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University Microfilms, a Xerqkcompany, Ann Arbor, Michigan MILITARY MOBILIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Brayton, Abbott A. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 22:59:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/287693 71-24,878 BRAYTON, Abbott Allen, 1942- MILITARY MOBILIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS. The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1971 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, A XERQKCompany, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED MILITARY MOBILIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS by Abbott A.llen Brayton A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College "THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Abbott Allen Brayton entitled Military Mobilization and International Politics be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree 0f Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approvaL-and recommend its acceptance*." UjHn/ lie,^ ' l% nrt A 3L iv /<? if This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages have small, light, and indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has "been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am indebted to several faculty members of the Department of Government, The University of Arizona for their critical comments. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Robert M. Lawrence for his guidance and assistance in the preparation of this dissertation. Gratitude is extended to Dr. Donald R. Hall for his suggestions and careful editing of the manuscript and to many friends and associates for their enc ouragement. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vi ABSTRACT I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. RESERVE SYSTEMS 7 Reserve System Classifications . 11 Conclusions 20 III. RESERVE SYSTEMS IN A POLITICAL CONTEXT 2k Background 2k Reserve Systems in Contemporary Politics 33 Economic Concepts ^5 IV. MOBILIZATION AND NATIONAL SECURITY 56 Levels of Mobilization 65 The Role of Reserve Forces in Mobilization ..... 77 Reserve Forces in Conflict Reduction 82 V. CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN RESERVE POLICY 90 Background ......... 90 Cold War Reserve Policies 102 Contemporary Reserve Policies ..... 106 The Army Reserve Components 107 The Air Force Reserve Components ........ Il4 The Navy Reserve Components 117 The Pattern of Reserve Policy 121 VI. POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE WORLDS, 1971-85 125 Possible Alternative World Number 1: Cooperation ..... ...... 126 Possible Alternative World Number 2: Bipolar Accommodation 129 Possible Alternative World Number 3 i Detente 131 iv / V TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Possible Alternative World Number h: Deterrence . 13** Possible Alternative World Number 5: Chinese-Soviet Rapprochement 13& Possible Alternative World Number 6: Confrontation ......... 138 Future Military Policies ..... 1^1 The Factor System l^t-6 VII. CONCLUSION 158 Testing the Hypothesis . 158 Toward a Better Reserve System 165 Reserve Policies ........ 165 Command and Control ....... 168 Personnel 171 Training 173 Equipment .... ......... Yjh Further Research 175 APPENDIX: THE U.S. MILITARY RESERVE FORCE STRUCTURE 178 The Army National Guard 178 The U.S. Army Reserve 179 The Air National Guard 180 The U.S. Air Force Reserve l8l The U.S. Naval Reserve l8l The U.S. Marine Corps Reserve . 182 The U.S. Coast Guard Reserve 183 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 18^ LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. The Classification of Reserve Systems 8 2. A Comparison of Decentralized Reserve Systems and Political Systems 3. A Comparison Between Warsaw Pact Political Systems and Reserve Systems ............. 37 A Comparison of African Political Systems and Reserve Systems hO 5. The Relationship Between Cost and Response Time for Military Forces 51 6. Stages of 20th Century American Military Mobilizations "j£> 7. Nations With Reserve Forces Larger than Active Forces 83 8. The Interface of Active and Reserve Forces and Foreign Policy 8^ 9. Possible Alterative Worlds, 1971-85 151 10. The Factor System Applied to the Army National Guard 153 11. Paid Training Status for Reserve Components, I9U9-70 156 vi ABSTRACT Every nation employs some form of mobilization in the conduct of national security policy. Mobilization, defined here as the trans­ formation of a military force and its non-military supporting institu­ tions from peacetime to wartime activity, provides communication with adversary nations and with the international system. The most iden­ tifiable institution in the mobilization process is the reserve mili­ tary system. This study analyzed the relationship between the political system, the reserve military system, mobilization, and international politics. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to explore the relationship between military mobilization and international politics, and (2) to evaluate American reserve and mo­ bilization policies with respect to political-military requirements for 1971-85. Methodology An inductive method was applied to a historical and comparative analysis of reserve systems and mobilization. All mobilization systems (for which data was available) were divided into seven general cate­ gories based on their military characteristics. A high correlation was identified between the pattern of national characteristics and specific types of mobilization systems. The relationship of reserve systems to political systems was explored. Political reliability, expediency, political socialization, vii viii political mobilization, social acceptance, stability, multi-func- tionality, and economy were examined as political functions of a reserve military system. It was noted that there is a high correla­ tion between the type of mobilization system and the type of political system: democratic or non-democratic, parochial or participatory. A historical and comparative analysis explored the relation­ ship between reserve military systems, mobilization, and international politics. A hypothetical Mobilization Ladder was developed to achieve the diplomatic-military objectives of mobilization while reducing the probability of conflict. Other means were explored for reducing con­ flict through the utilization of reserve systems. Past, present, and proposed American reserve policies were analyzed. Patterns of development and effectiveness were identified. Six Possible Alternative Worlds (ranging from peaceful to hostile) were hypothetically created to explore possible American national se­ curity requirements for 1971-85• A method of modifying the reserve system in order to meet the mobilization, requirements of each Possible Alternative World was proposed. Findings (1) The American reserve military system is capable of per­ forming its political objectives for 1971-85. (2) The American reserve military system is capable of struc­ tural modification in order to respond to changing national security requirements. This capability was not fully employed during the past decade. ix (3) The present and proposed American reserve military sys- -• terns do not maximize their military capabilities to achieve mobiliza­ tion effectiveness. (k) Past American reserve military policies were not effectively implemented. Proposed policies for 1971-85 would appear to provide an "ideal" reserve and mobilization capability commensu­ rate with national security requirements. Based on experience, how­ ever, it is doubtful if the stated policies will be fully implemented. Sixteen proposals were suggested for modifying the American reserve and mobilization system in order to meet future national security requirements. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Since the beginning of civilization military force has played a major role in the creation, maintenance, and development of politi­ cal systems. One component of the total military force, present in most political systems, is that portion which is not a full-time mili­ tary profession. This group, often referred to as citizen-soldiers, provides a political system with the means to implement
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