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Youth with Mental Disorders in the Canadian Criminal

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Youth with Mental Disorders in the Canadian Criminal MISPLACED: YOUTH WITH MENTAL DISORDERS IN THE CANADIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM by Brittany Levy Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Sociology) Acadia University Fall Convocation 2017 © by Brittany Levy, 2017 This thesis by Brittany Levy was defended successfully in an oral examination on September 8th 2017. The examining committee for the thesis was: _____________________________________ Dr. Doug Symons, Chair _____________________________________ Dr. Diane Crocker, External Reader _____________________________________ Dr. Anthony Thomson, Internal Reader _____________________________________ Professor Barbara Moore, Supervisor _____________________________________ Dr. Zelda Abramson, Head/Director This thesis is accepted in its present form by the Division of Research and Graduate Studies as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree Master of Arts (Sociology). ..................................................................... ii I, Brittany Levy, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I undertake to submit my thesis, through my University, to allow them to archive, preserve, reproduce, convert into any format, and to make available in print or online to the public for non-profit purposes. I, however, retain the copyright in my thesis. _________________________________ Author _________________________________ Supervisor _________________________________ Date iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VII ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS ............................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND THEORY ....................................................... 11 MENTAL DISORDER: DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE ................................................................... 12 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION AND THE LANGUAGE OF MENTAL DISORDER ........................................ 20 LABELLING THEORY: MENTAL DISORDER AND MASTER STATUS ............................................... 22 JUDGMENT AND REGULATION ..................................................................................................... 24 STIGMATIZATION OF THE MENTALLY DISORDERED ..................................................................... 26 MEDIA AND THE PERCEPTION OF YOUTH WITH MENTAL DISORDERS .......................................... 28 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 31 VIOLENCE AND MENTAL DISORDER ............................................................................................ 36 SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND VIOLENCE AMONG YOUTH WITH MENTALLY DISORDERS .................. 37 CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND INCARCERATION ............................................................................... 38 POLICE DISCRETION AND THE YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ............................................. 39 THE COURT SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 43 MENTAL HEALTH COURTS .......................................................................................................... 46 CONTEMPORARY SENTENCING OF YOUTH OFFENDERS ............................................................... 48 CORRECTIONS: IMPRISONMENT AND ALTERNATIVE SENTENCING. .............................................. 51 SUICIDES WHILE INCARCERATED ................................................................................................. 53 MENTAL DISORDER AND THE JUSTICE SYSTEM ........................................................................... 57 ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE IN NOVA SCOTIA ................................................................. 58 iv CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 64 INTERVIEWS ................................................................................................................................ 65 INTERVIEWS ................................................................................................................................ 66 SAMPLE ....................................................................................................................................... 66 DATA ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................... 67 FIELD STUDY ............................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................... 70 PERCEPTIONS AND TREATMENT OF YOUTH: PRESENT DAY .......................................................... 70 PERCEPTIONS OF MENTAL DISORDER TODAY ............................................................................. 71 MENTAL DISORDER, AWARENESS, AND STIGMA ......................................................................... 75 INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES ..................................................................................................... 77 COLLABORATION OF SERVICES ................................................................................................... 80 ROOT CAUSES AND CONCERNS ................................................................................................... 85 BARRIERS TO SERVICES ............................................................................................................... 87 HOW ARE CURRENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FARING? ......................................................... 90 FIELD STUDY ............................................................................................................................... 92 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 99 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 106 APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 115 APPENDIX B .............................................................................................................................. 117 APPENDIX C .............................................................................................................................. 120 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................. 120 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 PREVALENCE OF MENTAL DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN CANADA (2014) ...................... 15 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 PERCENTAGE OF DIAGNOSTIC CLUSTER SEPARATIONS FOR CHILDREN (UNDER 19) TREATED IN DESIGNATED UNITS IN NOVA SCOTIA (2010) ........................................................................................ 16 FIGURE 2 YOUTH IN CUSTODY, ELEVEN JURISDICTIONS 2005/2006 TO 2015/2016 ....................................... 50 vii ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to examine perceptions of agents in the social and justice systems, in the treatment of youth with mental disorders and crime. The problem is the justice system is reactive in its structure, there has to be a crime committed before an individual can seek the treatment and supports within. However, this is a multi-faceted issue. This highlights the idea that more resources for mental health should be found in community programs emphasizing prevention and early intervention initiatives. The literature reveals that positive intervention would be more constructive if placed within early intervention or prevention initiatives, such as school, where most children can be reached. Another conclusion of this research is that more collaboration between social and justice systems is needed. This insight was gained through qualitative interviewing of social and justice agents and two areas of field observation. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to a number of people who have provided me with the support, guidance, advice, and an abundance of patience during the undertaking of this thesis. I am grateful to Dr. Barbara Moore for providing me with the opportunity, direction, and constructive advice to bring this thesis to completion. I extend my deepest gratitude to my second reader
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