3198 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 Robert S Swikart Robert H. Weeks Bruce E. Browning William F. Morgan we· humbly confess that we are often Arthur J. Tallet Benjamin F. Weems Howard M. Camfield John R. Mulder afraid to look into the future for it ap­ Gene E. T~llmadge Thomas G. Weilepp, Allen F. Chapman Donal J. Murphy pears so dark and full of mystery. Help Alvin Taub Jr. · Laurence E. · Clark Wilford K. Murphy us to see the rainbow promise of Thy Charles McK. Taylor Bennett Weinbaum · Robert E. Clemency John V. Nalley Harold M. Taylor William E. Welch Richard L. Covey · Jesse E. Nash grace and go forth with a grateful ac­ Kirk S. Taylor Robert F. Wellner John F. Curran, Jr. John D. Naughtin knowledgment that hitherto Thou hast Donald W. Temby Robert F. Wentworth Jack R. Day Robert J. Niehaus blessed us and with a continuing faith Robert M. Terry Walter B. Wentz John P. Doney James W. Norris that in all our days Thy presence will be John R. Teuschl John R. Werner James E. Dowdey Douglas J. Olson our joy and strength. Bruce W. Tharp Charles E. Werts, Jr. John H. Dunlevy William H. Peters Grant that in communion with Thee Oerald E. Thomas Robin A. Westbrook Anthony T. Ellis, Jr. Melvin N. A. Peterson we may have those gracious experiences Richard T. Thomas Robert H. Westerfield Phillip A. Finnegan Frank Pickard, Jr. Pitt G. Thome John R. Wettroth Paul W. Floyd, Jr. John R. Praeger · which always come to all who truly David A. Thompson William P. Whallon, John R. Forbes Charles E. Rice pray. May we also find poise and peace R aymond C. Thomp- Jr.· Robert Mee. FreeburgHubert W. Saaristo for our restless spirits, enlightenment for son Peter B. Wheeler Duane E. Gale Edward S. . Schles- our confused and troubled minds, guid­ Robert M. Thompson Walter Whetstone III Claude G. Gillette, Jr. inger ance in the midst of disturbing circum­ Bertil Thoren Jerome V. Whisler Lewis V. Girard John S. Schofield III .stances, and inspiration and hope for our Raymond H. Thorn- Gordon W. Whitaker Howard M. Grant Leonard McC. Shinn noblest plans and purposes. ton, Jr. Douglas C. White Edgar F. Greer Joseph J. Simon Robert R. Thornton John E. White Samuel H. Guymon Hugh M. Slattery In Christ's name we off er our prayer. Mlton F. Thrasher IIJohn K. White Joseph L. Hannah Herbert R. Smith Amen. John R. Timberlake Richard L. White Richard H. Hedrich James D. Smith The Journal of the proceedings of Ralph W. Tobias Kenneth R. White- Theodore R. Hender-Jimmie H. Smith yesterday was read and approved. Glenn A. Tomlinson house shot Rembrandt B. Snyder SchuylP.r W. Tompson.Frederick H. Whitte- R ichard A. Herrle Herman G. Speckman PRIVATE CALENDAR Jr. more ·Kenneth E. Hill Robert P. Stouder The SPEAKER. There being only Henry W. Toren, Jr. William A. Whitte- Richard S. Howell Dene B. Stratton LeRoy C. Tozzer more John H. Ingle, Jr. Nelson W. Taylor four bills on the Private Calendar today, William H. Trafzer Richard A. Wiita Alexander Jackson William E. Thrutch- that calendar will not be called, if there Charles Traub III Edward A. Wilde, Jr. Donald C. Johnson ley is no objection. Lewis N. Travis Homer W. Wile Jack G. Johnson John J. Tracy, Jr. There was no objection. Charles W. Treat Miles R. Wilkerson David L. Kick Reginald D. Tumble- ELECTION TO COMMITTEE ON INTER­ Arthur G. Tressler Edwin S. Wilkins John R. Kilman son Robert M. Tucker, Jr.Robert C. Wilkins Gerald H. King Walter· W. Umstead, STATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE George P. Turci Alfred J. Williams Calvin B. Koonce Jr. Mr. DOUGHTON. Mr. Speaker, I Clyde T. Turner, Jr. Charles D. Williams John B. Lewis John McD. Wagy off er a resolution (H. Res. 176) and ask Robert R. Turner Charles K. Williams Kay E. Lewis John E. Walsh for its immediate consideration. Elton G. Turnipseed, Gerald P. Williams James I. McArthur Allen C. Ward Jr. Gordon D. Williams Quintin E. Marlow Maxwell G. Ward, Jr. The Clerk read as follows: George E. Twining James H. Williams Richard "J" Maw-George H. Webb Resolved, That MORGAN M. MOULDER, of William A. Ulmark Richard s. Williams horter George H. White Missouri, be, and he is hereby, elected a Eugene A. Ulrich Robert G. Williams Jack R. Meister Carroll E. Whitney member ·of the standing Committee of the Walter Uldch, Jr. Joseph W. Williamson, Francis H. Holmes (civilian college grad­ House of Representatives on Interstate and Alfred A. Umberger Jr. uate) to be a lieutenant commander in the Foreign Commerce. Jack L. Underwood Lee F. Williamson Medical Corps of the Navy. John M. Updegraph, Francis R. Willis The resolution was agreed to. Jr. John H. Willis, Jr. Earl R. Williams (civilian college gradu­ A motion to reconsider was laid on the Richard H. VanMeter Raymond E. Willis, Jr. ate) to be a lieutenant (junior grade) -in table. Matthew H. Vanorder Donald s. Wills the Medical Corps of the Navy), in lieu of CALENDAR WEDNESDAY lieutenant (junior grade) in the Dental Richard J. Veenstra William B. Wilmer VI I Frank H. Veith, Jr. Charles B. Wilson Corps of the Navy, as previously nominated Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, ask David C. Venable Harold H. Wilson and confirmed. unanimous consent that the business in Joseph F. Vercellotti Herbert E. Wilson, Jr. The foliowing-named (civilian college order on Calendar Wednesday of this Harold W. VonReaden, Joseph R . Wilson graduate) for temporary or permanent ap­ week may be dispensed with. Jr. Sheldon R. Wilson pointment to the grade and corps indicated: The SPEAKER. I& there objection to Edwin H. Vrieze III Warren R. Wilson The following-named for temporary ap­ the request of the gentleman from Ten­ Harold G. Wachenfeld William E. Wilson, Jr. pointment: nessee? Robert C. Waddel William R. Wilson There was no objection. Donald R. Wade Paul F. Winkles LIEUTENANT COMMANDER, DENTAL CORPS Donald R. Wageck Robert E. Wishon Eugene C. Walter 1951 AMENDMENTS TO THE UNIVERSAL William E. Wagle Lester H. Wittenberg The following-named for permanent ap­ TRAINING - AND SERVICE William F. Wagner William E. Witzell pointment: ACT David M. Wakelee Donald C. O. Wobser Benjamin S. Walker William M. Wolff, Jr. ·LIEUTENANT, DENTAL CORPS Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, Charles B. Walker David w. Wolgast Eugene C. Walter I call up House Resolution 171 and ask Frank A. Walker, Jr. Carr w. Wright, Jr. The following-named to be ensigns in the for its immediate consid3ration. Joe A. Wall Howard R. Wright :Nurse Corps of the Navy: The Clerk read the resolution, as fol­ Charles J. Wallace Irving V. Wright lows: Andrew J. Walsh Philip H. Wright Eugenia M. Barnard Lucy C. Vigil Eugene J. Walsh Ralph M. Wright Mary T. Henen Ruth Williams Resolved, That upon the adoption of this Warren A. Wanamaker Richard L. Wright Jeanne F. Moriarty resolution it shall be in order to move that Joseph T. Warkoczew- Robert M. Wunderlich the House resolve itself into the Committee ski David c. ·wylie of the Whole House on the State of the David D. Warriner F'ranz s. Yeomans Union for the consideration of the bill (S. 1) Leroy Washenfelder Bruce C. Young to provide for the common defense and se­ Rodney T. Waters Joe R. Young, Jr. .HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES curity of the United States by authorizing Clarence L. Watson Robert E. Young. universal military training and service, and Donald A. Watson Benny A. Younglove TUESDAY, APRIL 3, 1951 for other purposes, and all points of order Thomas W. Watson Dean R. Youngman against said bill are hereby waived. That. Donald T. Watters James E. Yourison The House met at 12 o'clock noon. after general debate, which shall be confined James H. Wear David A. Zeller, Jr. The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Bras­ to the bill and continue not to exceed 4 days, Earl J. Weaver Kenneth V. Zerda to be equally divided and controlled by the kamp, D. D., offered the following chairman and ranking minority member of John L. Weaver John C. Ziemba prayer: James R. Webb Jay W. Zink the Committee on Armed Services, the bill James E. Webster Robert L. Zwart o Thou who art the companion and shall be read for amendment under the 5- minute rule. It shall be in order to consider The following-named (Naval Reserve Of­ counselor of all mankind, we rejoice without the intervention of any point of ficers Training Corps) to be ensigns in the that in our times of doubt and uncer­ order the substitute amendment recom­ Supply Corps of the Navy: tainty and greatest need we may un­ mended by the Committee on Armed Serv­ Alfred E . Ahbey Richard G. Binning- burden ourselves to Thy listening ear and ices now in the bill, and such substitute for Thomas K. Armitage ham understanding heart. the purpose .of amendment shall be consid- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3199

ered under the 5-minute rule as an original Oregon' [Mr. ELLSWORTH], and I now that no member of the armed services is bill. At the conclusion of such considera­ yield myself 20 minutes. subjected to combat until he passes the tion, the Committee shall rise and report the It bill to the House with such amendments Mr. Speak.er, this rule provides for the age of 19. seems to me that is a very as may have been adopted, and any Mem­ consideration of Senate bill 1 which is fair compromise. I do not think that is ber may demand a separate vote in the House the so-called draft and universal military going to be much in controversy when on any of the amendments adopted in the service bill. The rule is about as liberal the Members consider it. Committee of the Whole to the bill or com­ a rule as could be devised. It provides The real controversy in this bill is going mittee substitute. The previous question for 4 days of general debate. It pro­ to come over what is known as universal shall be considered as ordered on the bill and vides that the substitute of the Commit­ military training. Universal military amendments thereto to final passage with­ tee on Armed Services, which is in the training has been kicking around this out intervening motion except one motion to recommit. bill, may be considered as an original bill Congress ever since I can remember. It under the 5-minute rule. It waives has been like the weather; everybody h~s CALL OF THE HOUSE points of order. felt something ought to be done about Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr-. I can think of no provision that could it but nobody ever did anything about it. Speaker, I make the point of order that have been put in this bill that would The Committee on Armed Services has a quorum is not present. make it more liberal or more suitable to given months of study to the whole prob­ The SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum work the will of the House on the legis­ lem of universal military service. is not present. lation proposed. I think, my friends, A good many of us were here in 1940. Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, I move a that this bill that comes up under this I was one of them. I remember when we call of the House. rule is probably going to be the most con­ had up the bill to extend the draft. I A call of the House was ordered. troversial measure that will come before remember just 4 months before Pearl The Clerk called the roll, and the fol· the House during this session of the Con­ Harbor that bill came to a vote in this lowing Members failed to answer to their gress. I am sure you are all going to be House. We extended the draft by a vote names: deeply interested in the debate which of 1 majority. If I had voted the other [Roll No. 21) will take place. way, or if any other Member who voted Albert Fugate Moulder Mr. MILLER of . Nebraska. Mr. for an extension of the draft had voted Allen, Ill. Gamble Multer Speaker, will the gentleman yield? the other way, we would have discharged Allen, La. Gillette Murphy Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. Anderson, Calif.Gordon Murray, Wis. our draftees just 4 months before the Armstrong Hall, O'Brien, Ill. Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. The gen­ Pearl Harbor attack. I am not saying Bailey Edwin Arthur O'Konski tleman said the provisions of the rule that in criticism of anybody who voted Bakewell Halleck Ostertag are so broad that they waive all points the other way. This country is opposed Baring Harden Poage Barrett Harrison, Wyo. Potter of order. Does that include the point to war. We are a peaceful nation. No­ Bates, Ky. Hart Poulson of order that will be made, possibly, body wants to fight. But there was a Beamer Havenner Powell against the sending of troops to Europe? widespread sentiment in this country Beckworth Hays, Ark. Prouty Bolling Heller Riehlman Mr. SMITH of Virginia. The rule that if we continued this draft it would Bolton Herlong Roberts waives points of order against the bill look like we had a chip on our shoulder, Boykin Hill Roosevelt and against the substitute. There are and those Members who voted not to con­ Brown, Ohio Hunter Sabath no particular points waived; all points Buchanan Jackson, Calif. Scott, Hardie tinue the draft were voting in response to Byrne, N. Y. Jackson, Wash. Seely-Brown are waived. The bill is subject to any the vast majority of the opinion of this Canfield Kee Sheehan germane amendment. It is subject to a country, an opinion which, it turned out, Carlyle Kennedy Shelley substitute bill if it is germane within the was a misinformed opinion because with­ Carnahan Kilburn Sieminski Chatham Kluczynskl Smith, Kans.