimulate. It is a one-man philosophy ence of our form of government and the at sea, and more particularly, for the develop organization. It seeks to develop a one Constitution. ment of the tactics and techniques of anti man party line. Dissenters are ruthless It is for these reasons that the Nation submarine warfare. ly eliminated. It is dictatorship. It is al Security Act amendments of 1949 to Mr. Speaker, I was one of those who fascism. It is the garrison state. section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947, provided the following amend came to the support of General Marshall It develops a small clique who feel ment: when he was being subjected to :...>ersonal they are the only people with the intelli gence to run the country. It is designed SEC. 2. In enacting this legislation, it is attack last year at the time his appoint the intent of Congress to provide a com ment as Secretary of Defense was pro for use where citizens by tradition accept prehensive program for the future security posed. I supported him because of his the Prussian aristocratic concept and of the United States; • • • but not to military service to our country. I did class distinction. It is unsound mili establish a single Chief of Staff over the not however believe then-nor do I now tarily at the national level due to the fact Armed Forces or an Armed Forces -General that staff officers spend their career in Statl'. believe-that our past policy of civilian staff jobs and receive little practical field control of our Military Establishment Congress' judgment to outlaw a single experience. Such officers cannot develop military boss or superchief of staff was should be discontinued. I now want to practical planning from a strategic emphasize the position of authority held supported by many honorable and well standpoint. Centralized planning lacl{S informed people, such as George Field by this man who I have since discovered mobility and is burdened with red tape, expressed the intention to sever civilian ing Eliot in his work How To Lose a War. so that field commanders find it impos He said in part: from the military control. sible to carry out. From the nonmili Here is a passage from the hearings tary ·standpoint, a supreme general staff There are two military ideas which this Nation should avoid as it would avoid the on the Collins plan. It is from hearings provides military socialism which de plague: before the Committee on Naval Affairs, stroys the nation's resources and free (1) The single military boss, or super United States Senate, Seventy-ninth enterprise through bureaucracy and dic chief of stafi'. Congress, second session. The bill under tatorial policies. A general staff never (2) The single military concept. consideration was S. 2044: has enough power to exercise its planned Congress came perilously close to enacting strategy. The generals become so fanat the superchief of staff idea into law during Senator TOBEY. You may have said this or ical in search of their objective that civil the recent discussion of the Tydings amend you may not have before I came in; but would ments to the National Security Act, and you care to say that it is your belief that this ian control is always destroyed. pressure for this plan still continues with bill to unify the services originated with the At the national level civilian control undiminished zeal. Without any exception Army? advised by military men from the vari whatever, during the three or four centuries Admiral KING. That is my understanding. ous military · servi~es is not only desirable of modern military history, nations with XCVII-204 3234 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 completely separate armies and navies and The civilian Secretaries, under an As Bendetsen; Under Secretary Dan A. Kim in consequence ·with two sets of coequal sistant Secretary in the Defense Depart ball; Assistant Secretary Eugene Zuckert: military advisers for their governments, have ment are only high price office boys car Mr. Frank Elmendorf. . invariably been successful in war against na 5. The mission of the committee ls to tions with one-man military leadership. rying out the orders and dictates of the make the best use of available resources by General Staff. Under Five-Star General removing road blocks standing in the way of The Deseret News of Salt Lake City, Marshall there is a military Chairman concerted and effective action. Utah, of Friday, August 11, 1950, wrote a of the J~int Staff of the three services. 6. Under the new program the review very able editorial condemning our op He is Five Star General Bradley who group chairman concept is superseded by an erations in Korea. The editorial s~id, in is superior in rank and is called the informal arrangement of assigning particu part: lar responsibilities to committee members quarterback of the team by the Pentagon as the workload requires. Further, under KOREAN 6 WEEKS SHOWS THAT WARS ARE press section.· This military officer holds the revised program, the management coi:zi WON BY BALANCED FORCES, NOT BY PRUSSIAN no vote but he is the senior presiding mittee will work in 3 rather than 11 maJor STAFFS officer ~nd controls the staff by virtue areas of work. These are: Organization, ma Let it be clearly understood that we do not of his rank. Five Star General Bradley terial support, and manpower controls. advocate that t:t.e Navy be made the domi reports to no civilian. He reports to Five 7. I desire to make it clear that with a nant voice in our Armed Forces council. We Star General Marshall. Then, we have firm directive from the Secretary of De do loudly cry out the imperative necessity fense the management committee has a for having no one service dominant in our Four Star Gen. Joseph J. McNarney. He continuing need for the assistance of high councils. Single service or two-service dom is not only senior to the Chiefs of Staff of caliber personnel from the Departments. ination can lead only to one end.! the estab the three services, but is also officially the a. The deputy to the Under Secretary of lishment of a Prussian-type supreme gen assigned boss of the civilian Under Secre the Navy on management committee mat eral staff, the discredited concept of the mili taries and Assistant Secretaries. I hold ters, Captain John N. Opie, III, is charged tary-minded Germany which followed this here an order signed by the Secretary of with providing the essential internal Navy plan to defeat in two World Wars. * * * Defense pertaining to the Management De'partment li:l.ison on task force assign Certainly it would be unsound to discard a Committee which runs the business af ments. system proved successful for one which was DAN A. KIMBALL, empi.oyed by our defeated enemies. fairs of the Department of Defense. This Under Secretary of the Navy. committee hol:ls life and death over the Autheu ticated: Mr. Charles E. Wilson, said in hear vital business operations of the three J. N. OPIE, III, Captain, USN. ings .before the Committee on Naval services. It is the committee that cut Affairs, United States Senate, in 1946: naval air, Army tactical air, and the THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, Be cautious lest you innocently plant the Marine Forces a year ago. This order as Washington, August 2, 1950. seeds of a mmtary dictatorship, through signs General McNarney as Chairman tremendous consolidation of authority, of the committee. Under him are Karl DIRECTIVE DEFENSE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE Military dictators have made lots of history, Bendetsen, Assistant Secretary for the 1. Pursuant to the authority vested in me and in the end have invariably brought . by the National Security Act, 1947, as themselves and their countries down in Army, Dan G. Kimbe.ll, Under Secretary. amended, I have established a management ruins. for the Navy, Eugene Zuckert, Assistant committee. The mission of the committee Secretary for the Air Force, and for some is to bring about the best use of available General Edson, who holds the Con reason, Mr. Frank Elmendorf, for Robert resources from both the immediate from a gressional Medal of Honor for his serv Heller Associates. long-range point of view, through improved ices to our country, said: The order is as follows: management of the business affairs of the Department of Defense. Yes, sir: this bill has all the potentialities NAVY DEPARTM ENT, 2. Subject to my authority and direction, of permitting the military eventually-in Washington, D. C., August 24, 1950. the management committee consists of one the next war, in my opinion, and possibly From: The Under Secretary of the Navy. representative of the Secretary of Defense before, during the preparation of war-to To: All Bureaus, Boards, and Offices, Navy who is chairman thereof, and one repre assume a dominant position over all ele Department; Commandant, United sentative from each military department of ments of the National Government. States Marine Corps. the rank of Assistant Secretary or higher. Subject: Defense Management Committee. 3. Consistent with statutory authority, the The Hoover Commission said: Reference: (a) Secretary of Defense direc The Committee does not believe that a management committee is directed· to-- tive, subject, Reduction of Expenditures in A. Review current management controls Chief of Staff-a Commander over all the the Department of Defense, dated August 10, throughout Department of Defense with em armed services-is needed. The Secretary of 1949; (b) Under Secretary of the Navy, let Defense and constitutionally, the President, phasis on control of expenditures, costs, ter, SOM:NGS:s of September 27, 1949, sub manpower, material, and facilities. occupy this role. This tremendous authority ject, National Defense Management Commit should not be transferred from civilian to B. Review existing organizations through tee; (c) Under Secretary of Navy letter, serial out t he Department of Defense including military hands, with consequent danger to 933P40, of June 13, 1950, subject, Defense our democratic institutions. plans for improving management by realine Management Committee; · (d) Secretary cf ment of organizations and refinement ot in r ~fense directive of August 2, 1950, subject, terdepartmental working relationships. Mr. Ferdinand Everstadt said: Defense Management Committee. As I understand it, concentration of mili C. Formulate, in conjunction with depart Enclosure: (1) Copy of reference (d). ments and agencies, the policies, plans, and tary power in the hands of a Chief of Staff 1. In view of the disestablishment of the is opposed because of the questionable po procedures, required for expediting and co Organization Advisory Council and the pro ordinating current programs designed to im litical and social ph ilosophies arid practices mulgation of reference ( d), references (b) which seem to be the constant companion of prove management controls and organiza and (c) are hereby canceled and superseded tion. this phenomenon but also because experi by this letter. ence indicates that concentration of mili D. Initiate new programs which will con 2. Reference (d) is attached as enclosure tribute to better managemen t, and lead to tary power in the hands of one military ( 1) for information an~ guidance. . officer impairs rather than strengthens a the best use of dollars, personnel, materiel, 3. I should like to pomt out that the aim, and facilities. nation's military power. objectives, and intentions of reference (a) are entirely in accord with the views of the E. Assist departments and agencies to In an effort to conserve the time of this Secretary of the Navy and as such receive his reach conclusions and to take prompt and House, I will not quote the opinions of unqualified endorsement and support. Ac decisive action to improve management con other important and well-informed peo cordingly, you are advised that, as a matter trols and organization. ple, including many distinguished lead of policy, addressees will cooperate to the F. Undertake special assignments as re ers of this House and the other body fullest extent with the management com quired by the Secretary of Defense. but they are legion. How far have we mittee, the advisory group and such other 4. The members of the management com traveled down this rosette path outline subordinate groups as may subsequently be mittee are required, as individuals, to: established. Any and all information ger A. Expedite, within departments and by Herr Hitler's General Guderian? Let mane to the subject under consideration will agencies, the work of representatives of the us consider: be made available fully, freely, and with· committee. For the first time in United States his out reservation upon request. B. Safeguard the privilege of departments tory, General Marshall, a five-star career 4. The constitution of the management and agencies to request presentation of their Army officer-leads the military branch committee is as follows: views t o the committee on matters of sub of our Government. In essence this au Organization: Office of Secretary of De stantial import before final decisions are tomatically produces a singie Chief of fense, Department of the Army, Department reached. of the Navy, Department of the Air Force, c. Provide follow-through within depart Staff no matter how you look at it. Just Robert Heller Associates. ments and defense agencies; provided that because he wears civilian clothes does Member: (Chairman) Gen. Joseph J. Mc in the event of nonconcurrence with com not make him a civilian. Narney, USAF; Assistant Secretary Karl mittee action by the Secretary of a Depart- 1°951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3235 men t or the head of an agency the Secretary The order is as follows: steady growth by carefully conceived and of Defense be so informed within five work THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, planned program of what is in fact mili ing ·days. Washington, May 5, 1950. tary socialism, the object being in the 5. For the purpose of advising and assist Hon. DEAN ACHESON, near future to control our: First, econ ing the Department of Defense in carrying Secretary of State, out the program of the management com omy, industries, and resources; second, Washington, D. C. internal and external news distribution, mittee, the firm of Robert Heller & Associates, DEAR MR. SECRETARY: Recently I have been Inc., h as been retained. This firm provides giving consideration to the question of pro providing propaganda and education; key personnel for a management advisory tocol within the Department of Defense. third, our foreign policy; fourth, our group which is under the direction of the This consideration results from my concern manpower. chairm an. Members of the management ad for the standing and prestige of the Chair In the time available to me, I will visory group also comprise personnel from man and the other members of the Joint undertake to present documents and his the Office of the Assistant Secretary of De Chiefs of Staff. They