Major Article Genotoxic Effects of Semi-Synthetic Isodillapiole on Oviposition in Aedes Aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera
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Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine Vol.:53:(e20200467): 2020 https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0467-2020 Major Article Genotoxic Effects of Semi-Synthetic Isodillapiole on Oviposition in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) Luiz Henrique Fonseca dos Santos[1], Pedro Rauel Cândido Domingos[2], Sabrina da Fonseca Meireles[3], Leticia Cegatti Bridi[3], [4] [3],[5] Ana Cristina da Silva Pinto and Míriam Silva Rafael [1]. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Iniciação Científica, Manaus, AM, Brasil. [2]. Faculdade Uninassau de Manaus, Setor Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil. [3]. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil. [4]. Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil. [5]. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil. Abstract Introduction: Semi-synthetic dillapiole compounds derived from Piper aduncum essential oil are used as alternative insecticides to control insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of semi-synthetic isodillapiole on the nuclei of neuroblasts (larvae) and oocytes (females) and the mean oviposition rates of the females over four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4) of Ae. aegypti. Methods: Larvae were captured in the city of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, and exposed to isodillapiole in bioassays (20, 40, and 60 µg/mL) and a negative control (0.05% DMSO in tap water) for 4 h. The cerebral ganglia were extracted from the larvae and oocytes from the adult females to prepare slides for cytogenetic analysis. Breeding pairs were established and eggs counts were quantified taken after the bioassays. Results: The analysis of 20,000 interphase nuclei of neuroblasts and oocytes indicated significant genotoxicity (micronuclei, budding, polynucleated cells, and other malformations) compared to that of the control. Metaphasic and anaphasic nuclei presented chromosomal breaks; however, no significant variation and damage was observed in the negative control. A significant reduction in mean oviposition rates was also recorded following exposure to isodillapiole over the four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4). Conclusions: The toxic and genotoxic effects of isodillapiole onAe. aegypti were caused by reduced oviposition in the females and nuclear abnormalities over the four generations of the trials. Further studies are required, rather than our in vitro assays, to verify the efficacy of exposure to this compound for controllingAe. aegypti. Keywords: Biological control. Dillapiole. Nuclear abnormality. Micronuclei. INTRODUCTION In recent decades, chemical insecticides, in particular temephos and deltamethrin, have been used in programs for the control of Aedes aegypti transmit the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV- Aedes mosquitos, such as Brazilian National Dengue Fever Control 1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4), chikungunya, urban yellow Program (PNCD)6 . These authors argue that it has resulted in the fever, and the Zika virus1,2,3,4. Of these, dengue fever has had the development of resistance in these insects, which may be related greatest impact on human populations in recent decades. In Brazil, to a reduction in either the penetration rate of the insecticide or its 264,262 probable cases of dengue fever were reported in 2018, while metabolism by the insect6. This has led to increasing interest and in the USA, a total of 560,586 cases were reported5. research into the potential of essential oils and other compounds derived from plants as alternatives to insecticides for the control 7,8,9 Corresponding author: Dra. Míriam Silva Rafael. of mosquito disease vectors . e-mail: [email protected] Dillapiole is derived from the essential oil of the spiked https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4726-855X Received 18 July 2020 pepper plant Piper aduncum (Piperaceae), which has potential as 10 Accepted 23 October 2020 a bioinsecticide for the control of insect pests . This compound, www.scielo.br/rsbmt I www.rsbmt.org.br 1/7 Santos LHF et al. – Effects of Isodillapiole on Aedes aegypti which is abundant in the essential oil of P. aduncum, is a phenyl The collection of specimens was authorized by the Chico Mendes ether, and functions as a fungicide, bactericide, and molluscicide11,12. Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) and the Biodiversity Information and Authorization System (SISBIO), through the The semi-synthetic derivatives of dillapiole are isodillapiole, permanent license number: 32941 (May 21, 2012) for the collection methyl ethers, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and octil dillapiole, and of zoological material, issued to Dr. Míriam Silva Rafael. dillapiole epoxide, and these derivatives have adulticide effects in 13 Ae. aegypti . The variation in the activity of these compounds is Establishment of G1 colony of Ae. aegypti related to the differences in the dillapiole side chain, which directly influences its larvicidal effects inAe. aegypti, Anopheles darlingi, The larvae captured in the field were raised at 26°C with a and Culex quinquefasciatus13. relative humidity of 70% and a standard 12 h-12 h light-dark cycle. The larvae were provisioned twice a day with commercial fish food Dillapiole has toxic and genotoxic effects in the larvae and adult (Tetra cichlid) stored in tap water in enamel trays (20 cm × 7 cm). 8,13,14 15 mosquitos of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus . The karyotype The water and fish food were changed three times a week, following of Ae. aegypti has two pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex the standard protocol of the insectarium. Once the adults emerged, 8,16 chromosomes with a diploid number of 2n = 6 . they were identified using the taxonomic key18. The scenario of disease transmission by Ae. aegypti has changed Pairs of adult mosquitos (n = 400) were maintained for 15 days in recent decades due to the emergence and reemergence of urban in cages adapted for mating and oviposition. The larvae emerging transmission cycles of different arboviruses by this invasive mosquito. from the resulting eggs were denominated as G1. Adult females In Ae. aegypti exposed to semi-synthetic derivatives of dillapiole (n = 200) from colony G1 were fed hamster (Mesocricetus aureatus) blood, at low concentrations, DNA damage and decreased fertility were and the males (n = 200) were fed 10% sugar solution in 40 × 40 cm2 screened observed over four successive generations, with further trials cages. This setup ensured the production of maximum number of being hampered by the difficulty of obtaining more generations eggs, under authorization number 020/2017 of the Ethics Committee of mosquitoes due to their infertility following exposure to toxic on the Use of Animals (CEUA) / INPA Central Bioterium. compounds8,14. We evaluated the genotoxic effects of isodillapiole in the brain ganglia and oocytes of Ae. aegypti to analyze possible Bioassays of Ae. aegypti larvae and adults chromosomal abnormalities to determine the frequency of changes Third-stage Ae. aegypti larvae of the G1 colony (n = 200) were associated with the decreased fertility of mosquitoes and their exposed to three different isodillapiole treatments (20, 40, and 60 descendants over four generations, as well as the potential of this µg/mL), which were diluted in 20 mL distilled water. The choice to compound as an alternative tool to control Ae. aegypti. use isodillapiole concentrations was based on the LC50 (minimum METHODS inhibitory concentration) value14, during our toxicity assay, which were necessary to guarantee the survival of the immature insect Production of semi-synthetic isodillapiole for the genotoxicity bioassays. The third-stage larvae were divided Flash Column Chromatography into five replicates, with 40 larvae in each concentration as well Isodillapiole, a semi-synthetic derivative of dillapiole, was as a negative control of 0.05% DMSO dissolved in tap water. The obtained by isomerization with a 17% solution of KOH in ethanol larvae were exposed for 4 h in all cases. Following the bioassay, ten under reflux for 24 h. Isodillapiole was purified in flash Column third-stage larvae from each concentration and the negative control Chromatography (CC) by elution with hexane; AcOEt (95:5) and were used for cytological preparations (mitotic chromosomes). MeOH17. The mixing of E and Z isomers, based on nuclear magnetic The surviving larvae were transferred to enamel containers with resonance spectroscopy13, was conducted at the Laboratory for water and fish feed for development until the adult phase. Ten adult Research in Natural Products (CPPN) of the National Institute of females from each group were used to prepare the slides for the Amazonian Research (INPA) in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. retrieval of meiotic chromosomes from the ovaries. The surviving mosquito pairs (n = 10) were transferred to cages adapted for mating Capture of Ae. aegypti and oviposition. All procedural steps were repeated for each of the three subsequent generations (G , G , and G ). Larvae of Ae. aegypti were collected during the Amazonian rainy 2 3 4 season from January to March, 2019, both inside and surrounding Cytological preparations homes in the Centro neighborhood of the city of Manaus, the capital of the Brazilian state of Amazonas (03°08’33.5″” S, 60°01’13.5”″ W). A total of 320 specimens of cerebral ganglia of third stage