· general rules of the House. in 4 months we were in the midst of the Chelf Latham Springer I want to take a minute or two to most desperate war that this country has Combs Lyle Stanley speak about the bill, because the Com­ ever been in. I had to sit here during Cooley McCormack Stefan Cooper McDonough Taber mittee on Armed Services has put in that period, as many of you did, and I Coudert McGrath Tackett months and months of study on this had to vote to draft young men who were Crosser McKinnon Talle bill. They have brought out a bill that untrained and we had to put them under Curtis, Nebr. Machrowicz Towe is not the bill of the administration, it the guns with less training than should Dawson Mack, Ill. Welch Deane Mansfield Whitaker is not the bill of the or the Navy, have been had. I had members of my Dingell Meader Winstead it is a bill devised and written by the own family, as you did, who were put Dollinger Miller, N. Y. Wolcott combined wisdom of the individual mem­ into the service without adequate train­ Dorn Mitchell Wood, Ga. Evins Morton Woodruff bers of the Committee on Armed Serv­ ing. I thought to myself then-and I ices, a committee in which this House, I have been thinking ever since-that if The SPEAKER. On this roll call 329 believe, has the utmost confidence. we are going to have to have a war, and Members have answered to their names, I do not believe any committee in the this is a warlike world, and everybody a quorum. House has more the confidence of the knows it, and there is no use in hiding By unanimous consent, further pro­ individual Members of this House than our heads in the sand about it-but if ceedings under the call were dispensed the Committee on Armed Services. I you have to have a war, would you rather with. think when you look at this bill you send your boy to war raw and untrained COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY ought first to weigh in the balance the and unable to protect himself, or would Mr. WILLIS. Mr. Speaker, I ask great amount of work this committee you rather do the sensible thing and see unanimous consent that the Committee has put in on it, and weigh in the balance that the boy, before he ever has to be on Reapportionment of the Committee the confidence you have always shown in called into the service, has had the on the Judiciary be permitted to meet the judgment of the Committee on amount of basic training-'as they call at 2 o'clock this afternoon. Armed Services after they have con­ it--which will enable him to protect his The SPEAKER. Without objection, sidered a bill. life when he does come under the guns? it is so ordered. There will be two points in controversy That is the simple proposition that is There was no objection. in this bill that are, I believe, the issues presented to you here. Do you want your The SPEAKER. But the Chair desires that are most controversial. One is the boys to go to war, if they have to go to to make this statement: When this or age limit. The administration has asked war-and God forbid that they should­ any other important bill is under con­ for induction at the age of 18. This com­ do you want them to go to war untrained sideration henceforward, there will ·be mittee after full consideration has made and ignorant, or do you want them to go no consent for any committees to sit, that. age 18 years and 6 months; but it so that they will have the basic training that. is, any committee over which the put a further provision in this bill. After to make them real soldiers and be in a House has control, because the Chair that induction at 18 years and 6 months, position where their safety is not so much himself will object to that. no member of the armed services can be endangered a~ it is in the caE".! of raw sent to foreign lands until he has had 4 troops. That is the simple proposition 1051 AMENDMENTS TO THE UNIVERSAL months of basic training in the United which is going to be presented to you. MILITARY TRAINING AND SERVICE States. · Even if he is sent abroad after Yoµ are going to hear an awful lot of ACT 4 months, there is a further provision fuss and feathers during this debate Mr. SlVfITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, that he cannot be stationed in a combat about this universal military training. I yield 30 minutes to the gentleman from ar~a until 6 months after induction. So When I first heard about the bill which 3200 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3· had come out, why, I thought the bill° it or reject it, then that is all this bill tary training. All ·you do is to set up provided for just throwing them all in does. Nobody can, by any stretch of the· a commission to propose a plan. When right now, that this was universal mili­ imagination, say that it does anything the commission proposes a plan, if you tary training. Well, it is not universal else. do not like it, you simply reject it, and mjlitary training at all. Do you know Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Speak­ that is all there is to it. what this bill does? When you sift it· er, will· the gentleman yield? The SPEAKER. The time of the gen­ down and analyze it, all this bill does is Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. tleman from Virginia has again expired. to say that we are willing to consider Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I would Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr."Speaker, the question of universal military train­ like · to ask the gentleman one question. I yield myself five additional minutes. ing ar.d we are willing to consider it on I am puzzled about this being a privileged Mr. ARENDS. Will the gentleman a basis of a plan submitted to the Con­ resolution. As I understand the rules. of yield further at this point? gress. All this bill does is to furnish the House, 30 minutes on a side is al­ Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. a method by which this Congress may lowed to discuss a privileged resolution. Mr; ARENDS. I wish we might make determine whether they want universal· Could that be amended so that we may this clear : Whether or not we estab­ military training, or whether they do not have 3 or 4 days to debate this important lish in this bill a universal military want it. In other words, basically all question of universal military training? training corps. I think that was the this does is to submit the proposition Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I do not see understanding. for consideration. Here is exactly what any reason why you cannot amend this Mr. SMITH of· Virginia. You do not. it does. It provides that a commission bill and have as many days' debate as Mr. ARENDS. If· the gentleman will shall be set up. . Is it a military commis­ you want on any plan that is proposed by ask the chairman of the committee, I sion? No, it is not a military commis-. the Commission. think the chairman can clear that up. sion. It provides that that commission Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Will Mr. SMITH of Virginia. The gentle­ shall consist of five people, three of the gentleman yield? man is a member of the committee, of whom shall be civilians and none of · Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Yes. I want course, and he knows better than I do, whom ever had a commission in the to yield now to the distinguished minor­ but all I see in the bill is that you estab­ United States Armed Services, and two ity leader. lish a commission, the commission estab­ of them shall be army officers. The Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. The­ lishes a plan, and the Congress takes the chairman of that commission must be committee is foreclosed from making any plan or rejects it. That is· all there is a civilian. They will devise for you a amendments to the House when that to it. I come back and I still insist that, plan. You cannot write a plan for uni­ resolution comes before us. Is that the if you adopt this bill, all .the House is. versal military service on the floor of the . fact? doing is ·saying that we are ready, able, House, any more. than you can write a Mr. SMITH of Virginia. That is the and willing to consider a plan for . uni­ tax bill on the floor of the House, and fact. · In other words, here is a plan sub-· versal military training; and we can re- we all know that. So this Commission mitted, and the House says, "We like it" ject it or take it, as we please. . will devise a plan and that plan will be or "We do not like it." But if the Armed Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the submitted to this Congress, along the Services Committee says, "We do not like gentleman yield? same theory as we have our reorganiza­ this plan but we would like to have a plan Mr; SMITH of Virginia. I yield. tion plans. That bill must be considered and therefore we are going to amend it Mr. GROSS. ·Is it not f.air, I . ask the by the Armed Services Committee. The and introduc~ another bill," they can do gentleman from Virginia, that . if the plan must be considered by the Armed · that. All this thing does, as I see it, is House · rejects the plan offered by the Services Committee with.in 4·5 days after· to lay the foundation for a plari of uni-' commission that is set up that they come it is submitted. They must report to the· versa! military' training, and if this Con­ right back with another plan? And if House a resolution that.either favors the gress does not like it or the next Congress the House refuses to accept the second . plan or that repudiates the plan. Then does not.like it, they can just reject it. plan they can come back with a third the matter comes to the House. It is a Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Does until we repudiate the law that we enact? highly privileged resolution. Any Mem­ not the gentleman think it might be wise Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Of course: ber of this Congress can call it up within to amend it so that the ·Arnied Services they can keep coming back as many the 60-day limit. Not any member of Committee could make· amendments or times as they want to, and as far as I the Armed Services Committee, but any recommend amendments to the House? am concerned I hope they do keep com­ Member of the House can call it up. Mr. SWITH of Virginia. I am not a ing back until we perfect the thing, I The~ what do we do? We consider the member of the Armed Services Commit­ want to see this thing perfected. plan. It is not a law. It is a plan. tee and therefore I am not qualified to Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Speaker, This House considers the plan just as say that. I personally would see no ob­ will the gentleman yield? you are considering this bill today. If jection to it, however. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. you like the plan you approve it. If Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. COLE of New York. The bill does you do not like the plan you· disapprove gentleman yield? provide for the creation of a universal · it. The only diff e.rence is that you ap­ Mr. SMITH of Virgini.a. I yield to the· military training corps, but it specifies prove it or disapprove it with a consti­ distinguished gentleman from Illinois. that nobody shall be inducted into the tutional majority vote. · I do not think ·Mr. ARENDS. The gentleman failed corps until a plan and program of train­ there is any difficulty there. to make clear, I think, whether or not ing has been approved by Congress. Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, will the this bill does or does not establish uni­ I point out further that if a plan is gentleman yield? versal military training. It does estab­ adopted by the Congress for universal Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. blish universal military training but fails military training that it may be repealed Mr. VINSON. It is approved or re­ to establish a program to implement uni­ by concurrent resolution of the Congress jected by a majority of a quorum; not a versal military training, but universal without requiring the approval of the cons ti tu tional majority. · military training.is established. .Commander in Chief. · Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I am glad to Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Now, wait a Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Yes; I am be corrected on that. moment. Perhaps you and I can get a glad the gentleman from New York has Mr. VINSON. Two hundred and ten little closer. I do not understand just brought that out, because even after you Members can disapprove it. what you mean by· that. have adopted the plan, if you like the Mr. SMITH of Virgina. So that all in Mr. ARENDS. In other words, we plan and it gets into operation and then the world you are doing in this bill is to establish universal mili.tary training. It you find you do not like it, you can repeal say, "We are ready and ·willing to con­ is done in this bill. We set up universal it by concurrent resolution. · sider a plan which may be submitted by . military training. Nothing can be· done Mr. BUSBEY. Mr. Speaker, will the this commission"; -and we take it or we about it. · gentleman yield? do not take it, just as we see fit, when Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Oh, no. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. the plan is submitted. Mr. ARENDS. But we set· up no Mr. BUSBEY; The gentleman from Now, if the House is willing to just con­ means to implement it. Virginia made it clear, I think, that there sider the question of whether you want Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Oh, no. Oh, is not anything to consider until this universal military training, and accept no. You do not set up universal mili- commission pre 2 2 11~ s a plan. If that be 1951 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-HOUSE so why should we be considering estab­ Committee than to take either the Committee on Armed Services it will lishing this program in a part of this Armed Services Committee or the com­ be handled as original legislation. bill at this time? Why not wait until mission separately. Mr. Speaker, at this time I yield 8'11Ch this so-called emergency is over? Some Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Speaker, will time as she may desire to the gentle­ people think this emergency is going to the gentleman yield? woman from Massachusetts [Mrs. last for 20 years. Why consider some­ Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. ROGERS]. thing that i::: not before us? Mr. CRAWFORD. Having in mind (Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts asked Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I do not yield the statement of the gentleman from and was given permission to revise and further. Answering the gentleman's New York [Mr. COLE] as well as the extend her rel'iJ.arks and include an question, I do not know why the commit­ statement of .the gentleman from Illinois article appearinz in the Lowell (Mass.) tee put it in; I am not a member of it. [Mr. ARENDS], does the gentleman ad­ Sun.) But I will tell you why I would have put dressing the House now agree that the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. it in, because a.:; soon as the emergency bill sets up a universal military train­ Speaker, this afternoon, at 2 :30 o'clock, is over nobody will be willing to consider ing corps? at the Pentagon, the highest military it. I think that now is the time to put Mr. SMITH of Virginia. . I agree that honor our country can give to one of its it in. it sets up a commission, but it does not def enders will be bestowed, posthumous­ Mr. BUSBEY. I think it is better to set up any corps until th's House adopts ly, upon Pfc J. Raymond Ouellette, of let the legislr-,tion be considered on its it. my home city of Lowell, Mass. merits instead of trying to put it in Mr. CRAWFORD. If the gentleman Gen. Omar N. Bradley, chairman of under some subterfuge like they are try­ will yield further, the reason I asked that the Joint Chiefs of Staff, will make the ing to do as part of this bill. question-and I wanted to get the gentle­ presentation of the Congressional Medal Mr. SMITH of Virginia. The gentle­ man's opinion on it--I understood the of Honor to Raymond Ouellette's mother, man from Illinois and the membership gentleman to say in response to the gen­ Mrs. Rose B. Ouellette, who lives at 23 will have every opportunity to consider tleman from New Y~rk [Mr. CoLE] about Cabot Street, Lowell. it under this bill. You can offer a sub­ the corps, that it set. up ·a corps. . This 2'0-year-old boy was one of eight stitute and one perhaps will be offered The SPEAKER. The time of the gen­ young children left fatherless 17 years to strike it out if they want to. There tleman from Virginia has again expired. ago by the accidental drowning of his is not any skulduggery about this thing. Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I parent. His mother, devoted to her 12,rge We hear a lot of talk about skulduggery yield myself 2 minutes. family, worked hard to clothe and feed but I cannot see that there has been any Mr. Speaker, so far as this rule is con­ them until some became old enough to skulduggery about it. The committee cerned there is evidently no controversy help out. Today the Ouellette family is has considered the matter. They think and no dispute over it. If a matter ever typical of many such Lowell families, this is an opportune time for the H.ouse deserved to corrie before this body for successfully bound together by the soli­ to consider it. full and complete discussion this bill is darity of family ties which only a de­ Mr. SADLAK. Mr. Speaker, will the that type of legislation. There should voted mother can gain over a long period gentleman yield? be no question regarding the gran~ing of years looking after her children. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. of a rule for the consideraiton of this Raymond Ouellette became interested Mr. SADLAK. Do I interpret what bill. 1n military training through the Na­ the gentleman is trying to say is that As a member of the Rules Committee tional Guard, and he received his early what we are trying to do here is to put I wish to compliment the Committee on training at the State armory on West- our foot into the door of every home in Armed Services for the care, the length . ford Street. He volunteered for service America? of time and the hard work that we know shortly after the beginning of the Korean Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I do not has been put in on this matter. The conflict and soon landed in Korea as a know what construction the gentleman significant thing about the bill is that it member of Company H, Ninth Infantry places on my remarks, but they speak was actually written by the Committee Regiment, Second Infantry Division. for themselves. on Armed Services. Testimony to that The action which won the Medal of Mr. BUSBEY. Mr. Speaker, will the effect was abundant in the hearing be­ Honor for Private First Class Ouellette gentleman yield for one more brief ob- fore the Rules Committee which brought was one of continued personal sacrifice servation? · the pending resolution to the floor. In in his successful effort to save his· unit Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield for a my opinion, that is the way legislation from complete annihilation. Repeatedly question. Does the gentleman · wish to should be written and brought to the he exposed himself to enemy machine ask a question? · House for consideration. I wish I could gun and small-arms fire, carrying water Mr. BUSBEY. I asked the gentleman say as much for some of the other bills for his wounded comrades who had been to yield for a brief observation. that we have considered and will con­ without water for 3 days; fighting Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I do not s.ider in the future. In too many in­ against terrific enemy concentrations, he yield for that purpose. stances, bills have been handed to leg­ instilled in his comrades by his example Mr. CRUMPACKER. Mr. Speaker, islative committees, more or less rubber an esprit de corps that delivered his unit will the gentleman yield? stamped and then sent to the floor for from its perilous position. Even after Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. consideration. · being severely wounded, he continued to Mr. CRUMPACKER. · The gentleman This bill, controversial as it is, and it is fight by throwing hand grenades at the stated that a program for universal mili­ very evident that it is controversial, is attacking enemy. This he did until a tary training should not be written on based on the best thinking and the best direct hit upon his fox hole ended his life. the floor of the House. Does the gentle­ judgment of the members of our great It is very difficult to find appropriate man also feel that the Armed Services Committee on Armed Services. They words to pay the deserved tribute to this Committee of this House which he states have favorably reported the bill to the young hero. He gave far more than he holds in such high consideration, can­ floor for the consideration of the House. duty called upon him to give. Fighting not write such a program at all? !may say further that, as the rule so in a strange country, under indescribable Mr. SMITH of Virginia. No; I think clearly states, the substitute offered by conditions of hardship, he made the su­ they could write it if they wanted to; the Committee on Armed Services as an preme sacrifice that his comrades and his they could writer, bill if they wanted to. amendment to Senate bill No. 1 will be unit ·might be saved. No man could give Mr. CRUMPACKER. Why not have considered in the Committee of the more than that. the program written ·by the Armed Whole House as an original bill. Under Mrs. Rose B. Ouellette should be very Services Committee and presented to the the rule all of the procedure generally proud of her boy, and I know she is. House? followed in the consideration of original Today is a very trying day for ~er, but I Mr. SMITH of Virginia. They are bills will prevail when the Committee of know that her sadness over the loss of prepared to do it. I will go a step fur­ the Whole considers the pending bill. her brave· son will be tempered by the ther; as a matter of fact I would rather The question will finally come on the realization that he lived and died in have the combined judgment of this committee amendment to the Senate bill, keeping with the greatest and most es­ commission plus the Armed Services but in Jrerfecting the amendment of the teemed tradition of the military service. , XCVII-202 3202 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 The city of Lowell, the Commonwealth enemy tanks and two gun positions. Against left Mrs. Ouellette with eight young children of Massachusetts, and the entire Nation this heavy fire, Private Ouellette made his and thus began a battle for survival and should be extremely proud of this Lowell way to the water can which he found to be bringing up a family of boys and girls. shot full of holes and empty of water. Indications point to the fgct that it hasn't hero who gave his life that freedom "On his way back to the perimeter, he been easy for Mrs. Ouellette but next Tues­ might live. We in the Congress should found a water hole and filled his helmet. day, she receives . reward accorded few do him homage. Enemy fire became so heavy he was unable mothers, that of knowing that her labors Mr. Speaker, as a part of my remarks, to keep the water from spilling from his hel­ were not in vain. After all, proof of her I include the following articles from the met as he crawled along the ground. success with her family lies in the fact that . Lowell Sun: · Although he returned to the perimeter her son's heroism serves today as a beacon empty-handed his brave action witnessed light for Americans fighting in other parts AWARD CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR TO by men on the perimeter, stirred them to the of the world to prevent the spread of com­ LOWELL SOLDIER-PFC J. RAYMOND 0UEL• highest spirits and increased their morale munism. LEITE WAS KILLED IN KOREAN WAR-LOCAL greatly. PROUD TEACHERS GI GAVE LIFE ON VOLUNTEER MISSION To "Later, the same day, five Koreans were RESCUE HIS BUDDIES And the Marist Brothers of St. Joseph's killed about 25· yards on the north side of Boys' School, on Merrimack Street, must feel LOWELL.- The Congressional Medal of the perimeter and Private Ouellette volun­ some pride in their former pupil. When Honor, the Nation's highest award to its teered to go to their bodies and retrieve their they look at his successors facing them to­ fighting men, has been awarded posthumously grenades, which were sorely needed. day, these good teachers can't help but think to Pfc J. Raymond Cuellette, son of Mrs. "He stepped out of the perimeter unknown that among them may be heroes who some Rose B. Ouellette, of 23 Cabot Street, it was to anyone and worked his way to the bodies. day will become the Charettes of 1_898 or the announced today by Army authorities in One of the North Koreans was still alive Ouellettes of 1951 and that what is taught Washington, D. C. and was killed by Ouellette with a trench them today in the form of love of God and Announcement of the awarding of this knife in a hand-to-hand battle. He then country will help · sustain them when the coveted honor by the Department of the returned to his unit with five enemy hand time comes to malte the all important de­ Army, also carried the news that the presen­ grenades that were covered with blood. cision between life and death. tation will be made next Tuesday, April 3, at "The North Koreans assaulted Ouellette's the Pentagon in Washington, to the hero's position many times and on six occasions the MILITARY TRAINING mother, and that at the ceremonies will be enemy threw hand grenades directly in to his And the National Guard officers and men his sister, Mrs. E3telle B. Lefebvre, also of 23 foxhole. Each time he would leap from of this city can well be proud of Private First Cabot Street, and his brothers, Robert, of 12 the fox hole into the enemy small arms fire Class Ouellette. After all, didn't he receive Cabot Street, and Roland, residing with his covering the area until the grenade exploded his early training there on Westford Street, n::1ther. and would then return to his hole and con­ at the State armory? It was there that this The late Pfc J. Raymond Ouellette at­ tinue to fight. young hero learned the rudiments of mili­ tended St. Joseph's Boys School on Merri­ "At the seventh attempt to neutralize Pri­ tary training which served him so well in mack Street, this city, prior to enlisting in vate Ouellette's position, he was severely Korea. So that, in honoring the memory of the Army for a 5-year term on January 30, wounded by an enemy grenade. Although the late Pfc. Raymond Ouellette, the people 1948, after serving with the National Guard. rapidly weakening from the loss of blood of the United States also paid tribute to the He was first reported as missing in action from his wound, Ouellette continued to fight units which nurtured him militarily, the somewhere in Korea on September 3 and by throwing hand grenades at the attacking Massachusetts National Guard. news of his death, correcting the earlier re­ enemy until the enemy blasted his position TYPICAL FAMILY port, came later. once more with a direct hit in his fox hole. Death came to the young man during 4 "This grenade ended his life." The Ouellette family ls typical of many days of fierce fighting near Yongsan and hon­ The Medal of Honor citation contains all in Lowell today, forced by the housing short­ oring him in death at the Pentagon, Tues- the facts related by Sergeant Bczarth and age to live in a house at 23 Cabot Street . day, April 3, will be Gen. Omar N. Bradley, ends with the words "The extraordinary when its members could well stand extra chairman of the ,Taint Chiefs of Staff, who heroism and intrepidity displayed by Private space. One thing that isn't missing there, will make the presentation of the Congres­ Ouellette reflects the highest credit upon however, is this solidarity of family ties sional Medal of Honor. himself and wai:, in keering with the es­ which only a devoted mother can gain over Ouellette was 20 years old and a member teemed traditions of the military services." a long period of years of looking after chil­ of Company H, Ninth Infantry Regiment, dren, working hard to clothe and feed them Second Infantry Division. He enlisted at until some become old enough to help out. Fort !Banks, Boston, and accompanied the MOTHER AND MARIST BROTHERS LOOM LARGE IN When work became scarce in Lowell, one Second Infantry Division overseas in July of BACKGROUND OF HERO-PRIVATE FIRST CLASS boy,· Roland, moved to Barre, Vt., where he 1950. OUELLETTE LEARNED DEMO~CY THE HARD married the former Gloria Inman. Not long EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNT WAY ago, he brought her and their child to Lowell (By Leon w. Lamoureux) after obtaining work and, like the good The action which won the Medal of Honor mother that she ls, Mrs. Ouellette changed for Private First Class Ouellette is dramat­ LowELL.