occupy, in my opinion, fense (Comptroller), who are the nucleus of torical data, which I believe develops this positions of very great importance in our na pattern and demonstrates their future a permanent management engineering group, tional governmental structure and I believe and other full-time personnel detailed to it intentions. that this fact should be supported by appro ECONOMY by departments and agencies. priate protocol in their social and other pub 6. The management advisory group is held lic appearances. There is an astonishing amount of responsible for providing the technical skills It seems to have been generally accepted proof in the public record of the intent necessary for assisting the management com in the past that the Chief of Staff of the on the part of our Prussian General Staff mittee and departments and agencies in de Army and the Chief of Naval Operations fining projects, gathering facts, analyzing ranked in protocol after the Secretaries and to take over complete control of war findings, and reaching decisions, and for Assistant Secretaries of the War and Navy time national economy. For instance, a managing and expediting the day-to-day Departments, which was satisfactory when Bureau of the Budget publication ap work on projects of the committee. It is also there were few concerned. However, now proved by President Harry S. Truman, responsible for the coordination of all proj that there are also a Department of Defense entitled "The United States at War," is ects under jurisdiction of the management and a Department of the Air Force, with a filled with such matters. Commencing committee. number of secretarial positions added on page 129, the publication reports as 7. In the performance of its mission, the throughout the Department, and since the management committee is authorized, as dic stature of the Chiefs of the several mili follows: tated by workload or need for action, when tary services has been materially increased As shown by the industrial mobilization approved, to direct departments and agencies by their additional responsibilities as Joint plan; it was the doctrine of the Army that independently to undertake management im Chiefs of Staff, the automatic following of the military should take direct control of all provement projects, as well as to form tem the earlier arrangement has led to a mani elements of the economy needed for war, porary working groups, consisting of pers.ons festly undesirable situation. In recent years once war was declared. Under total war, this from departments and agencies or from out our senior military people have automatical would include total control of the Nation, side the Department of Defense; and to dele ly been ranked in protocol after each such its manpower, its facilities, its economy. gate to these groups the duties, authority, new secretarial incumbent and these posi Starting with this simple and logical con and responsibility it deems appropriate to tions have so increased in number that in cept, and being absolutely certain from 1939 obtain prompt and satisfactory results . . The the Department of Defense alone there are on that war was coming, it was natural that committee shall, however, keep at a mini 17 Secretaries, including the Deputy Secre the generals and colonels and majors, even mum its demands on departments and agen tary and the Under Secretary and Assistant those drawn from civilian life, were dissatis cies for manpower and administrative sup-· Secretaries. I understand that there are in fied with the President's slow approach to port. the Department of State about 12 similar war mobilization and with his reliance upon 8. On matters of major policy, the.manage titles. In fact, it appears possible that, at civilian personnel in all of the posts which ment committee will secure approval of the a social or similar function involving full were concerned with labor, industry, public Secretary of Defense before acting. attendance of all of the cabinet departments, opinion, and the economy. In spite of these 9. This directive supersedes my directive the Joint Chiefs of Staff would be preceded decisions by the President, the Army never of May 12, 1950, "Defense Management Com by at least 60 secretarial titles alone. gave up the effort to _increase its control in these areas. • • • General . Somervell mittee." In light of the foregoing and in order that Lours JOHNSON. the prestige of our top-ranking military men found time to prepare an elaborate plan for may be sustained in their social and public the organization of WPB which would have Our Prussian General Staff officers appearances in relation to others who are ac placed complete control of WPB and of the have not been satisfied with control of tually far less experienced with far less economy under · the Joint Chiefs of organization. They insist upon domi responsibility, I have determined that here Staff. • nant positions in official state functions. after the Department of Defense the pro The military concluded approach that the tocol status of the Chairman of the Joint economy must be controlled by the mili They recently arrogantly subordinated Chiefs and of the Chief of Staff of the Army, tary, because strategy eould not be confided the civilian Assistant Secretaries of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Chief of to civilians, and many a priority argument three services in ari official order signed Staff of the Air Force shall be immediately was closed by junior officers with hints of by the Secretary of Defense. I hold here after that of the Secretaries of the Army, strategy considerations which would not be a copy of that order. It is written to the Navy, and Air Forces. disclosed. • • * Secretary of State from the Secretary of In the interests of uniformity and for the In the fall of 1942 and winter of 1942-43, Defense, and reads, in part, as follows: reasons set forth above in support of my four solutions were advocated for dealing own determination, and also because I un with this new and extremely difficult prob It seems to have been generally accepted derstand that the protocol status of top lem of · expanding war production in a tight in the past that the Chief of Staff of the level military men in some other nations is economy. · Army and the Chief of Naval Operations higher than that which, has in recent years, ranked in protocol after the Secretaries and The first proposal, put forward even be developed here, I suggest that you may find fore the summer, and readvanced from time Assistant Secretaries of the War and Navy it practicable to give consideraiion to action Departments. • • • However, now that to time later, whenever difficulties developed, corresponding to mine with respect to the was the elimination of civilian responsibility there are ~lso a Department of Defense and protocol status of the Chairman and other for managing the economy and the trans a Department of the Air Force, with a num members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on ber of secretarial positions added through fer of that power to the military. occasions that are not within the control Whenever a partiCular drive for military out the Department, and since the stature of the Department of Defense. of the Chiefs of the several military services Sincerely yours, demands of the economy failed as the re sult of Presidential decision, or because of has been materially increased by their addi LOUIS JOHNSON. tional responsibilities as Joint Chief of Staff, specific action by the Chairman of the War (Copies to the Secretary of the Army, the Production Board in asserting his powers, the automatic following of the earlier ar Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the rangements has led to a manifestly unde.; the military leaders took another approach Air Force, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the to secure the same results; they never aban sirable situation. • • • Chairman, Personnel Policy Board.) In light of the foregoing and in order that doned the sincere conviction that they could the prestige of our top-ranking military Mr. Speaker, this order on protocol for run things better and more expeditiously men may be sustained in their social and social functions now in effect reflects ex than could the civilians. public appearances. • • • I suggest that isting administrative conditioris as well On this same subject, Mr. Donald Nel you may find it practicable to give consid eration to action corresponding to mine with as social. The Joint Chiefs of Staff rank son, who was head of the War Produc respect to the protocol status of the Chair ahead of Secretaries and Assistant Secre tion Board, has reported the necessity man and other members of the Joint Chiefs taries. There seems to be little room for a continued fight against the ambi of Staff on occasions that are not within for doubt that our Prussian General tions of our Military Establishment to the control of the Department of Defense. Staff in the Pentagon is planning a take over the Nation's economy. He says 3236 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 he had to defend himself against attacks The Army's deliberate attempt to create a partment of Commerce or such successor which are usually only appropriate to contrary impression was one of the most agency or agencies as may exercise the i;ame the rumor and scandal mongers. In his dangerous bits of double talk I ever heard or equivalent powers, authority of functions; of. I doubt whether we have even yet expe 2. The term "Administrator" means the book, Arsenal for Democracy, Donald rienced its full effect. If we have postwar Administrator of Civil Aeronautics, or his Nelson says, in part: difficulties, between servicemen on the one successor; All this may seem rather far afield, but hand and war workers and employers on the 3. The term "Civil Aeronautics Service" 1t tied in directly with the whole question other, a good part of it can be traced to that means that portion of the functional organi of who should exercise control over the . double talk. · zation of the Civil Aeronautics Administra economy in time of war. The military meJ?. tion transferred to the Department of De will exercise that control if they possibly Mr. Nelson expresses with great clarity fense and militarized pursuant to the provi can, and it is a job which falls outside of his opinion of what was behind this at sions of this act, and such other military or their competence. I have no hesitation in tempt to wrest control of a civilian econo ganizations as may be transferred thereto; saying that from 1942 onward the Army my from the civilians who know how 4. The term "Civil Aeronautics Corps," people, in order to gain control of our na to run it. hereinafter referred to as the "Corps," is a tional economy, did their best to make an er It was really pitiable, the things said and personnel component composed of persons rand boy of WPB. done by a few of the men at the top-things appointed in the Corps and having a legal When the General Staff clique found said and done in either an inexcusable lust status by virtue of membership in the Corps their wa_y blocked, Nelson says: for power or in outright ignorance of how as provided in title III of this act. industrial production is accomplished and POLICY SECTION What I do object, to, however, is the form what it is necessary for an economy to SEC. 102. It is the intent of Congress in their opposition continued to take, once produce. the decision was made. The Army had at e:cacting this legislation, to provide in the its disposal, and freely used, many unfair The present status of the attempt interest of national security for the planned methods of needling anyone who stood in integration of the Civil Aeronautics Admin to insert the military monkey wrench istration in the Department of Defense 1n its way. in the civilian economic machine is time of national emergency in order to insure Nelson documents his case that these mostly hidden in the Pentagon and be maximum effective utilization of the tech people were trying to create conditions hind the ever ready "Top Secret" rub nical and operational skills and capabilities under which they could control the press ber stamp. Some indication can be of employees of the Civil Aeronautics Ad founci in the present circumvention of ministration. Consistent with the effective by control ·of newsprint paper: utilization within the Department of Defense, A government that uses its control of news the unification law which assigns to the it is the declared policy of Congress that the print to forbid the printing of comic strips National Security Resources Board the organization of the Civil Aeronautics Ad· is in the publishing business. If it can stop duty of controlling the stockpiling of ministration shall be maintained as an in the printing of comic strips it can-and in strategic war materials. This agency is tegral unit in order to insure the immediate evitably will-forbid the publication of car outside of and above the military. So effectiveness of such integration and to per toons and other material, perhaps, ultimate as can be expected, it is not in their mit orderly resumption of its normal peace ly, of certain classes of editorial matter which~ hands. The Munitions Board, subject time functions and activities upon termina in its opinion, represent a waste of news to the strategic direction of the military, tion of the national emergency. print. That is precisely the situation Which TITLE Il the Army people tried to create; it is, indeed, does the stockpiling for our industries the situation in which the Government would war reserve-in other words the mili TRANSFER OF THE ADMINISTRATION have found itself if the Army had made good tary. by an indirect means, through con SEC. 201. (a) In such time of national its attempt to control our wartime economy. trol of the strategic scarce materials, emergency declared by the President or the By no stretch of the imagination could this will have an enormous control of the Congress or at such other time as he may be called a minor issue. national economy. · deem it necessary, the President may by Ex I have in my possession a proposed ecutive order transfer the Administration, The attempt by means of its press or portions th~reof, together with the func handouts to pass the blame for General bill, which I am advised was drafted in tions, property, personnel, and unexpended Staff mistakes is clearly set forth by Mr~ the Pentagon. It, too, is under mili balances of appropriations, allocations, or Nelson: tary classification. It is classified at the other funds applicable thereto, from the De-. present time even though it propose~ partment of Commerce to the Department The ballyhoo campaign put on by the mili of Defense or other constituted Federal tary people did nothing to solve the problem, a law, which will require it to be made public at the opportune time. Failure to agency. The President is authorized to pre but it did divert attention from the Army's