DOCSLIB.ORG

Women in the Third Reich

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women in the Third Reich Article 65 Women in the Third Reich (Translated and excerpted from starved to death in concentration camps, Another Nazi leader, party member “Frauen im Dritten Reich,” by Renate or who died doing hard labor. Only the number two and president of the Reich’s Wiggershaus in Auf, Austrian femi- memories of the abuse and other horrors Tourist Bureau Hermann Esser, in- nist quarterly, No. 33, 1982.) people endured and a thorough mourn- structed women in the following way: ing for the terrible suffering of so many “Women belong at home in the kitchen As a result of the second wave of the innocent people will protect later gener- and the bedroom, they belong at home women’s movement, it is now generally ations from similar experiences. and should be raising their children.” accepted that women are in the best posi- What did Nazi ideology have to say And Adolf Hitler, who was Fuehrer of tion not only to study the social situation about women? Reading national socialist the German nation for twelve years, an- of contemporary women, but also to ex- writings, what stands out most clearly is nounced: plain women’s roles in the more distant an unbelievable contempt for women. In past. Indeed, the writing of history al- 1921, just two years after women got the What a man contributes in hero’s ways contributes to the defense or criti- vote, the Nazi party voted unanimously courage on the battlefield, a cism of the dominant order. In this way, in their first general meeting that “a woman contributes in her eternally historians’ neglect has further enforced woman can not be accepted to the party patient sacrifice, in her eternally in the minds of their descendants the leadership!” In fact, a woman was never patient suffering. Every child that marginal existence of women in past nominated by the NSDAP to serve in lo- she brings into the world is a battle centuries. cal or provincial parliaments, or in the which she undergoes for the exist- Girls who attended school after Reichstag. Joseph Goebbels, the State ence of her people. World War II certainly never heard of Minister for People’s Enlightenment and Lilo Herrmann in their history classes. Propaganda, explained the political dis- So it is not surprising that women Herrmann was a young woman and enfranchisement of women in the follow- who had no children were seen as “duds mother who, on June 20, 1938, was one ing way during his speech at the opening in population politics.” Families with of the first killed because of her brave of the exhibit “Woman” in Berlin: fewer than four children had not fulfilled and steadfast resistance to fascism. Nor their “duty to the people’s preservation did they hear of Hanne Martens, an ac- The National Socialist movement rate,” and woman who had many chil- tress and antifascist, whose skull was is the only party that keeps women dren received a “mother’s cross.” crushed by an SS man when she refused out of direct involvement in daily These are the symptoms of the bound- to be hanged naked. Nor of Martha politics… We have not kept her lessly controlling behavior of the Nazis Gillesen, who was shot in the head by SS out of parliamentary-democratic toward women. Why wasn’t National officers, after she, with the rest of her re- intrigues because of any disrespect Socialism widely rejected by women? sistance group, was tied up with barbed toward women. It is not because The German women’s movement had wire and given an injection in the we see in her and her mission been active for twenty years; by that time tongue, so that she could not scream. something less worthy, but rather there was a tradition of collective strug- Nor of Kaete Larsch, tortured to death, that we see in her and her mission gle for women’s rights. Since many when she would not betray others in the something quite different from the women had lost fathers, sons, or brothers resistance. Nor of the resistance fighter vocation which men have… Her and were alone, they were forced to live Johanna Kirschner, who was sentenced first and foremost, and most appro- very difficult, independent lives. in half an hour and condemned to death priate place is in the family, and Of course, women were not a homo- in June of 1944. the most wonderful duty which she genous group that acted and thought We could list thousands of women’s can take on is to give her country alike. Taking a close look at the many names: those who resisted and were sen- and her people children, children different ways in which women acted tenced and condemned in the so-called which carry on the success of the during the Third Reich, I generally dif- people’s court; or who were gassed, shot, race and assure the immortality of ferentiate four groups. First, there were abused to death, experimented