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Environmental Change and Economic Transformation in Northwest BC: Settler and First Nations Perspectives on Environmental Protection in the Post-Forestry Era

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Environmental Change and Economic Transformation in Northwest BC: Settler and First Nations Perspectives on Environmental Protection in the Post-Forestry Era Environmental Change and Economic Transformation in Northwest BC: Settler and First Nations Perspectives on Environmental Protection in the Post-Forestry Era by Jordan Dennis Tesluk M.A., Simon Fraser University, 2006 B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2003 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Sociology) The University of British Columbia (Vancouver) September, 2014 © Jordan Dennis Tesluk, 2014 Abstract This dissertation examines the way that resource-dependent communities in northwest British Columbia respond to environmental problems in the wake of industrial decline. Northwest communities face many challenges in revitalizing their economies, including significant declines in the health of their local resource base and the uncertain impacts of global climate change. Throughout most of the 20th century, the forestry-based economy dominated British Columbia, and relegated Aboriginal rights and the environmental movement to the margins of resource decision-making processes. The decline of forestry, and the weakening of historical structures have created openings for new social movements to influence resource development activities and community planning. Efforts to create a new industrial base thus unfold within a very different social and political environment than in the past era. The analytical body of this dissertation utilizes data from a study of community leaders and resource managers in three northwest towns. It is argued that environmental change represents an alpha-level risk that threatens the ability of these communities to subsist. However, responses to environmental problems are mitigated by the emergence of environmentalism and Aboriginal rights as important forces in the northwest, and by the continuing influence of relationships between northwest communities and external agencies that seek to exert control over the resource base. Settler communities seek to achieve balance between industrial and environmentalist imperatives, and see localized natural resource issues as continuations of the struggle between heartland and hinterland interests. However, climate change provokes stronger calls for environmental protection, and sensitizes these communities to their reliance upon wider society. In contrast, First Nations view themselves as independent from both industrial and environmentalist forces, and see environmental problems as issues to be managed through the assertion of their cultural and territorial rights. Findings reveal that opportunities for new social movements to influence resource development are shaped by the way that communities adapt to the contours of the post-staples economy. Moreover, theories of modernization and risk that find resonance in metropolitan settings may not apply in the peripheries of staples-producing regions. ii Preface This dissertation is an original intellectual product of the author, Jordan Dennis Tesluk. The fieldwork reported in Chapters 5-7 and in the conclusion was covered by UBC Ethics Certificate number H10-01660. The project was titled “Climate Change Adaptation Planning for Northwest Skeena Communities” (CCAPNSC). The survey design used in this research was developed in cooperation with Dr. Ralph Matthews, Dr. Robin Sydneysmith, G. Piggot, and D. Brinkman, with assistance from other collaborators in the CCAPNSC project. Collection of survey data was performed by myself, G. Piggot, K. McPherson, A. Kanio, and R. Matthews. The initial entry and analysis of the survey data was performed by G. Piggot and myself. Depictions of frequency data (including Figures 9, 19, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 17) were developed by myself, G. Piggot, and R. Matthews for use in reports for the CCNAPNSC project. Variants of these figures are utilized in final report, “Climate Change Adaptation Planning for Northwest Skeena Communities” (Brinkman et al., 2012). iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Preface................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................x List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xiii Dedication ........................................................................................................................ xiv Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Settler and Aboriginal Communities: Forestry and Environmentalism .........................3 New Industrial Developments and Community Responses ...........................................9 Chapter One: Analytical Framework for Examining Contemporary Northwest BC .........14 Research Questions ......................................................................................................15 Question One ......................................................................................................17 Question Two ......................................................................................................19 Question Three ....................................................................................................20 Question Four......................................................................................................24 Question Five ......................................................................................................27 Chapter Two: Methodology ...............................................................................................32 Study Area ...................................................................................................................32 Data Source ..................................................................................................................33 Study Communities and Sampling Method .................................................................35 Survey Instrument ........................................................................................................41 Interviews ............................................................................................................46 Interactive Methodology and Refinements ..................................................................47 Data Analysis and Coding ...........................................................................................49 Qualitative Analysis .....................................................................................................54 Additional Data ............................................................................................................59 Chapter Three: Rural Development in British Columbia ..................................................60 Part One: Historical Perspectives on Resource Dependent Communities in BC ........61 iv The Rise of Industrial Forestry ...........................................................................65 Tenures and Control of the Forests .....................................................................70 Forestry and Social Organization in Northwest BC ...........................................78 Part Two: First Nations and the Forestry Era ..............................................................87 First Nations and the Industrial Colonization of BC ..........................................89 First Nations in the Forestry Economy ...............................................................93 Aboriginal Rights and Northwest Development: The Early Stages ...................97 Part Three: Environmentalism in BC .........................................................................102 Early Environmentalism and Northwest Communities ....................................103 The Environmentalism-Forestry Conflict .........................................................109 Environmentalism and First Nations ................................................................117 Chapter One: Conclusion ..................................................................................122 Chapter Four: Times of Change .......................................................................................123 The Decline of Northwest Forestry ............................................................................124 Out of the Woods and Into the Boardrooms: Shifts in Environmentalism ................133 The Rise of Aboriginal Rights ...................................................................................138 An Altogether Different Landscape ...........................................................................145 Chapter Five: The Northwest Region Today ...................................................................147 Introducing the Study Communities ..........................................................................151
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