scribe the part of the Administration to be own miscalculations-and this may have disclose it now only withholds evidence militarized, to be known as the Civil Aero been one reason why the campaign was con of future intention. It, too, will be nautics Service, and the functions to be ducted with so much vigor. brought forth under the guise of urgent performed by such military organizations: To my mind, even worse than this was the emergency with the hope that a ma Provided, That civil functions so assigned military's attempt to persuade the American jority of this House and the public may shall not be reassigned to other military people that shortages of munitions at the be induced to support it. This bill would organizations. With respect to any parts of front were due to production shortages. A transfer the Civil Aeronauti.cs Adminis the Civil Aeronautics Administration organ very intensive campaign was conducted that tration from the Commerce Department ization not militarized or functions not as summer to create this impression. As the signed to the Civil Aeronautics Service, the fighting rolled away from the beachheads, to the Defense Department. It provides President is further authorized to prescribe and the lines of communication stretched that such a transfer could be done at any the assignment of such parts of the organi out, supply difficulties became so great that time the President desires. By this zation and functions within the Department in many cases shells and other munitions had means, not only is a civil function of the of Defense or other constituted Federal to be rationed to front-line outfits. The War Government to be transferred to the agency, and to specify the extent to which Department deliberately tried to make the military, but in so doing a large and im such organization and functions shall be un people believe that this condition was the portant segment of our economy is der the direction, authority, and cpntrol, and result of production failures at home, but a responsibility of the Secretary of Defense, the accusation was never once made directly. placed under the direction of a Five Star the Secretary of the military department The Army's technique was to go into great Secretary of Defense or a Five Star or other Federal agency to which such or detail about sho;:tages at the front-which, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. · ganization and functions may be assigned: of course, were most distressing to read The bill follows: Provided, That the power and duties with about-then in the same breath, to draw A bill to provide for the more effective utili respect to such functions exercised by the attention to the fact that war production zation of the Civil Aeronautics Adminis Administration shall continue to be exer programs at home were behind schedule. No tration in the interest of national security cised by such official. one would ever say actually that there was a and public welfare, and for other purposes (b) The Secretary of the ·Air Force as rep direct connection between the two facts, but the inference was there, and the attempt to Be it enacted, etc., That- resentative of the Secretary of Defense and have the people believe that the connection TrrLE I the Administrator of Civil Aeronautics as representative of the Secretary of Commerce existed, was certainly made. But the record SHORT TITLE shows that in not a single instance--after are directed to formulate recommendations SECTION 1. This act may be cited as the to the President concerning' the appr.opriate the critical early period of 1942--did an "Civil Aeronautics Corps Act." American fighting man at the front have to assignment of the Civil Aeronautics Admin go without munitions because of any failure DEFINITIONS istration and its functions within the De 1n production. Front-line shortages in the SEC. 101. For the purposes of this act: partment of Defense or elsewhere, and such summer of 1944 were a question of logistics, 1. The term "Administration" means the other plans as may be necessary to carry out and were not due to production shortages. Civil Ae!."onautics Administration of the De- the purposes of this act. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3237 TITLE III duty in such capacity and assigned for duty eral staff officers prepared the report for THE CIVIL AERONAUT.ICS CORPS in the Air Force of the United States unless the committee, which the committee ac otherwise directed by the Secretary of De SEC. 301. (a) There is hereby established fense. knowledged in the report. Hidden be wit hin the Civil Aeronautics Administration (b) While on active duty the status of tween long.:drawn.:.out paragraphs, the a Civil Aeronautics Corps. members of the corps for pay, promotion, re General Staff officers presented concepts (b) It shall be composed of persons ap tirement, duty assignment, and all other. of education and means of controlling pointed in the respective grades of the corps, purposes shall be as prescribed for members information that General Guderian rec which shall be the same as existing grades of the military or naval component in which ommended in his plan for the United in the Air Force of the United States, in commissioned; appointed, or enlisted, except such numbers and grades as may be mutually States. The report says tha.t it is up to as otherwis~ provided by law. det ermined by the Secretary of the Air Force the Armed Forces to teach its men and and the Administrator, to be necessary to MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS women about national political issues. man the Civil Aeronautics Service with an SEC. 306. Employees of the Civil Aerona..i Commencing on page 11, the report adequate number of qualified military per tics Administr.ation who are members of the stated, in part: - sonnel in time of national emergency. corps shall be entitled to indefinite leave of In peacetime, international relations and THE ADMINISTRATOR absence from their respective duties as ci national issues become clouded and ex vilian employees without .loss of seniority or tremely difficult to evaluate. It would seem SEC. 302. (a) The Administrator, while efficiency rating for any period during which holding office as such, shall be chief of the aJl the more important, thei;efore, to prov-Ide they are serving on. active duty with the Air our .servicemen not only with tlle guidance, corps, and,-after transfer of the Administra Force of the United States, and, when re tion to the Department of Defense, shall be which they, as citizens, deserve, but with an lieved from such duty under conditions understanding of their indi'Vidual mission Chief of the Civil Aeronautics .Service, and ,other than dishonorable, shall. be entitled to . shall be responsible for its administration in relationship to the national security and .be restored to· the same or equivalent position the preservation of peace. and trainiiig except as otherwise prescribed they would have been entitled to hold had in the act. · ' · · · their services not been so interrupted .. On page 13, the report favorably quotes (b) The Administrator, as chief of the corps, shall have such rank in the corps as RETRANSFER ·TO THE D~PARTMENT OF COMMERCE German General Ludendorff, as follows: the President shall determine. Such ap · SEc. 307. - u~on t·ermlnation of' the na-. : Our Army ii? strong because of its political pointment or appointment in a comparable tlonal emergen~y or at such other time as he com:ciousness and political activity. office grade in the Air Force of the U.nited may deem it necessary, the President may by .States without component, as hereafter pro ·Executive ord.er demilitarize the Civil Aero-. On page 16, .the Weil report proposes vided, shall not affect h·is appointment as nautics Service· or portions thereof, retransfer that our Prussian General Staff Will train Administrator: Provided, That upon termi the Administration or portions thereof, in draftees so that when released to civilian nation of his appointment as Admihistrator; .eluding the·Civil Aeronautics Service-cir por life they will believe as the General.Staff ·his appointment in the corps or in the Air tions ·thereof, its functions, property, per wants them to. In this regard, the re Force of · the United States without· com sonnel; and applicable· appropriations or bal• port says: ponent shall therewith terminate. While on a:qce thereef; to -the· Department of Com The attitudes of the ex-servicemen can be active duty as an officer of the Air Force merce, and pr.ovide for the.release from acti:v~ come a nucleus of enlightened opinion of the United States without component the duty of members ~f the corps and other mili around which favorable civilian attitudes Administrator shall receive the pay and tary personnel under such terms and condi toward our armed services may be expected allowances and be entitled to all other bene.: tions as tpe President shall deem appropriate to develop. • • • After they return to fits and privileges of his military rank in to permit resumption of the normal peace civilian life • they will serve to lieu of pay and allowances provided by law time activities and functions of the Civil solidify the national spirit. for him as Administrator. Aeronautics Administration. APPOINTMENTS IN THE CORPS EFFECTIVE DATE What !s this national spirit that our SEC. 303. All persons appointed in the corps SEC. 308. Except as provided in section 201 Prussian supreme general staff speaks shall be citizens of the United States, of (b) hereof, this act shall become effective of, and who is the top ranking mind to good moral character; in the case of officers ·on that date which ls 30 days after the date set its policy? shall be at least 21 years of age and shall of enactment· of this act. · It is also interesting to examine the have such other qualifications as may be kind ·of lectures and courses of study prescribed by the Administrator with the Mr. Speaker, it is well known that at that are now being taught in our war express approval of the Secretary of the Air one time during the last hostilities, the colleges. Very little time seems to be Force in each specific and individual ap:. military. were preparing a labor draft ·spent on instruction of strategy and pointment. Appointments in commissioned law. officer grades after approval by the Secretary I think it is important that Congress tactical matters required of good soldiers. of the Air Force shall be made by the Presi Instead, they teach courses that will ·exercise its power ·of subpena and deter make good political soldiers and provide dent with the advice and consent of the mine how many more secret laws for Senate: Provided, That any such appoint the economic knowledge of a sophomore ment may be vacated at any time by the emergency enactment are being held in to either criticize or operate industries President. Appointments in warrant officer the Pentagon's locked vaults to make a that make tanks and airplanes. and enlisted grades shall be made by the military Socialist economy out of Here is a list of the recent lecture sub Administrator and may be vacated by him. America. jects at the Industrial College of the MEMBERS OF THE CORPS CONTROL OF NEWS DISTRIBUTION Armed Forces and the National War SEC. 304. (a) Members of the corps shall Thought control has been a must in College: be exempt from draft into the military serv the objectives of any Prussian Supreme ice under any provision of law so long as INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE OF THE ARMED FORCES General Staff. This includes the press, March 2, 1951: The Effects of Society membership therein is maintained. education, and testimony of policy be (b) Members of the Reserve components of on .the Electric Power Industry, by the Armed Forces, who are members of the fore Government agencies. faculty. 1949, corps, may be attached to the Civil Aero In President Truman appointed March 8, 1951: The Incodel Project, nautics Administration for inactive-duty a committee of well-known historians to by T. H. Allen, executive secretary of training and may be granted · credits for make a study of the information and training activities in the corps for pay, pro education program in the Armed Forces. Interstate Commission . on Delaware motion, and retirement purposes under such Their report is commonly known as the River Basin. rules and regulations as may be prescribed by Weil report. Th.; committee provided March 20, 1951: Economic Stabiliza the Secretary of the military department the General Staff in the Pentagon with tion Today, Leon H. Keyserling. concerned. a wonderful chance to get its thought March 23, 1951: Foreign Economic SEC. 305. (a) Under transfer of the Civil control program accepted under the Relations, by Col. B. D. Rendlaub, faculty. Aeronautics Administration to the Depart 1951: R. ment of Defense, members of the corps, who guise of a committee report that would January 2, War Finance, by are not members of a Reserve component of make recommendations on religion and Rodgers, professor of banking, Graduate the Armed Forces shall by operation of law welfare in the Armed Forces. Several School of Business, New York University. be commissioned, appointed, or enlisted in General Staff officers named in the re January 9, 1951: The Role of Com the Air Forces of the United States without port were assigned to this committee. mercial Banks in War Time, K. R. Cra component in the equivalent grade or rating It appears that they led the commit vens, Mercantile Bank & Trust Co., held in the corps and be ordered to active St. Louis. duty with the Air Forces of the United tee in the direction that they deemed States. In such event members of the corps, desirable. After the committee had vis January 26, 195i: Selected Phase of who are members of a Reserve component of ited numerous parts of the country in International Economics, Dr. Meldior the Armed Forces, shall be ordered to active specting military stations, these Gen- · Palyi, consulting economist. 