-"He was always obstinate, even in his younger days when he decided to do things around in her home and found a ically described in an eye-witness.account by place for these three additions to her family. his platoon sergeant, Master Sgt. Grover L. a thing, nothing .could stop him." Bozarth, of Austin, Tex., as follows: Thus spoke Mrs. Rose B. Ouellette, mother Robert, his wife, Alice, and their three "About 11: 15, the night of August 31, 1950, of Pfc Raymond Ouellette, the second man children reside at 12 Cabot Street. the North Korean forces attacked the position in the history of Lowell to win the Congres­ Her next oldest boy was Raymond. A held by the Second Battalion, Ninth Infan­ sional Medal of Honor. It was back in 1898, junior high student at St. Joseph's High try, on the east bank of the Naktong River. during the Spanish-American War that Lt. School, Raymond could not wait to graduate "Early the next morning, Private First George Charette, United States Navy, gained from school to join the Army when condi­ Class Ouellette volunteered for a patrol this honor by helping in sinking a ship at tions grew worse in world affairs and he soon which was to reconnoiter Hill 209, a:;Jproxi­ the entrance of the harbor of Santiago, Cuba, landed in Korea. mately 400 yards north of the perimeter. thus hemming in the Spanish Fleet. His former teachers and all his chums This patrol was to try to establish contact Charette lived to enjoy the fruits of his agree on one thing and. that is that Ray­ with friendly forces thought to be on the heroic. action and died a few years ago, being mond was a go-getter. Anything he. under­ hill. The patrol was halted at the base of buried in Arlington National Cemetery with took, he wanted to finish, whether he was Hill 209 by extremely heavy machine gun others of the Nation's heroes. playing baseball, football, hockey, or enjoy­ fire and Private Ouellette volunteered to rec­ Pfc Raymond Ouellette lies today in a grave ing other sports on the North Common. in Korea where he helped make history by . Nothing stopped him in his younger days onnoiter the hill alone. He proceeded to his heroic actions by which his companions, the top of the hill and to the far side while and only death was successful in stopping exposed to the fire of enemy machine guns. without water and running low in ammuni­ him there in Korea. tion, were saved from certain death by this He found that friendly forces had vacated Sharing in the honor conferred the hero 20-year-old Lowell man who gave his all that the hill. is his grandfather, Ephrem Heroux who to- democracy might survive. "During the afternoon of September 3, . day observes his . seventy-fourth birthday Full details of the action which won the anniversary. Mr. Heroux, who lives with his Pr.ivate First Class Ouellette volunteered to coveted honor for Private First Class Ouel­ attempt to retrieve a 5-gallon water can daughter, Mrs. Ouellette, has seen his grand­ -lette are contained in a story which appears children grow and has shared with his which had been air dropped about 600 yards elsewhere today. What the people of Lowell east of the perimeter. The men had been daughter the many trials and tribulations are interested in also is the background of which go with bringing up a family. without water for 3 days and the only mois­ Ouellette and his family. Is the family rich, ture available was the early morning dew .1s it poor? Living in the downstairs apartment at 23 licked off rifle stocks, grass, and items of Cabot Street is a sister of Raymond, Estelle, equipment. Many of the wounded were de­ FATHER ACCIDENTALLY DROWNED now Mrs. George Lefebvre. The· oldest of the lirious from lack of water. It was 17 years ago that Elisee. Ouellette Ouellette children, she has two of her own. "The route to the water can was down hill accidentally drowned in the Merrimack River Rita and Therese are residing with rela­ and covered by machine-gun fire from two near the mouth of Beaver Brook. His death tives in Wrentham while Beatrice -is with 1951 ·coNGRESSJONAL ·RECORD-HOUSE 3203 relatives in Middleboro, these changes ·having .possible so as to maintain our production men for only 12 to 18 months. Yet we been necessary by lack of space at home. at full .strength. Our manpower can con­ are told that every American youth must Last but not least is Edward, a student at tribute far more to the defense of the free be drafted at 18 for a stretch of 27 Green School who looks forward, he says, world in our production lines, in our Navy to going to work to help his mother and and Air Force, than in the front lines of months. I ask again, if the 18-year-old replace, in some way, his big brother, Ray­ ·land in Asia or Europe. Under the draft is the obvious answer to· Europe's mond. protection cf American and British air and defense problems, why has no European LEAVE. LOWELL SUNDAY sea power the free nations· on the periphery nation adopted that solution for itself? Mr.s. Ouellette with her daughter, i.v.trs. . of the Soviet empire can readily rearm with And if 27 months of service is the very Lefebvre and her sons, Robert and Roland, the great help we can give them from our rr~inimum required to save Europe, why will leave Lowell Sunday, at Government production lines. is it that no nation on the Continent has expense, so as to arrive in Washington by These are the reasons I call Mrs. adopted that period of service? Tuesday when the presentation of the Con­ Rosenberg's program a plan to defeat Or are we to understand that only gressional Medal of Honor will be made at American 18-year-olds are fit to be the Pentagon by Gen. Omar Bradley. America. It is a plan which, intended or At play or at work, Raymond Ouellette not, would sabotage America's greatest drafted for Europe's wars? proved determined to the point of being ob­ strength-ample manpower skilled in Under the Rosenberg selection system, stinate. When he set his heart on some­ the daily know-how of mass production. the Government would decide who, and thing, he did it. He proved this in Korea. Already we see this sabotage weaken­ how many, among those drafted, should It was not the act of a man under pressure, ing us in many industries. Young men go to college. But the basis for selection not the act of a man battling for his life. for college is not set forth in the bill. Ouellette's actions were cool and calcu­ who have been developing their skills for 2 to 5 times in a given line of produc­ It would be a matter for administrative lated. He knew the risks. He faced them regulations to be promulgated later. for the sake of his companions. He couldn't tion are gathered in pell-mell into the stand by while some were suffering from military camps. They cannot be re­ This is statism in its rawest and most wounds. He knew that after 3 days without placed ·on the production lines in less repulsive form-bureaucratic selection water, ammunition running low, with hun­ than 12 to 18 months, at the minimum. for higher education, not orie whit dif .. dreds of the enemy waiting like vultures to In our grain belt of the Middlewest, ferent from the system now in full force spring on the Americans and annihilate and effect in Russia, whereby the Krem­ them, that something had to be done. skilled, able, and trained farm boys are being yanked from their productive ~asks lin picks its elite corps on the basis of Pfc Raymond Ouellette did it. proficiency in the godless dogmas and He had what it takes to be a hero. for shipment to Korea, Germany, or to the four points of the compass in the routines of pagan communism. Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I United States. And these young men are In other aspects, the Rosenberg pro­ yield 20 minutes to the gentleman from being replaced by field workers imported posals are shocking to American tradi­ New York [Mr. REED]. by the Department of Agriculture from tions. They are proposals to make every Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, or Mexico-men young man the property of the Govern­ · our greatest defensive strength in Amer­ who have not the skill to operate a trac­ ment on his eighteenth birthday. Under ica today is our wonderful manpower­ tor, combine, or truck, and to whom a such a program all concerns of family sk:illed, educated, trained in the indus­ milking machine is but one step removed relationship would terminate. All con­ trial arts, familiar with every technique in complexity and confusion from an . siderations of individual choice, prefer­ of mass production, world leaders in the atom bomb. By this program we are ex­ ence, personal predilection, and special · know-how of machinery. porting Nebraskans to do bat.tle in the aptitudes would end as factors governing The distinctive, and probably decisive, rice paddies of Korea, and importing the careers. of American boys. They contribution of this mighty Nation to Jamaicans to do their essential produc­ would all be tossed into the military the defense of freedom is, and must re­ tive work in Nebraska. By this formula, maw, like so many apples into a cider main, this tremendous industrial ca­ Prof. Albert Einstein would make his mill-each counted as one, regardless of pacity-our ability to produce planes, great contribution to the defense effort those special values and qualities of hu­ guns, tanks, ships, ammunition and by taking an emergency assignment man nature which differ men from beasts heavy transportation equipment, labor- driving a delivery truck. Man power is of the field. These are the measure­ . saving farm machinery, machine tools, . manpower under Mrs. Rosenberg's sys­ ments of stark paganism, unblushing and precision instruments. These are tem, which measures values in numbers, godlessness. The American people will the very sinews of victory. . They are without regard to skills, training, educa­ never tolerate them. the only possible weapons with which we tion, and that rich heritage of energy The Government alone would deter- may hope to hold to a sense of decent and ingenuity which is the peculiar gift . mine who would go to college. The Gov­ accountability the wanton and cruel ex­ of free men. Such a determination of ernment would select the college. The penditure of manpower by the Commu­ manpower programs in this country to­ Government would hand the student his nist masters of Asia's nomadic hordes. day is sheer madness. It must be called course of studies. After June 1954 every But we can never supply these vital, sabotage in high places, because it has college graduating class in the ·United ecsential, and decisive tools of security never been defended, even by its spon­ States would be composed of men selected and defense if we a·re to squander our sors, save on the ground of hysterical ex­ and directed 100 percent by the Rosen­ skilled manpower in numberless divi­ pediency which takes no account of the berg selection system. sions and vast armies of foot soldiers for long-term needs of American life. De­ And then what? At graduation these Europe, Asia, Africa-and where next? stroy America's advntage in skilled man­ men would go into the military service to Admiral Nimitz has said: power for our industries, and you destroy finish up the remaining 23 months they America at one strike from within. still owed on their original draft term The American productive economy is our of 27 months. All they get before col­ greatest strength and our greatest weapon. If universal military training for all Weaken it and you undermine our military youths at 18 years of age is the first ne­ lege is 4 months of basic training. They power at its source. then would be in the Reserves until 26 cessity for the defense of free Europe, as years of age. And let me call as another witness, we are so emphatically told, why is it This is not an emergency program. Mr. Marriner S. Eccles, Vice Chairman that no nation on the Continent had adopted the 18-year-old draft for jtself? It is a proposal for a fixed national policy. · of the Federal Reserve Board. He ap­ It is an attempt to establish a manpower peared before the Joint Committee on France, Italy, Belgium, and Denmark dictatorship in these free States. To the ·Economic Report as recently as Jan­ do not draft men until they are 20. rule the future lives of all men beyond uary 25, this year. He said: · Portugal and the Netherlands do not their eighteenth birthday easily could be We should recognize the fact that our un­ draft before 21 years of age. Luxem­ an entering wedge for practices and pro­ rivalled productive capacity is our strongest burg, Iceland, and Canada have no draft gram already in operation behind the line of defense, that our ability to produce laws whatever for overseas service, but iron curtain. is determined largely by our available man­ rely entirely upon voluntary enlistments. It is worthy of note that in the debates power; that our country is the arsenal of Nor does any nation in the North At­ in another body it was stated openly the free nations, and must not be weakened lantic Pact draft any man for as lung as by a military program which we cannot against this bill that it was a Trojan­ maintain indefinitely without regimentation 27 months, the minimum terms proposed horse project to force iron-curtain poli­ or inflation, or which leads to war. We . by the administration in the pending cies upon America in the name of crisis should keep our ground forces as small as bill. Most nations on the continent take and emergency. The Association of 3204 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 American Colleges, comprising some 900 000,000,000 in lend-lease from our un­ berg's hands a perpetually renewed university presidents, has petitioned matched production lines. standing army of 4,000,000 American Congress to stop this mad, hysterical Let us look to prew::>..r Japan for a pic­ boys, ready to leap to fire-alarm wars rush to a made-in-Moscow regimenta­ ture of universal military training at at a moment's notice anywhere around tion of the entire educational system work. Militarism in Japan at length the world? Who will declare these wars beyond high school. gained the upper hand over the parlia­ which our boys are to fight-as in Korea? The universal drafting of 18-year-olds mentary system. Then militarism in­ Congress was not even consulted on the would seriously undermine professional doctrinated the draftees with these in­ Korean decision. and technical education in this country structions : Now, General MacArthur tells us in the short ·space of perhaps 5 years. To make a good soldier, there must always frankly that his bands are tied. He has Freedom in education would be at an be an immediate enemy. He must be led to overwhelming air power, but he may not end. believe that this enemy may strike today. strike his enemy's supply lines and bases As long ago as 1945 the National Ad­ He must be convinced that the enemy is · in Manchuria. Never before in military visory Committee on Higher Education prepared to annihilate our country at the history has a field commander had a strongly urged upon the attention of first opportunity. a narrower field of judgment and deci­ Congress "the rapidly increasing short­ From this ~ tate o-: mind it is, of course, sion in the field. Every move he con­ age of men in professional fields essen­ but a short step to the complete police siders must first be submitted to the tial to the national welfare, such as state, in which every function of gov­ United Nations, at Lake Success. But medicine, dentistry, engineering, physics, ernment-and ultimately every human now the United Nations is in recess. A chemistry, divinity, and others. With thought and fancy-is suL:>rdinated to midwinter vacation in Florida is of ut­ each year of war the gap in the flow of the dictates of the requirements of de­ most importance to the cultivated diplo­ young men into these essential fields be­ fense. This is the capstone of milita­ matic temperament. Let all wars be comes a more serious threat to the rism-the complete garrison state. And started in the balmy June of Washing­ national health, safety, and interest." when :-Jeople cry out that they can no ton-and then let all wars run them­ I would suggest to every Member on longer carry the load of nonproductive selves, so long as American replacements the floor of the House who believes there militarism, what happens? First, a war are available from Mrs. Rosenberg's se­ is some value to education in the pres­ incident develops. Bismarck once ob­ lection pool. ervation of our form of government to