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Dirty Ears: Hearing and Hearings in the Canadian Liberal Settler Colony

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Dirty Ears: Hearing and Hearings in the Canadian Liberal Settler Colony University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Dirty Ears: Hearing And Hearings In The Canadian Liberal Settler Colony Lee Veeraraghavan University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Music Commons Recommended Citation Veeraraghavan, Lee, "Dirty Ears: Hearing And Hearings In The Canadian Liberal Settler Colony" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2624. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2624 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2624 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dirty Ears: Hearing And Hearings In The Canadian Liberal Settler Colony Abstract Despite vocal opposition from the indigenous people, public hearing processes in Canada play an important part in determining whether or not oil and gas pipeline development projects will be approved. Attention to hearing as an aesthetic and political practice has been theorized by the Canadian composer and sound theorist R. Murray Schafer as a fundamental part of culture and nation building. This dissertation explores the ways the Canadian government and settler society use hearing as a silencing technique, mobilizing the field of aurality to place limits on the expression of indigenous dissent. The research is based on two years of ethnographic work among activists fighting oil and gas development in Vancouver, and indigenous sovereigntists resisting pipelines in the province of British Columbia’s north. Juxtaposing case studies from different struggles over land use in British Columbia with a deconstruction of R. Murray Schafer’s writings and select compositions, this dissertation shows how the field of aurality shapes land and people. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Music First Advisor Carol A. Muller Keywords Canada, colonialism, hearing, indigenous, pipelines, R. Murray Schafer Subject Categories Music This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2624 DIRTY EARS: HEARING AND HEARINGS IN THE CANADIAN LIBERAL SETTLER COLONY Lee Veeraraghavan A DISSERTATION in Music Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Supervisor of Dissertation _______________________ Dr. Carol Muller Professor of Music, University of Pennsylvania Graduate Group Chairperson _______________________ Dr. Carol Muller Graduate Group Chairperson, Professor of Music, University of Pennsylvania Dissertation Committee Dr. Jairo Moreno, Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania Music Department Dr. Dylan Robinson, Assistant Professor, Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Art, Queens University ACKNOWLEDGMENT “If anything can go wrong, it will.” - Murphy’s Law Researching and writing this dissertation at times has felt as though I set out to prove Murphy’s Law. I could not have done it without the intellectual guidance, patience, wisdom, courage, and sheer moxie of several people. Thanks, first of all, to my family. My parents, my sister Gigi, brother in law Meshan, and the kids: Neepisi, Ravi, Mathousini and Kapiskao. The drive to undertake this project was enormously shaped by each of you, and I could not have completed it without your support. Thanks also to Ian Koiter for all of his support over the years. In the field I would like to thank the Unist’ot’en for allowing me on their land and sharing their strength and experiences. I would also like to thank Ted Wilson for the First Nations Journeys course he taught at the Carnegie Community Centre in 2013, Mabel, Kelvin, and Dianne from Aboriginal Front Door, Rising Tide and Spartacus collective members, especially my dear friends Raquel and Kim. A special thank you to Irwin Oostindie, for his guidance after my planned project fell apart, based on his years of experience as an activist. Jay Sanders, Jason Slade, Trevor Barkman, and my dear old friend Sebastian Ostertag helped me find my way around northern British Columbia safely and at times even blissfully. Tristan Jones has been an incredibly supportive fellow ethnographer and friend. Special thanks go out to Harold Swinton for his comradeship and partnership. ii My wonderful advisor, Carol Muller, has been a wellspring of insight, kindness, and encouragement. She unfailingly pushed me toward picking out my own path and taking the risks that make projects, and life, meaningful. Thank you. I owe my committee members, Jairo Moreno and Dylan Robinson, a huge debt of gratitude for their patience, kindness, and constructive insights. I would also like to thank the awesome professors I had at Penn: Tim Rommen, Philippe Bourgois, Guy Ramsey, Jeff Kallberg, Eugene Narmour, Adriana