on or the nation. women who sooner or later resisted the 1 Article 65. Women in the Third Reich Nazis and their terrible deeds. Many had Many voted conservatively, so that the the German nationalists and the popu- to pay with their lives. They are, how- misogynist Center Party got a large per- lists of the Weimar Republic, who were ever, unknown—the heroines of history. centage of women’s votes, but not the also often misogynist. For hundreds of Then there were their adversaries: Nazis. years, the German people had been ac- women who allowed themselves to be We should not forget that women had customed to state elitism and authoritar- the tools of other people’s torture and just been granted the active and passive ian behavior. This is also one of the who for their part abused and beat peo- vote, and thus were not practiced in po- reasons why there was no violent wave ple, and killed them in terrible ways. litical matters. They were not able to rec- of protest from women collectively These women were most often dumb, ognize their own interests and to when the countless women’s unions young, arrogant and lured by the rela- represent them politically. Even for were dissolved, or forced to dissolve tively good standard of living provided those who had started leaving the home themselves, or when the decision that by the party. Since they often came from hearth, there hadn’t been enough time to only 10% of students at the university broken, authoritarian families, they often overcome their dependent intellectual, could be female was announced, or when misused the power that they had over de- social and economic status in the family women were forbidden to take up influ- fenseless victims. or in their professions. In the first years ential positions, such as that of judge or Between these two groups of women, of Nazi rule, they were driven back to administrator. there were the ignorant and those who their traditional domain, the family, and In western history, the struggle for just went along with things. Of course thus shut out of all social activities. Next women’s equality and recognition is these groups were also heterogeneous. In the eradication of unemployment be- very young. At that moment when the each group there were women from ev- came women’s burden, as many were women’s movement could have devel- ery social class. fired from their posts and jobs. Married oped on a broader level, it was destroyed. Among the ignorant women I count women who worked were denounced as The refined strategy of strengthening those who were totally apolitical (they “double earners.” and praising women in their traditionally usually remained apolitical after the war; Only a few women recognized that dictated roles of caring housewife and they did not learn anything). These were being shut out of the workplace and re- mother had a very strong effect on the the women who only thought about stricted to the home, with loans available unenlightened. Never before had women keeping their families alive; it didn’t only to those families where the mother been so directly addressed; never before matter what happened to their neighbors. didn’t work, and the awarding of privi- had their reproductive function received Even today, the “complete mastery of leges to families with many children so much recognition. Surely we should potatoes and their characteristics” is would serve only one purpose: the try to understand what drove the “fellow praised in German society “the art of strengthening of “national manpower”, travellers” and the ignorant women to gourmet potato dumplings” is admired, in other words, the “production of human accept the degrading roles assigned to and pages are devoted to the potato, and material.” In 1932, there was an average them by men. thus the “triumph of survival” is cele- of 59 births per 1,000 women, but by What came out of the ignorance and brated. When concentration camps are 1938 it was already 81 births. The slogan willing sacrifice of these women is only mentioned, it’s in a pithy aside: The was: “Give the Fuehrer children.” a part of our history. The other part is of- Americans “posted horrible pictures of The so-called “Fountain of Life” ten hidden from us. concentration camps on the walls.” Even (Lebensborn), an organization founded Immediately after the war, numerous today, such ignorance sends chills up in 1935 by the national leader of the SS, books were published by women who your spine. Heinrich Himmler, was concerned with told how the war affected them, of their The “fellow travellers” included the this “strengthened propagation.” There, terrible suffering, but also of their brav- so-called leaders of Nazi women’s orga- “racially worthy” girls were at the ser- ery and the courage of antifascist nizations, such as the blond-haired vice of SS men for the procreation of women.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Formulation of Nazi Policy Towards the Catholic Church in Bavaria from 1933 to 1936