3238 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_-HOUSE APRIL 3 December 8, 1950: Wage, Price, and crecy. They use other methods today The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Profit Controls, A. E. Burns, George in influencing the press. time of the gentleman from California Washington University. Perhaps the best read President in the has expired. October 9, 1950: Health Education and history of our country, Woodrow Wil- - Mr. GWINN. Mr. Speaker, in view of Welfare, Oscar Ewing, Federal Security son, said on this subject: the importance of the matter the gen Administration. We don't need less criticism in time of war tleman from California is bringing to the NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE but more • • •. Honesty and compe attention of the House I ask unanimous February 19, .1951: The Struggle for tence require no shield of secrecy. consent that he may proceed to the con the Mind of Man, P. M. A. Lenebarger. FOREIGN POLICY clusion of his prepared address. School of Advanced International Our failures at Tehran, Yalta, Pots The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Studies. dam, and Washington in the field of for objection to the request of the gentleman February 16, 1951: Britain's Postwar eign policy has created a fertile field for from New York? Labor Government, Samuel Beige, as additional growth of our Prussian su There was no objection. sistant to special assistant to the Presi- preme general staff. They are already MANPOWER dent. · tilling that field. They feel that they Mr. WERDEL. Mr. Speaker, the ad January 5, 1951: Responsibility of should enter the field of foreign policy ministration bill now being considered Press to the Public and the Government, and control its making. Since 1945, they by this House purports to provide a new by J.B. Preston, New York Times. have been very successful in this venture. · draft law of great urgency because· of There is little wonder that our fir~t They justify their interest in it with the the Korean situation. It is so drafted leaders in Korea did not know the dif same reasoning that they justify their that it drags universal military training ference · between "hay foot" and "straw demands to control other segments of . with control in Washington, into the foot" in combat operations. Many were our economy. That reasoning draws the statute books by the heels. I think it is just management specialists and politi conclusion that a Prussian supreme a fair assumption that amendment of the cians. general staff should control anything dr~ft law woulq have been debated prior I have here in my possession a manual that affects war making potential. For to the last election if this administra taught by our Army at Carlisle Barracks, eign policy in their book is definitely a tion had deemed that politically wise. In Carlisle, Pa. Its title is "The Evolution military function since they as soldiers any event, I believe it is uniformly agreed of Military Policy in the United States." will have to enforce any policy that is that immediate revision of the draft law This book states strongly to all its stu made. is desirable. I submit to you that this dents how the Army should run the en The March 26, 1951 issue of Newsweek bill hopelessly confuses such revision tire Nation. Thfs is the type of educa magazine quoted Five Star General with universal military training because tion one mind can give boys from 48 Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs the drafters of the bill assumed public States under the guise of universal mil of Staff, as follows: demand for revision of the draft law Will itary training. This will take place in Today in this half peace, half war, neither cause this aongress to pass universal peacetime, even though by our Constitu the soldier nor the diplomat alone can lead military training as proposed, without tion, the militia· is in the hands of the the American people in a wise course of in question. Governors until called up by the Con ternational action. · Both voices must be gress. heard if American policy ls to be realistic Universal military training, under con and effective. trol of a central head, has been a con One small quote from page 69 of this sistent objective of military socialism manual reads as follows: The words are plain. Five Star Gen provided by a Prussian supreme general The one big item in our 30 percent of eral Bradley now says that the military staff. By this means, some amount of wasted effort was lack of an over-an high must have a voice in diplomatic policy, command to coordinate Air Forces, Army, training at considerable cost can be Navy, intelligence, research, production and The obvious question is what has hap given a number of our own boys. But it supply, manpower, and diplomacy as the pened to the basic American belief that means the Pentagon will hold strings General Staff coordinates the War Depart the civilians make the policy and the that can influence education, industry, ment. At the height of our war effort, we military only carry it out? and labor, will deprive American youth still lacked a proper over-all high command. General Marshall, General Eisenhow of many of the decisions that you and I Our Prussian General Staff has been er, General Guenther, General Clay, and could make a few years ago. The pro fairly successful in controlling all infor other military men of the General Staff posed law has built-in means for accom mation that comes out of the Defense are actively making our policy with in plishing the long-time objective of the Department. I refer you to consolida creasing regularity. It is no answer to United States Army for the destruction tion order No. 1, which the Secretary of say that we have too much incompetence, of our country's National Guard. It Defense put out a year ago. This order subversive activity and perversion in the provides for the substitution of. the fed gagged all members of the Armed Forces, State Department, which remind us of erally controlled Organized Reserve un including inactive reserves from speak a band of monkeys swinging through the der the guise of removing local political ing their own opinions. trees and while scratching themselves control. It achieves central control of The gentleman from Pennsylvania on chant some gibberish about progress the bulk of military manpower. In times January 23 of this year, revealed that for political consumption. If we need of emergency, men will be called with General Marshall put out a confidential new civilian officials, let us get them. out discretion in draft matters or defer order gagging all service people from The fact is, General Eisenhower is mak ment matters by local draft boards. advocating any other. policy than that of ing policy in Eu:tope today. Five Star When that time occurs, and every Con the administration. General Marshall has been Secretary of gressman writes hundreds of letters to I am going to burden you a quote from State. The General Staff has gone to the Pentagon, they will realize the arro that letter as published in the CoNGRES great trouble to place both active and re garn;:e of a Prussian type general staff. tired men in policy making jobs former Now is the time for Congress to answer SION AL RECORD of January 23, 1951: ly held by civilians. When General Mar this problem. The power to draft a Officers may, upon their own responsibili farmer's son, a machinist, or a clerk, ty, and at their own discretion, make re shall was Secretary of State, he began marks concernihg unclassified matters on reorganizing the State Department will carry with it the power to determine foreign or rr. ~: itary policies to selected along General Staff lines. He introduced how that industry -can operate and groups for background purposes only and a number of officers or former officers of whether it should operate. If this law not for publication without obtaining prior our General Staff into positions in the is passed, Congress will be begging mili clearance, provided that their remarks are State Department. As an example, it is tary staff officers for relief of economic confined to the bounds and policies which interesting to note that Colonel Byroade conditions in local areas. They will re have been publicly announced by the White is Director of the Bureau of German Af ceive military answers by men under House, State, or Defense Departments. fairs in the State Department. He was command and subject to military court This is but a small start toward the not put in because of his special knowl martial without recourse by the Con control of education and propaganda edge of German affairs, because he spent gress or civil courts. that our Prussian general staff wishes nearly all of his Army career in China as In this regard, I will risk being identi to exercise. Their Spartan shield is se- an engineer. fied as a patriotic American and direct 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3239 your attention to the opm10n of our could not be c·alled. They would be de first-class Army. This management founding fathers as their papers have f erred. A backlog would be created survey report made in 1949 says in part: been compiled. In particular, I direct· which could never be cut down. Some THE PROBLEM you to George Washington's Newburgh one appointed by the administration 1. The problem underlying this survey ls papers, wherein he declared that central would have to make decisions as to who reflected in the expressed view of the Sec control of the bulk of the military man was to be trained and who stayed home. retary of the Army and other top officials power is a natural internal enemy of the ITS OWN STUDIES CONDEMN THE SUPREME that the conduct of the work of the Depart- . existence of this R ~public. GENERAL STAFF'S PLANS AND ACCOMPLISH ment could be substantially improved. This Let us remember that scare tactics to MENTS view, in turn, is based upon the expressed force congressional action is an old opinion that the activities of the .Depart It is interesting to note that our Prus ment are not executed sufficiently rapidly, device. Our Prussian Supreme G::meral sian General Staff has recently caused require too many people, result Ll excessive Staff is spending public money on this two studies to be made of its own opera cost and are not adequately coordinated. propaganda. There are men in our tions. What they got back was so star 2. On the basis of the findings of this sur Military Establishment who are still will tling to them that they promptly had the vey there are 10 elements to this bz.sic prob ing to speak up. Surely we can remem reports marked "confidential" and or lem : (a) The activities of the Army cost ber Gen. Douglas MacArthur", when as dered them to be locked up. These re too much money to perform; (b) the activ Chief of Staff, he opposed the power ities of the Department require too many ports condemned the General Staff's cen people to perform them; ( c) there i~ a lack seekers with Prussian general staff ideas. tralization tactics from a military stand of cost consciousness within the Depart .In his annual report to Congress in 1932, point as well as for economfo and efll ment; (d) there is undue delay in the ac he said: ciency reasons. I have obtained copies complishment of actions; ( e) decisions are Proponents of the scheme urged that the of those reports. difficult to obtain; (f) there iJ inadequate suggested arrangement would improve the One of them, prepared by Army ofllcer coordination of the Department's activities; .efficiency of the national defense, and there (g) there is an excessive amount of red were described in glowing terms the alleged Col. S. L. A. Marshall at the request of tape; (h) inspections of field activities are advantages that would accrue to the United the Army, may possibly contain infor excessive and duplicating; (i) there is ad States. Disregarding alike the lessons of mation embarrassing to international ministrative confusion resulting from inade history and the advice and counsel of con relations. Therefore, I will not use it in quate planning of major activities; (j) the temporaneous military and naval authori its entirety; but that part of it which es activities of the Department are overcen ties, the authors of these assertions em timates the present Army doctrine based tralized. Numerous specific illustrations of ·ployed the most extravagant lang'iage in upon public statements of our military the complexity of the Department's admin suppor~ of their personal opinions. How leadE;?rs · cannot possibly be · secret. It istrative machinery, involved in the exces ever, it was noticeable that no specific pro sive use of such artific;ial coordinating de gram nor any well-considered analysis of our cannot possibly be injurious to anyone vices as committees, concurrences, indorse situation was submitted in support of the except the proponents of our Prussian ments, and inspections are incorporated in claims advanced. general staff. I think it important in tt_e description of these factors in pages II-I the interest of national defense and to 19 of the report. The lo:".lg term objective of complete economy that I present some of it to you. manpower cc;ntrol can be seen from this It is an ofllcial Army document which The report follows: text used at the Army's Public Relations challenges the Army doctrine as being EXCERPTS FROM SURVEY OF THE DEPARTMENT School. This is its school for budding defeatist in character. It is entitled OF THE ARMY, FINAL REPORT, CRESAP, Mc propaganda artists: "Present Doctrine of the Army," and CORMICK & PAGET, Mt.NAGEMENT ENGINEERS, One item was incomplete use of our man reads in part as follows: NEW YORK AND CHICAGO power potential. Civilian labor was allowed I The most recent definition of the role of to drift from job to job accordil1g to selfish the Army appears in the statements made THE PROBLEIJ: incentives instead of being used where it was vitally ne_eded. The Negro population under before the Senate Armed Services Committee 1. The problem underlying this -survey is present conditions does not give a full re -by the Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the reflected in the expressed view of the Secre turn· on its potential. Woman-power was Army, Chief of Staff, et al., during the last tary of the Army and other top officials that used rather sparingly as compared to Britain, week in March 1948. These statements are the conduct of the work of the Department where every woman, even the most aristo consistent, one with the other; none states could be substantially improved. Thfs view, cratic, was assigned her place in war work. any proposition radically different than what in turn, is based upon the expressed opinion is said by other witnesses. Hence, together that the activities of the Department are not The language seems to say that after they embody present doctrine and may be executed sufficiently rapidly, require too our boys are universal military trained, briefly summed in the following points: many people, result in excessive cost, and we will universal military train the (a) That despite all assertion to the con are not adequately coordinated. trary, the role of the Army has in fact be 2. On the basis of the findings of this gj_rls and women, and labor will be put come secondary. survey, there are 10 elements to this basic in uniform. From the Pentagon we hear (b) That the Army is no longer considered problem: (a) The activities of the Army cost the cries of "urgent emergency." "'We as a force capable of decisively changing the too much money to perform; (b) the activi cannot delay in the national interest," in balance in war by virtue of its own mobility ties of the Department require too many this new step toward military socialism. and hitting power. people to perform them; ( c) there is a lack Yet, while the emergency is on, they (c) That the present concept of Army of cost consciousness within the Depart freeze .the National Guard ceilings. employment in war is primarily that of a