Petryna, Bob Preucel, Jairo, and Carol, for the seminars in which I had the chance to participate. The Critical Writing Department generously awarded me a teaching fellowship that allowed me to return to Philadelphia to write over the 2015-2016 year. An enormous amount of credit is due to the Music Department’s All-Star administrative team of Alfreda Frazier, Margie Smith, and Maryellen Malek, for patiently and gently helping me navigate my way through Penn. I would like to thank all of my colleagues in the Penn Music Department graduate program for their friendship and support over the years, especially Suzanne Bratt, Jessamyn Doan, Charlie Shrader, Ruthie Meadows, Jessica Swanston Baker, and Darien Lamen. Finally, thank you to Neil Crimes, Carlo Lanfossi, Delia Casadei, Daniel Villegas, Maria Murphy, and Melissa Burke. My friends continually teach me how to think and how to be, and they showed me that I still knew how even when it seemed like the whole world was falling apart. I could not have completed this without you. iii ABSTRACT DIRTY EARS: HEARING AND HEARINGS IN THE CANADIAN LIBERAL SETTLER COLONY Lee Veeraraghavan Dr. Carol Muller Despite vocal opposition from the indigenous people, public hearing processes in Canada play an important part in determining whether or not oil and gas pipeline development projects will be approved. Attention to hearing as an aesthetic and political practice has been theorized by the Canadian composer and sound theorist R. Murray Schafer as a fundamental part of culture and nation building. This dissertation explores the ways the Canadian government and settler society use hearing as a silencing technique, mobilizing the field of aurality to place limits on the expression of indigenous dissent. The research is based on two years of ethnographic work among activists fighting oil and gas development in Vancouver, and indigenous sovereigntists resisting pipelines in the province of British Columbia’s north. Juxtaposing case studies from different struggles over land use in British Columbia with a deconstruction of R. Murray Schafer’s writings and select compositions, this dissertation shows how the field of aurality shapes land and people. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT II ABSTRACT III LIST OF TABLES VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VII INTRODUCTION 1 A CHARADE OF A HEARING 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND CHAPTER OUTLINE 14 HOW DOES AN ECOMUSICOLOGY SOUND BEYOND LIBERALISM? 26 METHODOLOGY 37 REFLECTIONS ON ETHNOGRAPHY IN THE STATE OF EMERGENCY 44 HISTORY, POLITICAL CONTEXT, AND REFLECTIONS ON ECOMUSICOLOGY 50 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COLONIZATION OF CANADA 50 POLITICAL CONTEXT 56 A GENEALOGY OF THE EAR 72 THE SONOROUS ORDER OF R. MURRAY SCHAFER 80 THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTICULTURAL LIBERAL SETTLER COLONY 83 ARTISTIC EMERGENCE AROUND CANADA’S CENTENARY - NATIONALISM, POST-COLONIALISM 90 HOW MUSICAL MATERIALS MEAN 105 WHAT’S IN A NAME? 120 PIPELINE HEARINGS AND THE GERRYMANDERING OF AURALITY 126 THE KINDER MORGAN HEARINGS 129 CONSULTATION, CONSENT, AND CO2LONIALISM 144 THE RECOGNITION OF ORAL TRADITION IN LAW 153 WHEN THAT WHICH GIVES LIFE BECOMES POISON 160 CLAIMING SPACE AND LOSING GROUND IN VANCOUVER’S DOWNTOWN EASTSIDE 169 DISPLACEMENT AND SOCIAL MIX IN THE “MOST LIVABLE CITY IN THE WORLD” 182 ACKNOWLEDGING PLACE, COMPETING CLAIMS TO SPACE 193 BIBLIOGRAPHY 218 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. “Epitaph for Moonlight” score excerpt..................................................110 Figure 2. No Longer Than 10 (Ten) Minutes score excerpt..................................117 vi LIST OF IMAGES Image 1. “Culture Saves Lives”..............................................................................166 Image 2. Tent City, Summer 2016........................................................................166 Image 3. “Save Our Gallery”..................................................................................167 Image 4. Policing the informal economy..............................................................167 Image 5. Woodward’s Building atrium art...........................................................168 Image 6. Bud Osborn Memorial Wall...................................................................217 Image 7. “Same site today”....................................................................................217 vii INTRODUCTION A Charade of a Hearing On January 14, 2013, the Enbridge “Northern Gateway” pipeline joint review panel hearings came to Vancouver, British Columbia, a city which sits on the territory of the Coast Salish indigenous peoples. The Northern Gateway pipeline is slated to transport highly toxic diluted bitumen from the Athabasca tarsands
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