    CCHA Study Sessions, 34(1967), 57-75 The Formulation of Nazi Policy towards the Catholic Church in Bavaria from 1933 to 1936 J. Q. CAHILL, Ph.D. This study concentrates on the relations between church and state in Bavaria as a problem for Nazi policy-makers at the beginning of Nazi rule. Emphasizing the Nazi side of this problem provides a balance to those studies which either condemn or defend the actions of church leaders during the Nazi period. To understand the past is the first goal of historians. A better understanding of the attitudes and actions of National Socialist leaders and organizations toward the Catholic Church will provide a broader perspective for judging the actions of churchmen. Such an approach can also suggest clues or confirm views about the basic nature of Nazi totalitarianism. Was National Socialism essentially opposed to Catholicism ? Was its primary emphasis on domestic policy or on foreign policy ? Perhaps basic to these questions is whether Nazism was monolithic in its ruling structure or composed of diverse competing groups. I believe that the question of Nazi church policy is worth studying for its own sake, but it has further implications. The materials used for this study are mainly microfilms of documents from the Main Archive of the National Socialist German Worker's Party in Munich, and from the files of the Reich Governor in Bavaria. An important part of these documents is made up of police reports, which, however, include more than mere descriptions of crimes and charges. But the nature of this material poses the danger of emphasizing those elements for which we have the most documentation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Isdap Electoral Breakthrough
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 The evelopmeD nt and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Nsdap Electoral Breakthrough. Thomas Wiles Arafe Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Arafe, Thomas Wiles Jr, "The eD velopment and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Nsdap Electoral Breakthrough." (1976). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2909. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2909 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. « The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing pega(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Gregor-Strasser-And-The-Organisation-Of-The-Nazi-Party-1925-32
    I This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 66—14,650 DIXON, Joseph Murdock, 1932- GREGOR STRASSER AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NAZI PARTY, 1925-32. Stanford University, Ph.D., 1966 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc.,Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. GREGOR STRASSER AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NAZI PARTY, 1925-32 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND THE COMMITTEE ON THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Joseph Murdock Dixon June 1966 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. cfY'<?L(rr< / A , . C. I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree - ™ ™ •’ 7 I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Approved for the University Committee on the Graduate Division: /r. Dean of/theo 7 Graduate Division ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page I. GREGOR STRASSER AND THE NSDAP PRIOR TO 1925 . 1 II. THE NORTHERN ORGANIZATION PRIOR TO STRASSER . 45 HI.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Stadt Salzburg 1943
    Die Stadt Salzburg im Jahr 1943 Zeitungsdokumentation von S. Göllner Die Stadt Salzburg 1943 Zeitungsdokumentation zusammengestellt auf Basis zeitgenössischer Tageszeitungen von Siegfried Göllner Berücksichtigte Tageszeitungen: Salzburger Zeitung: SZ Verweise auf die im Stadtarchiv Salzburg befindliche und von Gernod Fuchs transkribierte zeitgenössische „Chronik der Gauhauptstadt Salzburg 1940–1945“ von Thomas Mayrhofer: CGS 1 Die Stadt Salzburg im Jahr 1943 Zeitungsdokumentation von S. Göllner Dezember 1942 (Nachtrag) Dezember 1942 NSKOV-Jahresschlussfeier. Die NSKOV-Fachabteilung erblindeter Krieger hält ihre Jahresschluss- und Weihnachtsfeier ab. Gauamtsleiter Sonner hält eine Ansprache, Gemeinschaftsleiter Allerberger verteilt als Leiter der Gaufachabteilung Salzburg Geschenke. SZ, 4.1.1943, S. 3. Dezember 1942 Kameradschaften. Die NS-Kriegerkameradschaft Maxglan-Riedenburg hält ihren Jahresschlussappell ab. Kameradschaftsführer Reindl hält eine „mitreißende Ansprache“ (5.1.). Die Kameradschaft Wals hält eine Julfeier mit Preisstockschießen ab (7.1.). SZ, 5.1.1943, S. 4. SZ, 7.1.1943, S. 4. Dezember 1942 DRK-Weihnachtsgeschenke. Die Kreisstelle Salzburg des DRK, die für die Betreuung durchreisender Soldaten zuständig ist, beteilt am Weihnachtsabend alle Soldaten mit einem Geschenk. SZ, 7.1.1943, S. 4. Dezember 1942 NSDAP Kuchl. Die NSDAP-Ortsgruppe Kuchl hält ihren Jahresschlussappell in der Turnhalle ab. Ortsgruppenleiter Lenz Hasenbichler, Ortsbauernführer Hans Siller und Bürgermeister Sepp Moldan berichten über die Entwicklung der Gemeinde und des Genossenschaftswesen. SZ, 13.1.1943, S. 4. 