ment; ( d) there is undue delay in the ac defensive screen for the Air Force. complishment of actions; ( e) decisions are They deliberately slow down the selectee difficult to obtain; (f) there is inadequate system, and they put road-blocks up (d) That the necessity for Army Field Force closing with the enemy in such way coordination of the Department's activities; against every effective means of recruit as to compel a maximum deployment of his (g) there is an excessive amount of red tape; ing volunteers used in the past to bring forces under conditions of ultimate disad (h) inspections of field activities are exces the boys to the colors. I ask you, What vantage no longer exists. sive and duplicating; (i) there is administra goes on here? What kind of a game is (e) That the Army will not be employed tive confusion resulting from inadequate planning of major activities; (j) the activi this? 1n such way as to win allies or encourage resistance to the enemy by other peoples. ·ties of the Department are overcentralized. The Pentagon has admitted the pro Numerous specific iliustrations of the com posed UMT provision could not be put (f) That the general plan for the employ plexity of the Department's administrative into action now, although they claim ment of ground forces need not be consist .machinery, involved in the excessive use of that there is no time to wait while they ent with the stated objects in foreign policy. such artificial coordinating devices as com prove their case. Even if they get it, it The other report closely guarded by mittees, concurrences, endorsements, and will be months before we can have the · the Pentagon was rendered by Cresap, inspections, are incorporated in the descrip equipment and the training camps ready tion of these factors in pages II-I to 19 of McCormick, and Paget, who are a well the report. to assume any reasonable training known firm of management engineers, program. RECOMMENDATIONS in New York and Chicago. It is written 1. In line with its conclusion that no sub Most startling of all universal military evidence of the fact that our Military stantial contribution can be made to the training will not be universal. If they Establishments should turn their atten solution of the 10 almost self-apparent prob got it on the time schedule they ask, tion away from planned military social lems of the Department unless a fundamental about half the first group of trainees ism and toward the job of training a attack is made upon the basic methods of 3240 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3
planning and controlling the Department's signed to responsible executives if integrated Specific evidence of this condition is most mission and upon the method of organizing responsibility for major activities were a char apparent in two factors: (1) The volume of for its accomplishment, the report recom acteristic of the Department's Qrganization. routine papers flowing to and from Wash mends that the Department of the ~rmy Over hall of the 47 committees mentioned ington, and (2) the numbers of headquar adopt a planning and control system and established or review policies, coordinate ters personnel handling nonsubstantive ad organization structure based upon the fol policies, plans, or actions, or have an ad ministrative details. A recent staff study by lowing et!Sential characteristics: (a) Inte ministrative role. The membership of the 47 the Office of the Army Comptroller analyzed gration of r.esponsibility for basic planning; ·committees (which may overlap slightly) the directives and other administrative issu (b) segregation of basic planning from op totals 409 key officers and civilians. These ances ret:eived from headquarters by el,ght erations; (c) association of implementation committees meet with regular frequeney and field installations during a representative planning with operations; (d) establishment the deliberations are time consuming. The 20-day period in November-December 1948. of adequate planning and control machinery; seriousness of the committee problem is in More than 13,00-0 separate papers were found ( e) achievement of a budget structure alined dicated. by the fact that the deputy chief of t-0 have been addressed to these activities with organizational responsibility; (f) con one o! the principal technical services bas in during this period, a very large proportion centration -of responsibility for b~ic func dicated that he has assigned the responsibil of which dealt with routine matters. The tions; (g) reduction in the number of inde ity for committee participati-0n to a single greatest concentration of origin of these pendent and autonomous elements; (h) large diVision in his service and that a large directives was in the technical services, par grouping of related and interdependent number of officers are engaged in full-time ticularly in the offices of the Quartermaster activities; and (i) establishment of a pure ,participation as members of approximately Corps and the Chief of Transportation. staff-line relationship between headquarters 170 committees and subcommittees (Includ Natters which contribute particularly heavily and field activities. The terms "basic plan ing some which are outside of the sole juris to this fiow of routine papers iilclude trans ning" and "implementation planning" are diction of the Department of the Army). portation movements, interdepot stock defined and described. beginning on page transfers, civil personnel transactions, local IV-6 of the report. II-15 procurement requests, and minor fiscal prob 9. Confusion due to inadequately planneit 5. Lack of decision lems. The extent to which headquarters per activity sonnel is engaged in handling administra Closely related to the factor of delay in The inadequacies of the planning and con tive detail may be adjudged from the esti eccomplishing actions is the difficulty in ob trol machinery o! the Department of the mate of a responsible offtcial that more than taining decisions in the Department of the Army, which are discussed in considerable one-quarter of all personnel of the technical Army. Many officers and civilians in the detail in chapter III, engender a degree of service is engaged in routine activities con course of this survey complained of this c.._nfusion in the.conduct of the Department's cerned with the command of class I activi factor, and more particularly of the ease with activities which would not exist if reliable ties, sct.ttered all over the world. which responsible officers disposed of mat integrated plans embracing all of the De Overcentralization is interrelated with the ters requiring decisive action by referring partment's major activities existed, and if othP.r aspect~ of the basic problem which them elsewhere. The many locations and there were timely and realistic controls re have been discussed earlier in this chapter. echelons at which authority for different vealing the progress performance with re It is a substantial factor in the heavy over phases of each basic function is found, on spect to these activities, against planned head cost in money and manpower o! the which final executive authority is not in schedules or against standards of accom headquarters. By unnecessarily limiting tegrated except at the Chief of Staff level, plishment. While there is considerable plan delegation of responsibility to field com contribute to this condition. It is often ning done in the Department o! the Army. mands and installations, it is the cause of difficult for subordinate elezrl.ents to find the and while some performance progress con delay and lack o! decision in the accomplish division of the Department of the Army trols exist, these In.adequacies in coverage, ment of routine administre,t1ve services, where they can get an authoritative "yes" Integration, and techniques render this as while housekeeping functions o! these activi or "no." One of the many examples avail pect of the Department's manageIOOnt in ties are de0entralized to the zone of interior able of this characteristic of the Department adequate. The confusion resulting from this Army commanders, causes lack of coordina involves a proposal emanating from the Army condition arises !rom the fact that person tion in the adminii;tration of these activities. Nurse Corps concerning the authorization of nel and agencies o! the Department, includ The size of the headquarters organization an inexpensive piece of equipment for nurses' ing field activities, aTe without the benefit has necessarily increased administrative red quarters. This request has been under con o! concrete, objective, and clear-cut blue t?.pe, while the accent on centralized direc sideration in the Department of the Army for prints to guide them in their current opera tion of day-to-day operations, especially approximately a year at the time of this tions. It also arises from the fact that ex with respect to class Il activities, has tended survey and n-0 decision had been reached. isting plans and programs to a considerable to place undue dependence upon current The master file on this case was 7 inches degree overlap, confilct, and duplicate each r.ctions, to the detriment o! ad1.quate long thick. In another instance Army Field other. Confusion also 1s derived from the range planning and programing. Forces advised that the revision of the im fact that the current performance of many Overcentralization is caused by a number portant Field Manual 30-00, Psychological . activities 1s not adequately reflected. Thus. ·of factors. Foremost is the natural tend Warfare, had been pending for nearly 2 there is uncertainty on the part of top man years. This traditional buck-passing tend ent:y of people to keep unto themselves the agement, as well as the executives directly power of decision in specific matters. This ency of the departmental · administration is responsible for these activities, as to the riot primarily due to the negligence of indi reluctance to delegate authority to subor existing progress status of these activities, dinate field activities is fostered in the De vidual personnel. It is the result rather of and so subordinate headquarters elements the failure of the organizational arrangement partment of the Army by organizational, and field commanders cannot be held re procedural and statutory conditions. Thus to concentrate its final authority for indi sponsible for performance against planned the lack of a clear-cut policy as to the ex vidual !Unctions in a clear-cut and decisive objectives. manner. tent to which the headquarters staff should Il-17 operate facilitates inconsistent individual II-9 10. Overcentralization interpretations as to the powers that will be 71. Red tape: Because the form of organi There appears to be general agreement retained in Washington. Inadequate pro zation makes it dimcult to obtain decisions among top otncials o! the Department that graming and systems for . control of per and achieve coordination, certain complex ar overcentralization o! the Department's ac- !ormance are another factor in encouraging rangements and processes have been necessi . tivities in Washington iE a major !actor in the headquarters practice of giving day-to tated tci overcome these deficiencies. the problem to which the survey is addressed. day decisions on routine field problems. To a Committees: The first and possibly the Although there are wide differences of opin small extent, the headquarters participation most important aspect of this condition is ion as to the causes, extent, and methods in detailed operations 1s specified by statute. the overreliance on committees to reach de o! eliminating overcentralization, it 1s gen The rest they could cure themselves. cisions and to achieve coordination". There erally agreed that the size and cumbersome m-s are 47 committees existing in the Department ness of the headquarters o.rganization is a of the Army, including only those commit (a) Detailed plans have been prepared serious obstacle to the prompt and economi despite lack of an adequate prior framework tees with membership transcending indi cal accomplishment of the Department's vidual general or special staff divisions, or of basic plans. In general, whenever the business. In this connection the Patch need for a plan has been felt, the absence technical or administrative services. These Simpson board commented as follows: committees represent a principal mechanism of underlying plans or authoritative direc "Unless a dooentrallzation policy is prose tives on which to base it has not been re for coordinating decisions and actions be cuted vigorously and continuously, the War tween the basic elements of the Department garded as a complete obstacle to initiation Department will again find itself in the state of the needed plan. Instead, it has been of the Army. Wblle some of these commit of paralysis it reached at the beginning of tees are involved in responsibilities which the war." self-generated, and assumptions have been under any !orm or organ.i.Za.tion would make Current concern for the development of a substituted !or required directives. Since them necessary (such as those engaged in program to reduce the degree of centraliza these assumptlons may later prove to be in custody and protection of nonappropriated tion is indicated in the territorial com correct. it may be~ome necessary to revise funds and ·review of promotions, awards, mand test which was conducted by the the plans developed in this manner, thus etc.), the majority of them are concerned Thir1 Army from October 1, 1948, to March creating duplication of effort which would ·with functions which normally would be as- 31. 