served in a moment of political candor The whole history of America argues get the April Atlantic magazine and read during a Berlin crisis: "A small war­ against passage of this bill at this time. the article by the president of Yale Uni­ not too big-would be a great conveni- Universal military training is not a versity. It is a masterpiece. In that ence." · defense measure. It is a grab for article he shows exactly what this type Would this cruel philosophy of power power-the old shell game of power of legislation is going to do to the educa­ politics explain our situation in Korea grabbing under the hysteria of emer­ tional system in this country. today? gency, A systematic campaign of fear­ Furthermore, he points out that Russia To date the United States forces have a form of psychological warfare against is filling all her schools with technical suffered more than 57 ,000 casualties in the American people-pas been waged by trainees in these engineering professions. Korea-more casualties than the total the administration for several years. How much more acute ·would this number of all forces supplied in that war The theory is that if you can scare the problem become with universal military by all other members of the United Na­ American people to the very bottoms of training? During the first years of op­ tions combined. their feet, Congress will grant any power eration UP.der the pending bill, only 75,- Our operation in Korea is called col­ requested-notwithstanding doubts as 000 men a year would be authorized to lective security. But in that operation to its constitutionality and no matter remain in the colleges--at the personal since last June 25 the United states is how socialistic, no matter how far re­ selection of the President. furnishing more than 90 percent of the moved from the American. tradition of This is why we are justified fully in armed forces, and suffering more than freedom and liberty under law. saying that historically universal mili­ 90 percent of the casualties. We have The time has come for Congress to tary training is a tool of dictators. And already suffered more battlefield casual­ save America. The power-grabbing it is also a fundamental dogma of Com­ ties in this Korean misadventure than bureaucrats are running wild in their munist militarism. Article 132 of the our American forces suffered in the encroachments upon the Constitution Soviet constitution reads: "Universal Revolutionary War. In that war for na­ and the sovereignty of the American military service is law." tional independence our total casualties people. Our boys already have been sent Neither is it true that universal mili­ were about 12,000. In the War of 1812 to war without the consent or approval tary training provides real national se­ we suffered 7,000 casualties. In the of Congress. Now, we are asked to sign curity. It did r:'Jt save France at Water­ Mexican War we suffered 17,000; and in a blank check turning over all American loo. And in both and World the Spanish-American War, 10,000. In young men to Mrs. Rosenberg for what­ War Il France again V.'as rescued from those four wars we suffered about 46,000 ever wars the Lake Success "debating so­ the outside-and both times by nations casualties to win four great victories for ciety" may deem meritorious in the which did not have univ€rsal military American freedom. In Korea we have future. training-the United States, Britain, had 57,000 casualties, for what? Will it We can defend America, and we can Canada, and Australia. be a great victory when we get back to defend freep.om, only if we keep America the thirty-eighth parallel? strong, and we can keep America strong In Germany universal military train- . only by reclaiming and restoring and re­ ing has been the rule since 1814. And General MacArthur recently told the viving the full force and vigor of Amer­ there militarism has produced its usual world that he has been operating in Ko­ ican constitutional government. We harvest-poverty, destruction, and na­ rea under abnormal military inhibitions. must here and now turn back the power tional impotence. Because of these inhibitions, he said: grabbers, the Treasury-busting Social­ Japan adopted her universal military The battle lines cannot fail in time to ists, the authors of regimentation-and training in 1873; and once again run­ reach a point of theoretical military stale­ once more declare America free. mate. Thereafter our further advance would away militarism ground the n?,tion to ~r. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, the dust of poverty, destruction, and militarily benefit the enemy more than it would ourselves. I yield to the gentleman from Georgia humiliation. [Mr. CoxJ. Russia hJ.d universal military training Who is running this war to make an Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, probably under the czars. It did not save her advance of our fighting men a greater later in the debate I shall want to ex­ from internal destruction in 1917. Nor gain to the enemy than to the victor? press my views on the measure, con­ did it ward off invasion in 1941. And Who delivered some 200,000 American sideration of which this rule provides, here again, Russia was saved by powers boys for cannon fodder into this death but at this point I do wish to call the which did not have universal military trap of the New Deal's still-born United attention of my colleagues to the fact training in 1942-45. Not only did our Nations? that in spite of the hostile atmosphere boys save Russia with the second front Is it the intention of this Congress in which the bill will be considered in Europe, but we supplied some $12,- · of freemen to deliver into Mrs. Rosen- surcharged as it is with r~sentment and 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3205 bad feeling, most of which is justified­ How easy it is when our Nation is not is· devoted to the munitions of war. Un­ in spite of that, we must remember that involved in all-out war, and when the til recently we were even reducing the this bill presents a test of the capacity freedom being destr6yed is not our very size of our Armed Forces, while the Rus­ of this body to provide its own leader­ own, to forget the basic facts of inter­ sians were expanding their already gi­ ship and legislate in accordance with its national life-to keep our attention gantic military machine. Our indus­ frc~ will. riveted on the easy way-to continue to tries were producing washing machines, Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, demand business as usu,al, to seek to re­ vacuum cleaners, and television sets, I move the previous question. turn to the good old days. How easy it while the was producing The previous question was ordered. is to believe that when the freedom being rockets, tanks, and machine guns. While The SPEAKER. The question is on lost is far away and not our own, it is we were producing for the happiness and the resolution. not a matter of American concern. But the peaceful pursuits of life, the Soviet The resolution was agreed to. that is the easy road, the road of fantasy Union was developing the means by A motion to reconsider was laid on the unrelated to the facts before us. which she could engage in an all-out war. table. Every Member of this House knows We all know how precarious the world Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, I move that, basically, the world situation has situation still is. Just the other day the that the House resolve itself ir.to the not yet improved. It is common kpowl­ Secretary of De.fense stated that in his Committee of the Whole House on the edge that Russia has at least 175 ready opinion world conditions are, if any­ State of the Union for the consideration divisions-a 4,000,000-man Army-that thing, worse than they were a year ago. of the bill

planning and controlling the Department's signed to responsible executives if integrated Specific evidence of this condition is most mission and upon the method of organizing responsibility for major activities were a char­ apparent in two factors: (1) The volume of for its accomplishment, the report recom­ acteristic of the Department's Qrganization. routine papers flowing to and from Wash­ mends that the Department of the ~rmy Over hall of the 47 committees mentioned ington, and (2) the numbers of headquar­ adopt a planning and control system and established or review policies, coordinate ters personnel handling nonsubstantive ad­ organization structure based upon the fol­ policies, plans, or actions, or have an ad­ ministrative details. A recent staff study by lowing et!Sential characteristics: (a) Inte­ ministrative role. The membership of the 47 the Office of the Army Comptroller analyzed gration of r.esponsibility for basic planning; ·committees (which may overlap slightly) the directives and other administrative issu­ (b) segregation of basic planning from op­ totals 409 key officers and civilians. These ances ret:eived from headquarters by el,ght erations; (c) association of implementation committees meet with regular frequeney and field installations during a representative planning with operations; (d) establishment the deliberations are time consuming. The 20-day period in November-December 1948. of adequate planning and control machinery; seriousness of the committee problem is in­ More than 13,00-0 separate papers were found ( e) achievement of a budget structure alined dicated. by the fact that the deputy chief of t-0 have been addressed to these activities with organizational responsibility; (f) con­ one o! the principal technical services bas in­ during this period, a very large proportion centration -of responsibility for b~ic func­ dicated that he has assigned the responsibil­ of which dealt with routine matters. The tions; (g) reduction in the number of inde­ ity for committee participati-0n to a single greatest concentration of origin of these pendent and autonomous elements; (h) large diVision in his service and that a large directives was in the technical services, par­ grouping of related and interdependent number of officers are engaged in full-time ticularly in the offices of the Quartermaster activities; and (i) establishment of a pure ,participation as members of approximately Corps and the Chief of Transportation. staff-line relationship between headquarters 170 committees and subcommittees (Includ­ Natters which contribute particularly heavily and field activities. The terms "basic plan­ ing some which are outside of the sole juris­ to this fiow of routine papers iilclude trans­ ning" and "implementation planning" are diction of the Department of the Army). portation movements, interdepot stock defined and described. beginning on page transfers, civil personnel transactions, local IV-6 of the report. II-15 procurement requests, and minor fiscal prob­ 9. Confusion due to inadequately planneit 5. Lack of decision lems. The extent to which headquarters per­ activity sonnel is engaged in handling administra­ Closely related to the factor of delay in The inadequacies of the planning and con­ tive detail may be adjudged from the esti­ eccomplishing actions is the difficulty in ob­ trol machinery o! the Department of the mate of a responsible offtcial that more than taining decisions in the Department of the Army, which are discussed in considerable one-quarter of all personnel of the technical Army. Many officers and civilians in the detail in chapter III, engender a degree of service is engaged in routine activities con­ course of this survey complained of this c.._nfusion in the.conduct of the Department's cerned with the command of class I activi­ factor, and more particularly of the ease with activities which would not exist if reliable ties, sct.ttered all over the world. which responsible officers disposed of mat­ integrated plans embracing all of the De­ Overcentralization is interrelated with the ters requiring decisive action by referring partment's major activities existed, and if othP.r aspect~ of the basic problem which them elsewhere. The many locations and there were timely and realistic controls re­ have been discussed earlier in this chapter. echelons at which authority for different vealing the progress performance with re­ It is a substantial factor in the heavy over­ phases of each basic function is found, on spect to these activities, against planned head cost in money and manpower o! the which final executive authority is not in­ schedules or against standards of accom­ headquarters. By unnecessarily limiting tegrated except at the Chief of Staff level, plishment. While there is considerable plan­ delegation of responsibility to field com­ contribute to this condition. It is often ning done in the Department o! the Army. mands and installations, it is the cause of difficult for subordinate elezrl.ents to find the and while some performance progress con­ delay and lack o! decision in the accomplish­ division of the Department of the Army trols exist, these In.adequacies in coverage, ment of routine administre,t1ve services, where they can get an authoritative "yes" Integration, and techniques render this as­ while housekeeping functions o! these activi­ or "no." One of the many examples avail­ pect of the Department's manageIOOnt in­ ties are de0entralized to the zone of interior able of this characteristic of the Department adequate. The confusion resulting from this Army commanders, causes lack of coordina­ involves a proposal emanating from the Army condition arises !rom the fact that person­ tion in the adminii;tration of these activities. Nurse Corps concerning the authorization of nel and agencies o! the Department, includ­ The size of the headquarters organization an inexpensive piece of equipment for nurses' ing field activities, aTe without the benefit has necessarily increased administrative red quarters. This request has been under con­ o! concrete, objective, and clear-cut blue­ t?.pe, while the accent on centralized direc­ sideration in the Department of the Army for prints to guide them in their current opera­ tion of day-to-day operations, especially approximately a year at the time of this tions. It also arises from the fact that ex­ with respect to class Il activities, has tended survey and n-0 decision had been reached. isting plans and programs to a considerable to place undue dependence upon current The master file on this case was 7 inches degree overlap, confilct, and duplicate each r.ctions, to the detriment o! ad1.quate long­ thick. In another instance Army Field other. Confusion also 1s derived from the range planning and programing. Forces advised that the revision of the im­ fact that the current performance of many Overcentralization is caused by a number portant Field Manual 30-00, Psychological . activities 1s not adequately reflected. Thus. ·of factors. Foremost is