2 Die Stadt Salzburg im Jahr 1943 Zeitungsdokumentation von S. Göllner 19.–20.12.1942 Reichsstraßensammlung. Am 19. und 20. sammeln HJ und BdM für das Kriegs-WHW. Als Spenden-Abzeichen werden Miniatur-Spielsachen aus Holz abgegeben. Motor-, Berg- und Feuerwehr-HJ führen ihr Können auf Mozart-, Residenz- und Siegmundsplatz vor.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazi Party and Other Early 20Th Century German History Related Posters; Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C
    Nazi Party and Other Early 20th Century German History Related Posters; Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. ; 2017 Nazi Party Posters from the Third Reich Collection A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Compiled by Debra Wynn Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2017 Contact information: http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/contact.html Catalog Record: http://lccn.loc.gov/2006590669 Finding aid encoded by Elizabeth Gettins, Library of Congress.2017 Finding aid URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/eadrbc.rb017001 file:///lcdataserver/LOCPROF.003/eget/Desktop/naziposters.html[10/18/2017 4:19:12 PM] Nazi Party and Other Early 20th Century German History Related Posters; Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. ; 2017 Table of Contents Collection Summary Selected Search Terms Administrative Information Processing History Copyright Status Access and Restrictions Preferred Citation Scope and Content Note Arrangement of the Records Other Related Finding Aids Description of Series Container List Nazi Posters, 1941-1944 file:///lcdataserver/LOCPROF.003/eget/Desktop/naziposters.html[10/18/2017 4:19:12 PM] Nazi Party and Other Early 20th Century German History Related Posters; Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. ; 2017 Collection Summary Title: Nazi Party and Other Early 20th Century German History Related Posters Span Dates: 1917-1945 ID No.: rb0170001 Creator: Library of Congress. Rare Book and Special Collections Division Extent: 16 containers ; Linear feet of shelf space occupied: 30 linear feet ; Approximate number of items: 425 Language: Collection material is primarily in German and some items in Polish.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on an Alleged Hitler Drawing
    Report on the alleged Hitler drawing to be auctioned by Alexander Historical Auctions, Chesapeake City, MD, USA, July 14, 2020 index (text in blue is clickable) Introduction A critical view of the auctioneer's description The signatures The cards with signatures and drawings The book from Nerin E. Gun The auctioneer about Gun's book Some others about Gun's book Similarities of the drawings Sofie Stork – the true artist Supposedly original Hitler drawings Provenance of the 'angel' cards at Alexander Historical Auctions First appearance of angel drawings attributed to Hitler Conclusion Appendix I. The Eva Braun diary Appendix II. Nerin E. Gun Appendix III. Description card auctioned in 2019 Comment by auctioneer Bill Panagopulos by Jaap van den Born and Bart FM Droog Droog Magazine, Eenrum version 1.8 February 12, 2021 (first version July 2020) The Hitler forgery industry. Droog Magazine, 2020/2021 page 1/29 Introduction On July 14, 2020, Alexander Historical Auctions, Chesapeake City, MD, USA plans to auction a 'Adolf Hitler signed artwork'. It is lot 5 at their 'Historical Militaria and Autographs' auction. The starting bid is 2000 US dollars, the selling price is estimated at 4000 to 6000 dollars. The auctioneer's description: ADOLF HITLER SIGNED ARTWORK (1889-1945) Fuhrer of Germany and Nazi Party leader, Hitler's bloody rise to power, his military seizure of most of Europe and North Africa and his genocidal racial policies culminated in suicide in his Berlin bunker as Russian troops approached. ORIGINAL SIGNED ARTWORK GIVEN TO THE WIFE OF HERMANN ESSER Original signed piece of art by Hitler, an 8.5 x 2.25 inches (open) handmade greeting card, addressed within in red ink to a 'Frau Esser', the wife of early NSDAP member and editor of the 'Volkischer Beobachter' Hermann Esser.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prisoner of Ottawa: Otto Strasser