1949. be avoided if each prior step in the planning 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3241 cycle were completed before beginning the strategic plan or definitive· assignment of past 5 years have been broadened and cur subsequent step. long-range roles or missions. Accordingly rently pertain to practically all of the staff 2. No provision ts made for the continuous there is no long-range basis and there are no agencies of the Department of the Army. modification of existing plans to keep them long-range procurement, fac1lities, or real Troop surveys may reveal information on curren t with changed conditions of assump istic construction programs. If there were such matters as personnel policies, training, tions. these long-range plans, it would be relatively food, and a host of other subjects not pri Modifi cation of existing plans appears to simple to break them down into phases by marily related to troop information and edu h ave been governed by current exigencies fiscal years and to develop the first year cation. These surveys are providing an in and emergencies, in spite of the fact that thereof as the background for the corre creasingly important means for checking the the conditions requiring modifications in sponding year's budget estimates. Instead, implications of Army policies and programs, plans existed in many cases long before the fiscal year estimates must be prepared on a and gaging the effectiveness of individual changes were actually m ade. This means short-range basis, subject to all the ills of commands in carrying them out. that t h e Army is continually running the ad hoc, belated planning, and with only a Because of the comprehensive application risk of being caught short of unwittingly hit or miss relationship to long-range re of these surveys, and because of their value developing new plans when revisions of quirements. Because they insist on try'ing as a checking device, it is felt that these existing ones would have sufficed, or of fall the budget to a single war plan-when the activities are properly a function of the in ing back on outdated plans when none better enemy does not follow the plan (as in Korea) spe.:tor general. is available. everything is out of whack. III- 43 (a) Basic plans have not been kept up to In t h e absence of long-range budget guid date. The War Department basic plan, Octo ance the basic budget estimating guidance HEADQUARTERS-FIELD RELATIONSHIPS ber 1946, is only now in the process of revi furnished to estimating agencies by the Gen Complex and faulty organizational and sion- 27 m onths later-although it was eral Staff has been unrealistic. Estimating operating relationships between headquar originally intended that it should be re has been on the basis of proposing an "in ters elements and field commands, installa vised annually. Further, upon examination surance policy" for preparedness rather than tions, and activities seriously detract from for revision , it was determined that this doc on practical expectation in appropriations. the effectiveness "and economy of the admin u m en t was not a plan after all and will, Principal governing documents are the Troop istration of the Department of the Army. It therefore, when completed, be regarded as Program, the Supply Supplement, and Pol is clearly the proper function of the head the Department of the Army Policy Book. icies and Programs for Fiscal Year 1950. quarters to establish policies, develop plans AMP- I is the first attempt since Pl47 to These have been out of phase and incompati and programs, establish basic procedures and prepare a feasible mobilization plan. Al ble with the budget directives to estimating standards, and control performance for the thow;i: h P147 was proved infeasible in Octo agencies. A further cue to the lack of real Department as a whole. A large part of the ber-November 1947, AMP-I was not begun ism in guidance furnished is indicated by the business of the Department, involved in the u n t il last fall and will not be completed until great number of- revisions and supplements execution of these policies, plans, programs, April-May 1949. Had P147 been periodically to the current budget directive. and procedures, must for obvious reasons be revised since the end of 1947, it is likely that Because the original guidance is inade performed by the field elements. The over little further revision would not be neces quate, successive cutting necessitates repro all administrative efficiency of the Depart sary to make it fit the needs of AMP-I, as graming and recasting, forcing the redoing ment, then, may be measured to an impor suming, of course, that suitable revisions of of great amounts of work with attendant tant degree by the effectiveness of the rela strategic concepts had been handed down as waste, and final arbitrary cutting resulting tionship under which the headquarters or needed. in an out-of-balance, uncoordinated over-all ganization provides basic policies, plans, and The overseas base development plan, as Department of the Army program. procedures for implementation by field ele noted, h as not been revised since May 1947, III-37 .ments and maintains performance controls over their execution. The findings of this although an up-to-date base development 6. The Troop Information and Education plan is a prerequisite for the annual presen survey reveal many fundamental defects in D ivi sion consists of improperly located this relationship. t ation of a program of construction to Con functions gress. III-47 The three fu~ctions of the Troop Informa III-11 tion and Education Division are (1) to dis 3. There is insufficient delegation of authority GAPS IN COVERAGE OF PLANS seminate nontechnical information to troops, to field activities As a result of inadequacies in the plan (2) to conduct programs of vocational in Much of the concern for decentralization ning machinery and planning process as de struction for -military personnel, and (3) to expressed by top officials of the Department scribed in the previous paragraphs there are conduct studies and surveys of troop attitude and summarized in chapter II appears to several important gaps with respect to plans and opinion. stem from lack of sufficient delegation of now in exist ence. The s ~paration of the nontechnical train authority by headquarters elements to field In the first place, there is no current mo ing responsibility, now assigned to the Troop activities. This is primarily a matter of un bilization plan. Since the disqualification Information and Education Division, from duly restrictive operating procedures which of P147 as infeasible over a year ago a new the basic training function of the Army is require field activities to submit proposed mobilization plan has not been developed al unsound for several reasons. In the first actions to headquarters for review and ap though its preparation is under way. Al place, the separation of "technical" (mili proval. For instance, Army area or instal though not available in connection with this tary) and nontechnical (morale) training lation commanders cannot now order trans survey, it is understood that there are cer detracts from the development of compre portation of personnel in units of 15 or more tain segments of mobilization planning which hensive and well-rounded training programs. or cargo in carload lots without obtaining have been completed with classifications The distinction between morale and motiva headquarters approval, even if the destina above secret. Although no evaluation can tion training on the one hand and military tion is within the same Army area. Simi be made of these plans it is apparent that training on the other is unrealistic. Both larly, certain types of property surveys appear no complete, integrated mobilization plans of these phases of training are mutually de to bear out the impression given in many are currently in existence. pendent upon each other. In the second areas during this survey that too much em place, the distinction between technical and phasis is being placed on the direction of In addition, there are no long-rafige, com .subordinate elements by day-to-day deci prehensive plans (outside of the category of nontechnical training (which provides the distinction between the Organization and sions instead of through long-range pro mobilization plans) for personnel (particu graming of their activities. larly as to the size and composition of the Training Division and the T~oop Information Army), training, installations, equipment and Education Division) is not and cannot III-50 procuremen t, or construction (other than be clear cut. This fact will result in a con 6. The complexity of the headquarters organ one proposal which was tabled for lack of tinued "twilight zone" of training activities i zation produces complex headquarters ft:nds to cover even the first year's plan). Which it is difficult to designate clearly as field relationships To some extent these gaps are the result of responsibilities of either of the two divisions. Finally, the organizational separation of Fragmentation of responsibility in the lack of long-range strategic guidance. The headquarters organization, described above, fact of t heir nonexistence, however, is ren these two training activities complicates the conduct of the training job as a whole from adds to the complexity of headquarters-field dered nonetheless serious. relationships. In the first place, the un In addition, plans covering certain basic the standpoint of programing and sched uling. Troop information and education necessarily large number of major organiza activit ies of the Army are of fragmentary tional segments into which the headquarters n ature. training activities must be included in train ing schedules and program which are the organization is divided creates a multitude III-20 fundamental responsibility of the Organiza of supervisory elements over field activities. 2. Topsi de gu idance for budget preparations tion and Training Division. Second, the fact that responsibility for each is inadequate The function of conducting troop attitu<;le of the basic functions of the Department is Long-range basic plans, within short-range and opinion surveys is not related solely to not integrated under a single individual fiscal year budgets could be developed, are either tra~ning or troop information and makes it difficult for field activities to locate not provided. education. While these surveys may reveal expeditiously the source of final authority There is no long-range guidance as to the information specifically pertinent to these on specific matters requiring headquarters size of budget estimates, and no long-range functions, the uses of the surveys over the action. 3242 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 7. Present headquarters-field relationships development, the broad aspects of opera basis of which the staff could take intelli place an unduly heavy administration tional research and legislative planning with gent corrective action when required. burden upon the headquarters the other phases of basic planning should V-6 give such planning reality, the loss of which Ey placing command instead of staff re PLAN FOR LEGISLAT.l;VE ACTION ON ORGANIZATION is feared by those who criticize any segreg~ sponsi bUity for class II activities in the RECOMMENDATIONS technical and administrative services, pres tion of planning from operations. ent regulations impose a heavy administra 3. Association of implementation planning It is s.trongly recommended that, in devel tive burden upon the headquarters. For, in with operations oping a plan for legislation to permit accom plishment of organizational proposals of this addition to dealing with the substance of The day-to-day implementation of basic each· field activity work, headquarters must report, a course of action be pursued which plans by the operating officials of the De will provide the Secretary of the Army with concern itself with d~t a iled matters of per partment requires further detailed planning the maximum flexibility in determining the sonnel and field administration, supplies, which is properly the function of the oper maintenance, discipline, allocation of ad detailed organization of the Department. ating elements. The concept is, in this con Such a course of action is in direct accord ministrative vehicles, and t h e like. This ad nection, that the basic planners for the new ditional workload (estimated at more than with the recommendations of the Commis year's operations including appropriated sion on OTganization of the Executive Branch 25 percent of the total workload of the funds therefore. The spelling out of these technical services, as noted on page II-18) of the Government with respect to depart plans in detail and the preparation of such mental management throughout the execu would seem to contribute to the complaint, modifications of them as were required by so often voiced during this survey, that the tive branch. It is also the course of action changed conditions (and could be met with now being followed by the Management Divi h9adquarters was so busy operating that it ing the authorized appropriations), would had too little time to plan. Location of this sion, Office of the Army Comptroller, in the be solely the respon::>ibilities of the func preparation of an Army Organization Act of workload at headquarters must also be con tional stafi'. Such a procedure would allow sidered as a liability with regard to the 1949, in accordance with a directive of the the operating groups to do the detailed plan Secretary of the Army. added vulnerability of p.eadquarters to ning for which they are better equipped and strategic bombing and the physical strain This plan of action should contain three which they need to do directly to maintain basic elements: which it would place upon the city of '~'a "h- speed and flexibility in operations. At the 1. A single bill, which will provide in one 1ngton in another emergency. same time it would avoid weighing down the document, a basic charter for the Depart IV-5 group supervisin g basic planning with a heavy load of directing the detailed plan ment of the Army on organization matters, C. Suitability of organiZation for rapid war should be developed and presented to the time expansion ning. Congress. It should place Army organization IV-54 As h as been forcefully stated in the Haislip on a sound statutory base without depend Board report and in the management divi It is recommended that the Department ence upon miscellaneous pieces of legisla sion report, a past deficiency of Department adopt the principle of headquarters staff tion. of the Army organization has been the operation recommended by the Patch-Simp 2. This bill should empower the President necessity upon the outbreak of war to effect son board, and outlined in the following of the United States, with power of succes a hurried and far-reaching reorganization paragraphs. sive delegation to the Secretary of Defense to support the vast increase in departmental Conversations with top officials of the De and the Secretary of the Army, to establish activity. Such reorganizations under the partment during this survey indicated wide t h e form of organization and the assignment conditions of pressure cannot be carefully divergences of opinion and the lack of defi of functions which will, in just judgment, designed, and represent a disruption at a nite policy as to the extent to which head facilitate the most effective administration time when upsetting influences are the most quarters stafi' elements should operate. of the business of the Department. d angerous. Thus it is believed that an un Much of this confusion appears to stem from 3. This bill should provide for the repeal derlying principle in considering the future the National Defense Act of 1916, sect ion 5 of of provisions of existing legislation which re organization of the Department of the Army which provides : strict the adoption of the specific organiza should be its appropriateness to conditions Under the aegis of this act, the theory ap t ion changes whi-:::h the Secretary of the involving periods of neither complete peace pears to have been held for ~any years that Army decides to approve and installs, and nor complete war. The inability to phase the general staff should limit itself to plan which inappropriately restrict the authority organization according to clear-cut peace of ning activities and leave administrative mat of the Secretary of the Army to organize the war conditions renders. obsolete the thinking ters generally to the technical and admin Department generally. In instances where involved in d istinguishing· between peace istrative services. Presumably the latter, in there appears to be continuing need for as time and wartime organizational structures. their staff capacities, were expected to also signment of particular authority to the De limit themselves to planning and policy IV-8 partment, legislation should be amended so functions while operating in their command as to grant this authority to the Secretary of 2 .