the natural tend­ Warfare, had been pending for nearly 2 there is uncertainty on the part of top man­ years. This traditional buck-passing tend­ ent:y of people to keep unto themselves the agement, as well as the executives directly power of decision in specific matters. This ency of the departmental · administration is responsible for these activities, as to the riot primarily due to the negligence of indi­ reluctance to delegate authority to subor­ existing progress status of these activities, dinate field activities is fostered in the De­ vidual personnel. It is the result rather of and so subordinate headquarters elements the failure of the organizational arrangement partment of the Army by organizational, and field commanders cannot be held re­ procedural and statutory conditions. Thus to concentrate its final authority for indi­ sponsible for performance against planned the lack of a clear-cut policy as to the ex­ vidual !Unctions in a clear-cut and decisive objectives. manner. tent to which the headquarters staff should Il-17 operate facilitates inconsistent individual II-9 10. Overcentralization interpretations as to the powers that will be 71. Red tape: Because the form of organi­ There appears to be general agreement retained in Washington. Inadequate pro­ zation makes it dimcult to obtain decisions among top otncials o! the Department that graming and systems for . control of per­ and achieve coordination, certain complex ar­ overcentralization o! the Department's ac- !ormance are another factor in encouraging rangements and processes have been necessi­ . tivities in Washington iE a major !actor in the headquarters practice of giving day-to­ tated tci overcome these deficiencies. the problem to which the survey is addressed. day decisions on routine field problems. To a Committees: The first and possibly the Although there are wide differences of opin­ small extent, the headquarters participation most important aspect of this condition is ion as to the causes, extent, and methods in detailed operations 1s specified by statute. the overreliance on committees to reach de­ o! eliminating overcentralization, it 1s gen­ The rest they could cure themselves. cisions and to achieve coordination". There erally agreed that the size and cumbersome­ m-s are 47 committees existing in the Department ness of the headquarters o.rganization is a of the Army, including only those commit­ (a) Detailed plans have been prepared serious obstacle to the prompt and economi­ despite lack of an adequate prior framework tees with membership transcending indi­ cal accomplishment of the Department's vidual general or special staff divisions, or of basic plans. In general, whenever the business. In this connection the Patch­ need for a plan has been felt, the absence technical or administrative services. These Simpson board commented as follows: committees represent a principal mechanism of underlying plans or authoritative direc­ "Unless a dooentrallzation policy is prose­ tives on which to base it has not been re­ for coordinating decisions and actions be­ cuted vigorously and continuously, the War tween the basic elements of the Department garded as a complete obstacle to initiation Department will again find itself in the state of the needed plan. Instead, it has been of the Army. Wblle some of these commit­ of paralysis it reached at the beginning of tees are involved in responsibilities which the war." self-generated, and assumptions have been under any !orm or organ.i.Za.tion would make Current concern for the development of a substituted !or required directives. Since them necessary (such as those engaged in program to reduce the degree of centraliza­ these assumptlons may later prove to be in­ custody and protection of nonappropriated tion is indicated in the territorial com­ correct. it may be~ome necessary to revise funds and ·review of promotions, awards, mand test which was conducted by the the plans developed in this manner, thus etc.), the majority of them are concerned Thir1 Army from October 1, 1948, to March creating duplication of effort which would ·with functions which normally would be as- 31. 1949. be avoided if each prior step in the planning 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3241 cycle were completed before beginning the strategic plan or definitive· assignment of past 5 years have been broadened and cur­ subsequent step. long-range roles or missions. Accordingly rently pertain to practically all of the staff 2. No provision ts made for the continuous there is no long-range basis and there are no agencies of the Department of the Army. modification of existing plans to keep them long-range procurement, fac1lities, or real­ Troop surveys may reveal information on curren t with changed conditions of assump­ istic construction programs. If there were such matters as personnel policies, training, tions. these long-range plans, it would be relatively food, and a host of other subjects not pri­ Modifi cation of existing plans appears to simple to break them down into phases by marily related to troop information and edu­ h ave been governed by current exigencies fiscal years and to develop the first year cation. These surveys are providing an in­ and emergencies, in spite of the fact that thereof as the background for the corre­ creasingly important means for checking the the conditions requiring modifications in sponding year's budget estimates. Instead, implications of Army policies and programs, plans existed in many cases long before the fiscal year estimates must be prepared on a and gaging the effectiveness of individual changes were actually m ade. This means short-range basis, subject to all the ills of commands in carrying them out. that t h e Army is continually running the ad hoc, belated planning, and with only a Because of the comprehensive application risk of being caught short of unwittingly hit or miss relationship to long-range re­ of these surveys, and because of their value developing new plans when revisions of quirements. Because they insist on try'ing as a checking device, it is felt that these existing ones would have sufficed, or of fall­ the budget to a single war plan-when the activities are properly a function of the in­ ing back on outdated plans when none better enemy does not follow the plan (as in Korea) spe.:tor general. is available. everything is out of whack. III- 43 (a) Basic plans have not been kept up to In t h e absence of long-range budget guid­ date. The War Department basic plan, Octo­ ance the basic budget estimating guidance HEADQUARTERS-FIELD RELATIONSHIPS ber 1946, is only now in the process of revi­ furnished to estimating agencies by the Gen­ Complex and faulty organizational and sion- 27 m onths later-although it was eral Staff has been unrealistic. Estimating operating relationships between headquar­ originally intended that it should be re­ has been on the basis of proposing an "in­ ters elements and field commands, installa­ vised annually. Further, upon examination surance policy" for preparedness rather than tions, and activities seriously detract from for revision , it was determined that this doc­ on practical expectation in appropriations. the effectiveness "and economy of the admin­ u m en t was not a plan after all and will, Principal governing documents are the Troop istration of the Department of the Army. It therefore, when completed, be regarded as Program, the Supply Supplement, and Pol­ is clearly the proper function of the head­ the Department of the Army Policy Book. icies and Programs for Fiscal Year 1950. quarters to establish policies, develop plans AMP- I is the first attempt since Pl47 to These have been out of phase and incompati­ and programs, establish basic procedures and prepare a feasible mobilization plan. Al­ ble with the budget directives to estimating standards, and control performance for the thow;i: h P147 was proved infeasible in Octo­ agencies. A further cue to the lack of real­ Department as a whole. A large part of the ber-November 1947, AMP-I was not begun ism in guidance furnished is indicated by the business of the Department, involved in the u n t il last fall and will not be completed until great number of- revisions and supplements execution of these policies, plans, programs, April-May 1949. Had P147 been periodically to the current budget directive. and procedures, must for obvious reasons be revised since the end of 1947, it is likely that Because the original guidance is inade­ performed by the field elements. The over­ little further revision would not be neces­ quate, successive cutting necessitates repro­ all administrative efficiency of the Depart­ sary to make it fit the needs of AMP-I, as­ graming and recasting, forcing the redoing ment, then, may be measured to an impor­ suming, of course, that suitable revisions of of great amounts of work with attendant tant degree by the effectiveness of the rela­ strategic concepts had been handed down as waste, and final arbitrary cutting resulting tionship under which the headquarters or­ needed. in an out-of-balance, uncoordinated over-all ganization provides basic policies, plans, and The overseas base development plan, as Department of the Army program. procedures for implementation by field ele­ noted, h as not been revised since May 1947, III-37 .ments and maintains performance controls over their execution. The findings of this although an up-to-date base development 6. The Troop Information and Education plan is a prerequisite for the annual presen­ survey reveal many fundamental defects in D ivi sion consists of improperly located this relationship. t ation of a program of construction to Con­ functions gress. III-47 The three fu~ctions of the Troop Informa­ III-11 tion and Education Division are (1) to dis­ 3. There is insufficient delegation of authority GAPS IN COVERAGE OF PLANS seminate nontechnical information to troops, to field activities As a result of inadequacies in the plan­ (2) to conduct programs of vocational in­ Much of the concern for decentralization ning machinery and planning process as de­ struction for -military personnel, and (3) to expressed by top officials of the Department scribed in the previous paragraphs there are conduct studies and surveys of troop attitude and summarized in chapter II appears to several important gaps with respect to plans and opinion. stem from lack of sufficient delegation of now in exist ence. The s ~paration of the nontechnical train­ authority by headquarters elements to field In the first place, there is no current mo­ ing responsibility, now assigned to the Troop activities. This is primarily a matter of un­ bilization plan. Since the disqualification Information and Education Division, from duly restrictive operating procedures which of P147 as infeasible over a year ago a new the basic training function of the Army is require field activities to submit proposed mobilization plan has not been developed al­ unsound for several reasons. In the first actions to headquarters for review and ap­ though its preparation is under way. Al­ place, the separation of "technical" (mili­ proval. For instance, Army area or instal­ though not available in connection with this tary) and nontechnical (morale) training lation commanders cannot now order trans­ survey, it is understood that there are cer­ detracts from the development of compre­ portation of personnel in units of 15 or more tain segments of mobilization planning which hensive and well-rounded training programs. or cargo in carload lots without obtaining have been completed with classifications The distinction between morale and motiva­ headquarters approval, even if the destina­ above secret. Although no evaluation can tion training on the one hand and military tion is within the same Army area. Simi­ be made of these plans it is apparent that training on the other is unrealistic. Both larly, certain types of property surveys appear no complete, integrated mobilization plans of these phases of training are mutually de­ to bear out the impression given in many are currently in existence. pendent upon each other. In the second areas during this survey that too much em­ place, the distinction between technical and phasis is being placed on the direction of In addition, there are no long-rafige, com­ .subordinate elements by day-to-day deci­ prehensive plans (outside of the category of nontechnical training (which provides the distinction between the Organization and sions instead of through long-range pro­ mobilization plans) for personnel (particu­ graming of their activities. larly as to the size and composition of the Training Division and the T~oop Information Army), training, installations, equipment and Education Division) is not and cannot III-50 procuremen t, or construction (other than be clear cut. This fact will result in a con­ 6. The complexity of the headquarters organ­ one proposal which was tabled for lack of tinued "twilight zone" of training activities i zation produces complex headquarters­ ft:nds to cover even the first year's plan). Which it is difficult to designate clearly as field relationships To some extent these gaps are the result of responsibilities of either of the two divisions. Finally, the organizational separation of Fragmentation of responsibility in the lack of long-range strategic guidance. The headquarters organization, described above, fact of t heir nonexistence, however, is ren­ these two training activities complicates the conduct of the training job as a whole from adds to the complexity of headquarters-field dered nonetheless serious. relationships. In the first place, the un­ In addition, plans covering certain basic the standpoint of programing and sched­ uling. Troop information and education necessarily large number of major organiza­ activit ies of the Army are of fragmentary tional segments into which the headquarters n ature. training activities must be included in train­ ing schedules and program which are the organization is divided creates a multitude III-20 fundamental responsibility of the Organiza­ of supervisory elements over field activities. 2. Topsi de gu idance for budget preparations tion and Training Division. Second, the fact that responsibility for each is inadequate The function of conducting troop attitu<;le of the basic functions of the Department is Long-range basic plans, within short-range and opinion surveys is not related solely to not integrated under a single individual fiscal year budgets could be developed, are either tra~ning or troop information and makes it difficult for field activities to locate not provided. education. While these surveys may reveal expeditiously the source of final authority There is no long-range guidance as to the information specifically pertinent to these on specific matters requiring headquarters size of budget estimates, and no long-range functions, the uses of the surveys over the action. 3242 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 7. Present headquarters-field relationships development, the broad aspects of opera­ basis of which the staff could take intelli­ place an unduly heavy administration tional research and legislative planning with gent corrective action when required. burden upon the headquarters the other phases of basic planning should V-6 give such planning reality, the loss of which Ey placing command instead of staff re­ PLAN FOR LEGISLAT.l;VE ACTION ON ORGANIZATION is feared by those who criticize any segreg~­ sponsi bUity for class II activities in the RECOMMENDATIONS technical and administrative services, pres­ tion of planning from operations. ent regulations impose a heavy administra­ 3. Association of implementation planning It is s.trongly recommended that, in devel­ tive burden upon the headquarters. For, in with operations oping a plan for legislation to permit accom­ plishment of organizational proposals of this addition to dealing with the substance of The day-to-day implementation of basic each· field activity work, headquarters must report, a course of action be pursued which plans by the operating officials of the De­ will provide the Secretary of the Army with concern itself with d~t a iled matters of per­ partment requires further detailed planning the maximum flexibility in determining the sonnel and field administration, supplies, which is properly the function of the oper­ maintenance, discipline, allocation of ad­ detailed organization of the Department. ating elements. The concept is, in this con­ Such a course of action is in direct accord ministrative vehicles, and t h e like. This ad­ nection, that the basic planners for the new ditional workload (estimated at more than with the recommendations of the Commis­ year's operations including appropriated sion on OTganization of the Executive Branch 25 percent of the total workload of the funds therefore. The spelling out of these technical services, as noted on page II-18) of the Government with respect to depart­ plans in detail and the preparation of such mental management throughout the execu­ would seem to contribute to the complaint, modifications of them as were required by so often voiced during this survey, that the tive branch. It is also the course of action changed conditions (and could be met with­ now being followed by the Management Divi­ h9adquarters was so busy operating that it ing the authorized appropriations), would had too little time to plan. Location of this sion, Office of the Army Comptroller, in the be solely the respon::>ibilities of the func­ preparation of an Army Organization Act of workload at headquarters must also be con­ tional stafi'. Such a procedure would allow sidered as a liability with regard to the 1949, in accordance with a directive of the the operating groups to do the detailed plan­ Secretary of the Army. added vulnerability of p.eadquarters to ning for which they are better equipped and strategic bombing and the physical strain This plan of action should contain three which they need to do directly to maintain basic elements: which it would place upon the city of '~'a "h- speed and flexibility in operations. At the 1. A single bill, which will provide in one 1ngton in another emergency. same time it would avoid weighing down the document, a basic charter for the Depart­ IV-5 group supervisin g basic planning with a heavy load of directing the detailed plan­ ment of the Army on organization matters, C. Suitability of organiZation for rapid war­ should be developed and presented to the time expansion ning. Congress. It should place Army organization IV-54 As h as been forcefully stated in the Haislip on a sound statutory base without depend­ Board report and in the management divi­ It is recommended that the Department ence upon miscellaneous pieces of legisla­ sion report, a past deficiency of Department adopt the principle of headquarters staff tion. of the Army organization has been the operation recommended by the Patch-Simp­ 2. This bill should empower the President necessity upon the outbreak of war to effect son board, and outlined in the following of the United States, with power of succes­ a hurried and far-reaching reorganization paragraphs. sive delegation to the Secretary of Defense to support the vast increase in departmental Conversations with top officials of the De­ and the Secretary of the Army, to establish activity. Such reorganizations under the partment during this survey indicated wide t h e form of organization and the assignment conditions of pressure cannot be carefully divergences of opinion and the lack of defi­ of functions which will, in just judgment, designed, and represent a disruption at a nite policy as to the extent to which head­ facilitate the most effective administration time when upsetting influences are the most quarters stafi' elements should operate. of the business of the Department. d angerous. Thus it is believed that an un­ Much of this confusion appears to stem from 3. This bill should provide for the repeal derlying principle in considering the future the National Defense Act of 1916, sect ion 5 of of provisions of existing legislation which re­ organization of the Department of the Army which provides : strict the adoption of the specific organiza­ should be its appropriateness to conditions Under the aegis of this act, the theory ap­ t ion changes whi-:::h the Secretary of the involving periods of neither complete peace pears to have been held for ~any years that Army decides to approve and installs, and nor complete war. The inability to phase the general staff should limit itself to plan­ which inappropriately restrict the authority organization according to clear-cut peace of ning activities and leave administrative mat­ of the Secretary of the Army to organize the war conditions renders. obsolete the thinking ters generally to the technical and admin­ Department generally. In instances where involved in d istinguishing· between peace­ istrative services. Presumably the latter, in there appears to be continuing need for as­ time and wartime organizational structures. their staff capacities, were expected to also signment of particular authority to the De­ limit themselves to planning and policy IV-8 partment, legislation should be amended so functions while operating in their command as to grant this authority to the Secretary of 2 .•~egregation of basic planning from capacities. The term "operating" was gen­ operations the Army, rather than to a subordinate erally interpreted to mean the application agency within the department. There are wide differences of opinion with­ of deailed administration supervision to all nonplanning matters, including those per­ Passage of such new organizational legis­ in the Departmeut of the Army as to the lation would not only serve to facilitate the merits of separating planning from opera­ formed in field activit~es. tions. During the course of the survey The report of the' Patch-Simpson board installation of improved methods of admin­ istration in the Department but would also recommendations from Irey officials ranged points out the fallacy of this concept: from the suggestion that all planning be "The staff must operate, in order to direct recognize the need of organizational flexibil­ segregated from all operations to the observa­ and supervise. The old theory that a staff ity in meeting the following potential devel­ tion that virtually no planning activity must limit itself to broad policy .and plan­ opments: (1) Changes in the organization should be carried on separately from opera­ ning activities has been proved unsound in of the National MiHtary Establishment and t ions. this war. • • • Unless a staff officer is in the other armed services departments; (2) Detailed analyses of the planning processes able to assist his command in getting things rapidly changing developments in the sci­ in the Department of the Army lead to the done in addition to coordinating, planning, en ce of warfare and in the molding of an conclusion that a sound policy in this re­ and policy making, he is not serving his full effect ive •team of land, sea, and air forces; spect would be the segregation of the organi­ usefulness. In short, a staff is a command­ and (3) an increasingly grave world political zational responsibility for basic planning (as er's principal means for determining that his situation. defined above) from that for operation, and orders, instructions, and directives are being Mr. Speaker; this condition certainly the association of responsibility. for imple­ carried out as he intended." indicates that our Military Establish­ mentation planning with that for operations. The board accordingly proposed that the This takes into consideration the fact that Department adopt a policy that the head­ ment has been looking and. working in basic planning must be closely coordinated quarters staff should operate in order to .fields other than its primary field of across functional lines, and ·is of such im­ make certain that the policies, plans, pro­ turning out a first-class Army. Here we portance as to warrant segregation of organi­ grams, and procedures of the Chief of Staff, can see some of the cause for at least zational responsibility for its direction, as developed by the several staff elements, some of our difficulties in Korea. whereas implementation planning is pri­ were effectively carried out. However, the CONCLUSION marily day-to-day functional planning and board noted that such supervisory respon­ so needs to be intimately associated with or­ sibility over the execution of plans and pro­ Mr. Speaker, I have been discussing ganizational responsibility for operations. grams should not be construed as requiring this un-American plan to change our It also reflects the need of protecting Army­ detailed administrative supervision over op­ system of raising our forces for defense. wide basic planners from the distraction of erations such as now characterizes the direc­ In conclusion I want to point out the detailed day-to-day operating matters. tion of class II activities by the technical dangei'S · of any standing peacetime· The integration of responsibility for basic and administrative services; rather it should planning and its separation from operations mean supervision through the operation of Army. Ehould provide the opportunity for improve­ good progress reporting and inspection sys­ The bill now being considered sets up ment in broad planning, a need for which is tems which would provide the staff with ac­ a permanent peacetime Army. A stand­ commonly expressed by top Army officials. curate status reports or "situation maps" ing Army is one of the most dangerous At the same time the integration of budget concerning all important activities, on the instruments to be used against freemen. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE It is a large group separated from the create a permanent large peacetime respectfully suggest to this House that other people of our country, living under army with power to dismiss this Congress the membership send the bill back to different laws and owing blind obedience if later we seek to limit its power con­ committee and that our splendid Com­ to its Commander in Chief. Military trary to the desire of its commanding mittee on Armed Services convene forth­ court decisions-are final. No appeal lies officer? with and summon our top military lead­ to civil courts. That is the principle We should not be misled to think that ers for a thoroughgoing and exhaustive that makes an army effective. There is a military commander will not do an ille­ examination of the policies which they hardly an area on earth that has not at gal act. The commanders will say: are now pursuing. some time been enslaved by a large "This Congress that created the Army Unless this is done, not a single one of standing army. History tells us that it was legal. I am the legal commander us can face his constituency with a clear is impossible to preserve the liberties of and my army was raised and maintained conscience, nor repeat his Constitutional the people where a large standing army according to law. The Army's legal re­ oath with clean hands. Failure by Con­ is maintained. That, sir, is why the sponsibility and duty is the preservation gress to act is an admission that the framers of our Constitution left control of liberty. My legal duty is to procee.d American people no longer are capable of of the militia to the States during peace­ as I logically believe liberty should be rising to emergencies. Failure by Con­ time. It is the States' power to control preserved." gress to act is an admission that this law­ riots and insurrection. Our Chief Execu­ This administration and its military making body is no longer fit to be free. ,; tive was to have no control until the advisers tell us we are in an emergency Weigh the insidious schemes, the com­ militia was called up by this Congress. that will last at least 10 years. We, plex maneuverings, and the clever mach­ Senate bill 1 grants peacetime discretion therefore, are not talking about a year­ inations which I have described here at the national military level to destroy to-year· army, which subject caused con­ today and ask yourself how you can pos­ the militia and National Guard, the siderable debate on the ratification of sibly rest another hour until we have police force of our States. Why should our Constitution. We are looking toward had an answer to the questions which I we follow examples that so enslaved the Rubicon. There the light of liberty have raised before this House this after­ other people when the light of liberty shows the tracks of an army that crossed noon. tells us we should a void these rocks? the river to dictate to its government, in­ As elected representatives of the people The passions of men warned our fore­ cluding the destruction of the hereditary we are all that stands between them and fathers that it is dangerous to put such right of kings. It made emperors out of the total state toward which this Nation power into any good man because it is shoe cobblers and gardeners and finally is rushing at alarming speed. If we fail too much power for a bad man to even­ gave them Nero. As we look, we consider them, all is lost. tually acquire. No one will deny the creating this force and placing it in the Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, will the bravery of the army of Julius Caesar or hands of an executive who we are sup­ gentleman yield? that there ever was an army that served posed to check and balance. Yet he tells Mr. WERDEL. I yield. / its country more faithfully. It was com­ us we have no control over the Army's Mr. SHORT. Is this fallowing the gen­ manded by the best citizens of Rome-by deployment in peacetime. He says: "I eral idea of the German general staff? men of fortune and respect--yet the can send your sons where I think we need Mr. WERDEL. I will answer the gen­ army enslaved its country. There we policemen or I can send them to coun­ tleman this way: In the course of my re­ learned that freemen cannot depend tries with whom we are at peace, and marks I think I will demonstrate to your upon soldiers of honor, integrity and af­ thus create a condition of war without satisfaction that we are moving along the fection toward their country, if they owe the consent of Congress." line actually set out and blueprinted at blind obedience to commanders under The Nation is already overburdened the request of our Army by General military law. The administration of with debts and taxes. We are on the Guderian. justice under military law is so quick, brink of war only because our foreign Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, will the punishment so severe, that neither officer policy has failed. Our enemy can de­ gentleman yield for a question? nor soldier dare dispute the command f eat us only if we walk into a land trap Mr. WERDEL. I yield. . even if he has other inclinations. against 50,000,000 foot soldiers from Rus­ Mr. PRIEST. The gentleman from Mr. Speaker, I have three sons . .I am sia. Why does this proposed law confuse California has referred to about three proud because I know they will want to the draft and universal military train­ highly classified documents. Perhaps serve their country in its defen·se, yet I ing so that one subject cannot be con­ the gentleman has seen those documents wonder what I would do if they appeared sidered or passed without passage of the through entirely legitimate channels, but at the door of this House in uniform and other? Did civilian minds or military I was wondering if for some reason there under command to remove their father minds draft this law? might have been a leak in some way, that from· his seat. I know that many of my No one can deny that America is at a they came into his possession in some colleagues would want to hang them by cross roads in its history. It is beyond way that would deserve a check up on their necks over the entrance to this belief that at a time of world crisis we the part of the Congress as to how they Capitol so that other Government agen­ should have in our Military Establish­ have been made available. cies, created by this Congress, might view ment persons whose hunger for domin­ Mr. WERDEL. If the gentleman will them. Such men were hanged at ion, whose passion for control, and whose permit me, I am giving the serial num­ Nuremberg; yet, they were under mili­ greed for power should lead them to bers of these documents. They are au­ tary command, and to disobey meant seize this moment of national peril to thentic, in. my best opinion. The serial military death. foist upon us that which they could not numbers are on many of them. On the The light of liberty shows us that an get at any other time. Guderian Report I have already given army created by a British Parliament This Congress would be nbt only re­ the serial number. I will give the serial with officers appointed by that Parlia­ miss in its duties, but unfaithful to our number of this document that I am dis­ ment and pay checks received by act of country, if a full scale investigation of cussing. My recommendation in con­ Parliament, actually marched under our military policies is any longer de­ clusion is that the Armed Forces Com­ Cromwell on that Parliament. When f erred. Our generals are not infallible, mittee immediately investigate not how Parliament discussed dismissing the great though they may have been on the I got these documents, not where some army, it discovered that the army could field of battle. They are not perfect; patriotic citizens have O:ecided that Con­ dismiss Parliament. Young men marched they are human beings like any one of us, gress should begin discussing them, not down marble halls under the command but unlike us they have been trained in how I got them, but whether or not they of young officers, who themselves were the autocracy of the military, a way of are true. under command and stacked arms in the life basically alien to free peoples. It is Mr. PRIEST. Would the gentleman doorway of the House of Commons. Of­ only because we have had military men add to that recommendation also the ficers in back of fixed bayonets told their who could submerge their military train­ recommendation that we might investi­ free legislature what it had to do and ing to their native love of freedom that gate the procedure by which highly clas­ how its individual members were to vote. we have not approached this appalling sified information is released from the That, sir, was a common law country, state of affairs earlier. Department of Defense or is made avail­ and we, too, can have our Cromwell. We • As I have repeatedly stated today, able? expect Governm:mt agencies to try to ex­ much of the legislation before us does Mr. WERDEL. No; my recommen­ pand their powers. Why then should we not become effective until next year. I dation in that regard would be that the. 3244 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 3 Congress immediately take some action Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, will the been rising steadily. We are now being to find out why an agency of this Gov­ gentleman yield? told that price-control regulations are ernment would classify as confidential, The American people surely do not to be issued within the next 6 weeks. so as to keep it from the press, informa­ .. want the military to control the Govern­ What was all that hullabaloo about in tion of a political nature leading us down ment. The American people- gave their January? a road to military socialism. best to defeat the kind of thing the gen­ The plain fact seems to be that in too Mr. PRIEST. Perhaps the gentleman tleman is talking about in Germany. many fields, the administratibn is trying is right in that respect, but that still, in Why adopt it here? Where was the to play both ends against the middle. It my opinion, does not preclude an in­ military at the time the Korean war wants price control, but it does not want vestigation of how highly classified ·doc­ broke out? Do you not think they are anybody ·to "get mad." So one day, we uments whether they were properly in just about the same place that Mar­ have controls announced, and the next classified or not, if so classified how then shall was at the time of Pearl Harbor? day they are being modified or restated they may be made available for discus­ Mr. WERDEL. The gentleman from or clarified. The net result is that noth­ sion on the floor of the House. I think Ohio is correct. ing happens, and we are right back where it would not preclude such a possibility. Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, will the we started. Mr. WERDEL. If the gentleman will gentleman yield at that point? Who suffers from all this mumbo permit me, the men who made these doc­ Mr. WERDEL. I yield.· jumbo? You know the answers. The uments available to me, I believe, are not Mr. SHORT. I have talked to General poor consumer and the honest business­ the subject of investigation unless in our Marshall, General Eisenhower, General man take it right on the chin. There opinion we believe there is some reason Bradley, Admiral Nimitz, Admiral Kin­ are some industries . where honest, eth­ other than political purposes in an at­ caid, ·and others. I think all of those ical businessmen are trying to maintain tempt to deceive the Congress for· them naval and military men will admit that prices as they were supposed to be main­ to be marked "classified," as I have the thing that won World War II was tained-at the highest price charged already said. America's industrial might and· produc­ during the freeze period. They are Now, as far as my participating in any tion capacity. Certainly the battle finding that other dealers are selling such investigation, I may say to the gen­ front can never· be stronger than the second hand, used materials at prices tleman from Tennessee that until I be-· home front. The thing we have got to higher than the price they are charg­ lieve this Congress is ready to give such do is to maintain a strong economy, ing for new goods. Could anything be men the Congressional Medal of Honor, financial solvency, and a going industry more discouraging to decent business I am not going to be identifying. here in the United States in order to people than this? They watch their I cannot yield further. for I am talk­ repel any aggression. · competitors getting away with this, and in,g against time. . Mr. WERDEL. I thank the gentle­ the Government is still afraid to put on Mr. PRIEST. Very well. man. a specific dollars-and-cents order. It Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. SHORT. I hesitate to interrupt would be the easiest thing in the world gentleman yield? the gentleman again, especially when to do, but it is going to step on some­ Mr. WERDEL. I yield to the gentle- he is quoting from Mr. Donald Nelson, one's sensitive feet, and the Government man from Missouri. · because he is a fell ow Missourian, but is deadly afraid of that. . Mr. SHORT. Our Committee on the gentleman is revealing the high mili­ The · housewife who buys meat and Armed Services, in long, exhaustive, tary mind. They demand unquestioned vegetables, canned goods, and cleaning thorough hearings a year ago last fall, obedience and are .never willing to give supplies knows the score. Everything repudiated that idea, and I am rather credit to any civilian. is going up. And now the word is out shocked that the gentleman from Cali­ Mr. WERDEL. I thank the gentle­ in Washington that new price increases fornia tells us that our Government, man. are going to be allowed. · This is part of after defeating Germany, is now getting CONFUSION AS USUAL IN WASHINGTON the regular pattern in Washington. Up a German general, Guderian, to .come Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, I ask and up, taxes and prices, the spiral is over to instruct us, and we are willing to going all the way. , accept his idea of a general staff. I can unanimous consent to address the House for 30 minutes and to revise and extend The prices are bad enough. But the imagine nothing more destructive. It my remarks. · · confusion can match the prices. Our is shocking to me. The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Mc­ price-control machinery is expanding. Mr. WERDEL. I was sure the gen­ MULLEN). Is there objection to the re­ But if you. want to get a job in the con.:. tleman from Missouri would feel that quest of the gentleman from Ohio? · trol agency, you must get yourself way. There was no objection. adopted by the Democratic Party. .· The Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, if the gen­ Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, the Amer­ word is out: No matter how well quali­ tleman will yield, but if we had a single ican people are certainly the most pa­ fied you may be, no matter how much chief of staff he would be as powerful, tient in all the world. We do not get an­ business experience you may have had; and perhaps even more powerful in an gry. We do not become indignant. We you are not going to get to first base with­ emergency than the President of the do not even write letters to our Con­ out getting the O. K. of your Democratjc United States. gressmen unless things are really upside machine. Mr. WERDEL. That is absolutely down. I say this because in the last And the regulations themselves-they right. · 3 months. more Americans have been are patterned after the same legal Mr. SHORT. And you could take over writing letters to their Congressmen hocus-pocus that was used during the the country and make it a military dicta­ than ever before. And it is a good thing war years. Nobody could understand torship overnight. they are. There are plenty of very good them then, and nobody can understand Mr. WERDEL. General Guderian reasons for anger back home. them now. At one time, a large in­ says that much. We are hiring civilians to work for the dustry got out a form explaining the Mr. SHORT. What the gentleman is Federal Government at a faintastic rate. meaning of one of those price regula­ giving us is shocking to me and it is In the first month of this year, 60,500 tions. They printed the form in Chi­ all the more reason why we should de­ new workers were hired for Government nese, and there was not even a Chinaman f cJ.t the pending bill before the House offices. By the end of this month, we who could understand it. We are right now, this universal military training bill. shall have almost 2,400,000 men and back now, doing business at the same Mr. WERDEL. We have a five-star women on Federal civilian jobs. Is it stand. general as Secretary of Defense. For asking too much to find out what they You will notice, too, that in the last all practical purposes, that is the Chief are doing? few days, there has been a remarkable of Staff of the Guderian plan. I will tell you what some of them are soft-pedaling of the RFC inquiry. But Mr. SHORT. The Chief of the Joint doing. They are regulating. What are there just is not any way to soft-pedal Chiefs of Staff is a five-star general, they regulating? Let us have some ex­ this kind of a case. Out in Hazelton, and I made a speech to get him his five amples. A few . months ago, the White Pa., three gentlemen got together and stars, Omar Bradley, a fell ow Missourian, House announced a price-control·systemio received an RFC loan for $7,800,00n to whom I love and admire. Ever since then, the cost of living has build a steel mill. Their total invest- /

1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3245 ment, as it appears on the records-and Some folks are charitable about all Mr. ANGELL asked and was given per­ remember this-their total investment these . things. They say that this mix­ mission to extend his remarks in two in­ came to $600. · The land on which they up is natural in times of war and emer­ stances and include extraneous matter. proposed to build this steel mill was given gency. But this sort of confusion is Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts asked to them by the Hazelton Industrial Fund. much more than the normal routine.. I and was given permission to extend her It is an old abandoned race track. Tfie have come to the conclusion that it is remarks and include an editorial from RFC examiners disapproved the loan. a calculated confusion, designed to cover the Boston Herald. The RFC engineers said that the loan up poor planning and careless thinking. Mr. NORRELL