    THE PRISONER OF OTTAWA: OTTO STRASSER by Douglas Reed published: 1953 * this PDF prepared by www.douglasreed.co.uk * I am taken captive, and I know not by whom, but I am taken. SENECA If you wish to be someone, dare to do something worthy of banishment and imprisonment. JUVENAL CONTENTS Exordium * Part One 1897 – 1918 01 Fin De Siècle 02 … Father Of The Man 03 To The Wars, My Boy …! Part Two 1918 – 1933 01 Withered Garland 02 In Search Of Socialism 03 To Gain Or Lose … 04 Solidarism 05 The Iceberg Theory Part Three 1933 – 1945 01 Into Exile 02 … For Him That Goeth Away 03 An Epic Of Defiance 04 Fight In France 05 A Peece Of The Continent … 06 Whence All But He … 07 Sauvez Vous 08 Die Nuernberger Haengen Keinen 09 Europe The Lesse … 10 Oasis, With Wells 11 The Last Frontier? 12 Slings And Arrows Part Four 1945 – 1953 Cat And Mouse * Peroration Appendix Footnote Postscript (and Addendum) EXORDIUM Early in 1940 I sat at a Devonshire window that overlooked the English Channel and wrote a book about a German, Otto Strasser. I had for many years written against time, so that the waiting presses might have their daily record of violent historic events that consummated themselves around me, and once more I felt in me the familiar urgent need to complete my story (this time a book) before an invasion prevented me (I had finished two others, Insanity Fair in 1938 and Disgrace Abounding in 1939, just ahead of such armed incursions). Thus I scanned sea and sky, between writing lines and chapters, for the oncoming shapes of German ships or aircraft.
    [Show full text]
  • The Problem with Hitler. the Man Nobody Knows
    HAOL, Núm. 9 (Invierno, 2006), 131-140 ISSN 1696-2060 THE PROBLEM WITH HITLER. THE MAN NOBODY KNOWS Ben Novak City University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 1 Diciembre 2005 / Revisado: 11 Enero 2006 / Aceptado: 19 Enero 2006 / Publicación Online: 15 Febrero 2006 Resumen: We know so much about Adolf than is known about most other lives. We know, Hitler. We probably have more information— for example, his eating habits, and just about facts, details, and minutiae—about this man’s every illness and every medication he ever took. life than any other major figure of modern times. We know he was psychotic, sociopathic, Nonetheless, we still feel that we do not know paranoid, a bit schizophrenic, definitely a the man. His life is one of the greatest mysteries manic-depressive, who often talked of suicide— in human history. Why is it that Hitler, about and eventually died with a pistol in his mouth whom more facts and details are known than and a cyanide capsule clenched between his perhaps any other figure in modern history teeth. We know, too, about the women with (perhaps in all history), remains such a mystery? whom he had affairs; we suspect that he was Hitler frustrated his opponents, amazed neutral homosexually inclined, and perhaps even active. observers, and delighted his supporters by We even know how he felt about his dogs. We pulling off the seemingly “impossible”. He know that he considered himself an artist—we never would have made it into power except by have many of his drawings and paintings—and accomplishing these five “impossibilities”; and that he frequently spoke about his idea of art.
    [Show full text]
  • Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948
    Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 By Nicole M. Eaton A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Yuri Slezkine, chair Professor John Connelly Professor Victoria Bonnell Fall 2013 Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 © 2013 By Nicole M. Eaton 1 Abstract Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 by Nicole M. Eaton Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Yuri Slezkine, Chair “Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948,” looks at the history of one city in both Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Soviet Russia, follow- ing the transformation of Königsberg from an East Prussian city into a Nazi German city, its destruction in the war, and its postwar rebirth as the Soviet Russian city of Kaliningrad. The city is peculiar in the history of Europe as a double exclave, first separated from Germany by the Polish Corridor, later separated from the mainland of Soviet Russia. The dissertation analyzes the ways in which each regime tried to transform the city and its inhabitants, fo- cusing on Nazi and Soviet attempts to reconfigure urban space (the physical and symbolic landscape of the city, its public areas, markets, streets, and buildings); refashion the body (through work, leisure, nutrition, and healthcare); and reconstitute the mind (through vari- ous forms of education and propaganda). Between these two urban revolutions, it tells the story of the violent encounter between them in the spring of 1945: one of the largest offen- sives of the Second World War, one of the greatest civilian exoduses in human history, and one of the most violent encounters between the Soviet army and a civilian population.
    [Show full text]
  • British Fascism from a Transnational Perspective, 1923 to 1939
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive Breaking Boundaries: British Fascism from a Transnational Perspective, 1923 to 1939 MAY, Rob Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/26108/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version MAY, Rob (2019). Breaking Boundaries: British Fascism from a Transnational Perspective, 1923 to 1939. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk Breaking Boundaries: British Fascism from a Transnational Perspective, 1923 to 1939 Robert May A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2019 I hereby declare that: 1. I have been enrolled for another award of the University, or other academic or professional organisation, whilst undertaking my research degree. I was an enrolled student for the following award: Postgraduate Certificate in Arts and Humanities Research University of Hull 2. None of the material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award. 3. I am aware of and understand the University's policy on plagiarism and certify that this thesis is my own work. The use of all published or other sources of material consulted have been properly and fully acknowledged. 4. The work undertaken towards the thesis has been conducted in accordance with the SHU Principles of Integrity in Research and the SHU Research Ethics Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding the Volk: Food, Culture, and the Politics of Nazi Consumption, 1933-1945
    FEEDING THE VOLK: FOOD, CULTURE, AND THE POLITICS OF NAZI CONSUMPTION, 1933-1945 By MARK B. COLE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Mark B. Cole 2 In memory of my mother 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Researching and writing a dissertation is largely a solitary endeavor, but my experience has been greatly enriched by people and institutions on both sides of the Atlantic. First and foremost I must wholeheartedly thank my Doktorvater, Geoffrey J. Giles, not simply because he had the good sense to take on a graduate student with admittedly peculiar interests (food and Nazis), but because he has been a model advisor and has always unflinchingly “mounted the barricades” on my behalf. His support has been unwavering, his advice always spot on, and his criticisms insightful. While he will always remain a mentor, I am happy to say that over the years he has also become a dear friend. I should also like to thank two other scholars. At the University of Toledo, Larry Wilcox was the first to spark my interest in German history by doing what he does best, being a fabulous teacher. And, from my very first semester as master’s student at the University of Akron to the present day, Shelley Baranowski has been a constant source of support and inspiration. It is a great personal and intellectual debt that I owe her. The University of Florida in general and the Department of History in particular provided an excellent intellectual environment for me to grow as a historian.
    [Show full text]
  • 81 Anti-Semitism and Der Sturmer On
    31*1 "81 ANTI-SEMITISM AND DER STURMER ON TRIAL IN NUREMBERG, 1945-1946: THE CASE OF JULIUS STREICHER THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Lee H. Bridges Denton, Texas August, 1997 31*1 "81 ANTI-SEMITISM AND DER STURMER ON TRIAL IN NUREMBERG, 1945-1946: THE CASE OF JULIUS STREICHER THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Lee H. Bridges Denton, Texas August, 1997 Bridges, Lee H., Anti-Semitism and Per Sturmer on Trial in Nuremberg. 1945-1946: The Case of Julius Stretcher. Master of Arts (History), August, 1997,106 pp., references, 77 titles. The central focus of this thesis is to rediscover Julius Streicher and to determine whether his actions merited the same punishment as other persons executed for war crimes. Sources used include Nuremberg Trial documents and testimony, memoirs of Nazi leaders, and other Nazi materials. The thesis includes seven chapters, which cover Streicher's life, especially the prewar decades, his years out of power, and his trial at Nuremberg. The conclusion reached is that Streicher did have some influence on the German people with his anti-Semitic newspaper Der Sturmer, but it is difficult to ascertain whether his speeches and writings contributed directly to the extermination of the Jews in World War II or simply reflected and magnified the anti-Semitism of his culture. Copyright by Lee H.
    [Show full text]