•~egregation of basic planning from capacities. The term "operating" was gen operations the Army, rather than to a subordinate erally interpreted to mean the application agency within the department. There are wide differences of opinion with of deailed administration supervision to all nonplanning matters, including those per Passage of such new organizational legis in the Departmeut of the Army as to the lation would not only serve to facilitate the merits of separating planning from opera formed in field activit~es. tions. During the course of the survey The report of the' Patch-Simpson board installation of improved methods of admin istration in the Department but would also recommendations from Irey officials ranged points out the fallacy of this concept: from the suggestion that all planning be "The staff must operate, in order to direct recognize the need of organizational flexibil segregated from all operations to the observa and supervise. The old theory that a staff ity in meeting the following potential devel tion that virtually no planning activity must limit itself to broad policy .and plan opments: (1) Changes in the organization should be carried on separately from opera ning activities has been proved unsound in of the National MiHtary Establishment and t ions. this war. • • • Unless a staff officer is in the other armed services departments; (2) Detailed analyses of the planning processes able to assist his command in getting things rapidly changing developments in the sci in the Department of the Army lead to the done in addition to coordinating, planning, en ce of warfare and in the molding of an conclusion that a sound policy in this re and policy making, he is not serving his full effect ive •team of land, sea, and air forces; spect would be the segregation of the organi usefulness. In short, a staff is a command and (3) an increasingly grave world political zational responsibility for basic planning (as er's principal means for determining that his situation. defined above) from that for operation, and orders, instructions, and directives are being Mr. Speaker; this condition certainly the association of responsibility. for imple carried out as he intended." indicates that our Military Establish mentation planning with that for operations. The board accordingly proposed that the This takes into consideration the fact that Department adopt a policy that the head ment has been looking and. working in basic planning must be closely coordinated quarters staff should operate in order to .fields other than its primary field of across functional lines, and ·is of such im make certain that the policies, plans, pro turning out a first-class Army. Here we portance as to warrant segregation of organi grams, and procedures of the Chief of Staff, can see some of the cause for at least zational responsibility for its direction, as developed by the several staff elements, some of our difficulties in Korea. whereas implementation planning is pri were effectively carried out. However, the CONCLUSION marily day-to-day functional planning and board noted that such supervisory respon so needs to be intimately associated with or sibility over the execution of plans and pro Mr. Speaker, I have been discussing ganizational responsibility for operations. grams should not be construed as requiring this un-American plan to change our It also reflects the need of protecting Army detailed administrative supervision over op system of raising our forces for defense. wide basic planners from the distraction of erations such as now characterizes the direc In conclusion I want to point out the detailed day-to-day operating matters. tion of class II activities by the technical dangei'S · of any standing peacetime· The integration of responsibility for basic and administrative services; rather it should planning and its separation from operations mean supervision through the operation of Army. Ehould provide the opportunity for improve good progress reporting and inspection sys The bill now being considered sets up ment in broad planning, a need for which is tems which would provide the staff with ac a permanent peacetime Army. A stand commonly expressed by top Army officials. curate status reports or "situation maps" ing Army is one of the most dangerous At the same time the integration of budget concerning all important activities, on the instruments to be used against freemen. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE It is a large group separated from the create a permanent large peacetime respectfully suggest to this House that other people of our country, living under army with power to dismiss this Congress the membership send the bill back to different laws and owing blind obedience if later we seek to limit its power con committee and that our splendid Com to its Commander in Chief. Military trary to the desire of its commanding mittee on Armed Services convene forth court decisions-are final. No appeal lies officer? with and summon our top military lead to civil courts. That is the principle We should not be misled to think that ers for a thoroughgoing and exhaustive that makes an army effective. There is a military commander will not do an ille examination of the policies which they hardly an area on earth that has not at gal act. The commanders will say: are now pursuing. some time been enslaved by a large "This Congress that created the Army Unless this is done, not a single one of standing army. History tells us that it was legal. I am the legal commander us can face his constituency with a clear is impossible to preserve the liberties of and my army was raised and maintained conscience, nor repeat his Constitutional the people where a large standing army according to law. The Army's legal re oath with clean hands. Failure by Con is maintained. That, sir, is why the sponsibility and duty is the preservation gress to act is an admission that the framers of our Constitution left control of liberty. My legal duty is to procee.d American people no longer are capable of of the militia to the States during peace as I logically believe liberty should be rising to emergencies. Failure by Con time. It is the States' power to control preserved." gress to act is an admission that this law riots and insurrection. Our Chief Execu This administration and its military making body is no longer fit to be free. ,; tive was to have no control until the advisers tell us we are in an emergency Weigh the insidious schemes, the com militia was called up by this Congress. that will last at least 10 years. We, plex maneuverings, and the clever mach Senate bill 1 grants peacetime discretion therefore, are not talking about a year inations which I have described here at the national military level to destroy to-year· army, which subject caused con today and ask yourself how you can pos the militia and National Guard, the siderable debate on the ratification of sibly rest another hour until we have police force of our States. Why should our Constitution. We are looking toward had an answer to the questions which I we follow examples that so enslaved the Rubicon. There the light of liberty have raised before this House this after other people when the light of liberty shows the tracks of an army that crossed noon. tells us we should a void these rocks? the river to dictate to its government, in As elected representatives of the people The passions of men warned our fore cluding the destruction of the hereditary we are all that stands between them and fathers that it is dangerous to put such right of kings. It made emperors out of the total state toward which this Nation power into any good man because it is shoe cobblers and gardeners and finally is rushing at alarming speed. If we fail too much power for a bad man to even gave them Nero. As we look, we consider them, all is lost. tually acquire. No one will deny the creating this force and placing it in the Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, will the bravery of the army of Julius Caesar or hands of an executive who we are sup gentleman yield? that there ever was an army that served posed to check and balance. Yet he tells Mr. WERDEL. I yield. / its country more faithfully. It was com us we have no control over the Army's Mr. SHORT. Is this fallowing the gen manded by the best citizens of Rome-by deployment in peacetime. He says: "I eral idea of the German general staff? men of fortune and respect--yet the can send your sons where I think we need Mr. WERDEL. I will answer the gen army enslaved its country. There we policemen or I can send them to coun tleman this way: In the course of my re learned that freemen cannot depend tries with whom we are at peace, and marks I think I will demonstrate to your upon soldiers of honor, integrity and af thus create a condition of war without satisfaction that we are moving along the fection toward their country, if they owe the consent of Congress." line actually set out and blueprinted at blind obedience to commanders under The Nation is already overburdened the request of our Army by General military law. The administration of with debts and taxes. We are on the Guderian. justice under military law is so quick, brink of war only because our foreign Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, will the punishment so severe, that neither officer policy has failed. Our enemy can de gentleman yield for a question? nor soldier dare dispute the command f eat us only if we walk into a land trap Mr. WERDEL. I yield. . even if he has other inclinations. against 50,000,000 foot soldiers from Rus Mr. PRIEST. The gentleman from Mr. Speaker, I have three sons . .I am sia. Why does this proposed law confuse California has referred to about three proud because I know they will want to the draft and universal military train highly classified documents. Perhaps serve their country in its defen·se, yet I ing so that one subject cannot be con the gentleman has seen those documents wonder what I would do if they appeared sidered or passed without passage of the through entirely legitimate channels, but at the door of this House in uniform and other? Did civilian minds or military I was wondering if for some reason there under command to remove their father minds draft this law? might have been a leak in some way, that from· his seat. I know that many of my No one can deny that America is at a they came into his possession in some colleagues would want to hang them by cross roads in its history. It is beyond way that would deserve a check up on their necks over the entrance to this belief that at a time of world crisis we the part of the Congress as to how they Capitol so that other Government agen should have in our Military Establish have been made available. cies, created by this Congress, might view ment persons whose hunger for domin Mr. WERDEL. If the gentleman will them. Such men were hanged at ion, whose passion for control, and whose permit me, I am giving the serial num Nuremberg; yet, they were under mili greed for power should lead them to bers of these documents. They are au tary command, and to disobey meant seize this moment of national peril to thentic, in. my best opinion. The serial military death. foist upon us that which they could not numbers are on many of them. On the The light of liberty shows us that an get at any other time. Guderian Report I have already given army created by a British Parliament This Congress would be nbt only re the serial number. I will give the serial with officers appointed by that Parlia miss in its duties, but unfaithful to our number of this document that I am dis ment and pay checks received by act of country, if a full scale investigation of cussing. My recommendation in con Parliament, actually marched under our military policies is any longer de clusion is that the Armed Forces Com Cromwell on that Parliament. When f erred. Our generals are not infallible, mittee immediately investigate not how Parliament discussed dismissing the great though they may have been on the I got these documents, not where some army, it discovered that the army could field of battle. They are not perfect; patriotic citizens have O:ecided that Con dismiss Parliament. Young men marched they are human beings like any one of us, gress should begin discussing them, not down marble halls under the command but unlike us they have been trained in how I got them, but whether or not they of young officers, who themselves were the autocracy of the military, a way of are true. under command and stacked arms in the life basically alien to free peoples. It is Mr. PRIEST. Would the gentleman doorway of the House of Commons. Of only because we have had military men add to that recommendation also the ficers in back of fixed bayonets told their who could submerge their military train recommendation that we might investi free legislature what it had to do and ing to their native love of freedom that gate the procedure by which highly clas how its individual members were to vote. we have not approached this appalling sified information is released from the That, sir, was a common law country, state of affairs earlier. Department of Defense or is made avail and we, too, can have our Cromwell. We • As I have repeatedly stated today, able? expect Governm:mt agencies to try to ex much of the legislation before us does Mr. WERDEL. No; my recommen pand their powers. Why then should we not become effective until next year. I dation in that regard would be that the. 3244 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 Congress immediately take some action Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, will the been rising steadily. We are now being to find out why an agency of this Gov gentleman yield? told that price-control regulations are ernment would classify as confidential, The American people surely do not to be issued within the next 6 weeks. so as to keep it from the press, informa .. want the military to control the Govern What was all that hullabaloo about in tion of a political nature leading us down ment. The American people- gave their January? a road to military socialism. best to defeat the kind of thing the gen The plain fact seems to be that in too Mr. PRIEST. Perhaps the gentleman tleman is talking about in Germany. many fields, the administratibn is trying is right in that respect, but that still, in Why adopt it here? Where was the to play both ends against the middle. It my opinion, does not preclude an in military at the time the Korean war wants price control, but it does not want vestigation of how highly classified ·doc broke out? Do you not think they are anybody ·to "get mad." So one day, we uments whether they were properly in just about the same place that Mar have controls announced, and the next classified or not, if so classified how then shall was at the time of Pearl Harbor? day they are being modified or restated they may be made available for discus Mr. WERDEL. The gentleman from or clarified. The net result is that noth sion on the floor of the House. I think Ohio is correct. ing happens, and we are right back where it would not preclude such a possibility. Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, will the we started. Mr. WERDEL. If the gentleman will gentleman yield at that point? Who suffers from all this mumbo permit me, the men who made these doc Mr. WERDEL. I yield.· jumbo? You know the answers. The uments available to me, I believe, are not Mr. SHORT. I have talked to General poor consumer and the honest business the subject of investigation unless in our Marshall, General Eisenhower, General man take it right on the chin. There opinion we believe there is some reason Bradley, Admiral Nimitz, Admiral Kin are some industries . where honest, eth other than political purposes in an at caid, ·and others. I think all of those ical businessmen are trying to maintain tempt to deceive the Congress for· them naval and military men will admit that prices as they were supposed to be main to be marked "classified," as I have the thing that won World War II was tained-at the highest price charged already said. America's industrial might and· produc during the freeze period. They are Now, as far as my participating in any tion capacity. Certainly the battle finding that other dealers are selling such investigation, I may say to the gen front can never· be stronger than the second hand, used materials at prices tleman from Tennessee that until I be-· home front. The thing we have got to higher than the price they are charg lieve this Congress is ready to give such do is to maintain a strong economy, ing for new goods. Could anything be men the Congressional Medal of Honor, financial solvency, and a going industry more discouraging to decent business I am not going to be identifying. here in the United States in order to people than this? They watch their I cannot yield further. for I am talk repel any aggression. · competitors getting away with this, and in,g against time. . Mr. WERDEL. I thank the gentle the Government is still afraid to put on Mr. PRIEST. Very well. man. a specific dollars-and-cents order. It Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. SHORT. I hesitate to interrupt would be the easiest thing in the world gentleman yield? the gentleman again, especially when to do, but it is going to step on some Mr. WERDEL. I yield to the gentle- he is quoting from Mr. Donald Nelson, one's sensitive feet, and the Government man from Missouri. · because he is a fell ow Missourian, but is deadly afraid of that. . Mr. SHORT. Our Committee on the gentleman is revealing the high mili The · housewife who buys meat and Armed Services, in long, exhaustive, tary mind. They demand unquestioned vegetables, canned goods, and cleaning thorough hearings a year ago last fall, obedience and are .never willing to give supplies knows the score. Everything repudiated that idea, and I am rather credit to any civilian. is going up. And now the word is out shocked that the gentleman from Cali Mr. WERDEL. I thank the gentle in Washington that new price increases fornia tells us that our Government, man. are going to be allowed. · This is part of after defeating Germany, is now getting CONFUSION AS USUAL IN WASHINGTON the regular pattern in Washington. Up a German general, Guderian, to .come Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, I ask and up, taxes and prices, the spiral is over to instruct us, and we are willing to going all the way. , accept his idea of a general staff. I can unanimous consent to address the House for 30 minutes and to revise and extend The prices are bad enough. But the imagine nothing more destructive. It my remarks. · · confusion can match the prices. Our is shocking to me. The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Mc price-control machinery is expanding. Mr. WERDEL. I was sure the gen MULLEN). Is there objection to the re But if you. want to get a job in the con.:. tleman from Missouri would feel that quest of the gentleman from Ohio? · trol agency, you must get yourself way. There was no objection. adopted by the Democratic Party. .· The Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, if the gen Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, the Amer word is out: No matter how well quali tleman will yield, but if we had a single ican people are certainly the most pa fied you may be, no matter how much chief of staff he would be as powerful, tient in all the world. We do not get an business experience you may have had; and perhaps even more powerful in an gry. We do not become indignant. We you are not going to get to first base with emergency than the President of the do not even write letters to our Con out getting the O. K. of your Democratjc United States. gressmen unless things are really upside machine. Mr. WERDEL. That is absolutely down. I say this because in the last And the regulations themselves-they right. · 3 months. more Americans have been are patterned after the same legal Mr. SHORT. And you could take over writing letters to their Congressmen hocus-pocus that was used during the the country and make it a military dicta than ever before. And it is a good thing war years. Nobody could understand torship overnight. they are. There are plenty of very good them then, and nobody can understand Mr. WERDEL. General Guderian reasons for anger back home. them now. At one time, a large in says that much. We are hiring civilians to work for the dustry got out a form explaining the Mr. SHORT. What the gentleman is Federal Government at a faintastic rate. meaning of one of those price regula giving us is shocking to me and it is In the first month of this year, 60,500 tions. They printed the form in Chi all the more reason why we should de new workers were hired for Government nese, and there was not even a Chinaman f cJ.t the pending bill before the House offices. By the end of this month, we who could understand it. We are right now, this universal military training bill. shall have almost 2,400,000 men and back now, doing business at the same Mr. WERDEL. We have a five-star women on Federal civilian jobs. Is it stand. general as Secretary of Defense. For asking too much to find out what they You will notice, too, that in the last all practical purposes, that is the Chief are doing? few days, there has been a remarkable of Staff of the Guderian plan. I will tell you what some of them are soft-pedaling of the RFC inquiry. But Mr. SHORT. The Chief of the Joint doing. They are regulating. What are there just is not any way to soft-pedal Chiefs of Staff is a five-star general, they regulating? Let us have some ex this kind of a case. Out in Hazelton, and I made a speech to get him his five amples. A few . months ago, the White Pa., three gentlemen got together and stars, Omar Bradley, a fell ow Missourian, House announced a price-control·systemio received an RFC loan for $7,800,00n to whom I love and admire. Ever since then, the cost of living has build a steel mill. Their total invest- /
1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3245 ment, as it appears on the records-and Some folks are charitable about all Mr. ANGELL asked and was given per remember this-their total investment these . things. They say that this mix mission to extend his remarks in two in came to $600. · The land on which they up is natural in times of war and emer stances and include extraneous matter. proposed to build this steel mill was given gency. But this sort of confusion is Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts asked to them by the Hazelton Industrial Fund. much more than the normal routine.. I and was given permission to extend her It is an old abandoned race track. Tfie have come to the conclusion that it is remarks and include an editorial from RFC examiners disapproved the loan. a calculated confusion, designed to cover the Boston Herald. The RFC engineers said that the loan up poor planning and careless thinking. Mr. NORRELL Israel; to the Com to 63 years the age for eligibiHty for old-age Columbia as Director of the District Ofilce mittee on Foreign Affairs. assistance; to the Committee on Ways and of Civil Defense, and for oth3r purposes; By Mr·. MULTER: Means. without amendment (Rept. No. 291). Re H. R. 3489. A bill to amend title 18, United Also, memorial of the Legislature of the ferred to the Committee of the Whole House States Code, so as to make the offer, pur State of Minnesota, requesting the reenact on the State of the Union. chase, or sale of certain direct obligations of ment of the emergency maternity care pro the United States for less than the face or gram for the wives of servicemen similar .REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE par value thereof a criminal offense; to the to the benefits provided for pregnant wives BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Committee on the Jud1ciar~. of servicemen during World War II; to the By Mr. BOGGS of Louisiana: Committee on Armed Services. Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of H. R. 3490. A bill to amend the penalty Also, memorial of the Legislature of the committees were delivered to the Clerk provisions applicable to persons convicted State of Montana, appealing to and urging for printing and reference to the proper of violating certain narcotic laws, and for Congress to enact laws and promulgate rules calendar, as follows: other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and regulations in cooperation with local · Mr. GRAHAM: Committee on the Judi and Means. road officials whereby all rural roads specifi ciary. H. H.. 1431. A bill for the relief of By Mr. ENGLE: cations and plans will be modified to meet Tetsuko Hidaka; without amendment (Rept. H. R . 3491. A bill to abolish the Lakeview local area requirements in accordance with No. 286). Referred to the Committee of the Federal sustained-yield unit, Fremont Na accepted and recognized practical rural Whole House. tional Forest, Oreg.; to the Committee on road construction programs of the respective Mr. GRAHAM: Committee on the Judi Agriculture. rural areas, etc.; .to the Committee on Public ciary. H. R. 1821. A bill for the relief of By Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: Works. Izumi Makiyoma; with amendment (Rept. H. R. 3492. A bill to provide for the grant Also, memorial of the Legislature of the No. 287). Referred to the Committee of the ing of :financial aid to Israel; to the Com State of New Jersey, transmitting a copy of Whole House. mittee on Foreign Affairs. an act concerning interstate civil defense; to Mr. FELLOWS: Committee on the Judi· By Mr. STOCKMAN: the Committee on the Judiciary. ciary. H. R. 2785. A bill for the relief of H.J. Res. 220: Joint resolution proposing Also, memorial of the Legislature of the Kimi Hatano; without amendment (Rept. an amendment to t~e Constitution relating State of North Carolina, requesting the No. 288). Referred to the Committee of the to the terms of President and Vice President; establishment and maintenance of an ·air . Whole House. to the Committee on the Judiciary. port at the Kill Devil Hill National Monu- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3247 ment in Dare County, N. C.; to the Commit United States to enact legislation to curb COMMITTEE MEETING DURING SENATE tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. .war profiteering; to the Committee on Bank SESSION ing and Currency. 184. By Mr. HESELTON: Resolutions of the Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, I ask PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS General Court .of the Commonwealth of Mas unanimous consent that members of the Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private sachusetts memorializing Members of Con Senate Committee on Appropriations bills and resolutions were introduced and gress from Massachusetts to reduce to 63 may be permitted to meet today during years the age for eligibility for old-age assist the session of the Senate in room F-39. severally referred as follows: ance; to the Committee on Ways and ~eans. By Mr. ALLEN of California: 185. By the SPEAKER: Petition of John L. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob H. R. 3493. A bill for the relief of Albert E. Henricksen, clerk, city of Huntington Beach, jection, it is so ordered. Wong; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Calif., relative to opposing the proposed use AWARD OF CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF By Mr. BARTLETT: of the United States Naval Air Station at Los HONOR TO PFC JOSEPH R. OUELLETTE, Alamitos, Calif., for jet-propelled aircraft; to H. R. 3494. A bill to authorize the sale of CORP. GORDON M. CRAIG, CORP. certain public land in Alaska to the Catholic the Committee on Armed Services. Society of Alaska for use as a mission; to the 186. Also, petition of Robert Yellowtail, MITCHELL RED CLOUD, JR., AND SGT. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. chairman, Crow Tribal Council, Crow Agency, WILLIAM R. JECELIN By Mr. BENNETT of Flortda: Mont., urging and requesting the defeat of Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, yester H. R. 3495. A bill for the relief of Mr!!. -H. R. 3235; to the Committee on Interior and day the Congressional Medal of Honor Cora B. Jones; to the Committee on the Insular Affairs. · Judiciary. 187. Also, petition of Louis P. Wettstein. was bestowed posthumously on four By Mr. BLACKNEY: secretary, Socialist Labor Party, Cleveland, heroic men of the. United States Army H. R. 3496. A bill for the relief of Jacob Ohio, opposing universal military service who gave their lives in Korea. The Gitlin; to the Committee on the Judiciary. training; to the Committee on Armed names of the men, to whose relatives the By Mr. BYRNE of New York: .Services. . Medal of Honor was awarded, are Pfc H. R. 3497. A bill for the relief of Grady Joseph R. Ouellette, of Lowell, Mass.; Franklin Welch; to the Committee on the Corp. Gordon M. Craig, of Elmwood, Judiciary. Mass.; Corp. Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr., of By Mr. CRAWFORD: SENATE H. R. 3498. A bill for the relief of Lore Merrillan, Wis.; Sgt. William R. J ecelin, Roeder and daughter, Jutta Roeder; to the WEDNESDAY, APRIL 4, 1951 ·of Baltimore, Md. · committee on the Judiciary. · We in the Senate can acknowledge, to By Mr. FARRINGTON: