DOCSLIB.ORG

Carbothermic Reduction of Alumina with Carbon in Vacuum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Carbothermic Reduction of Alumina with Carbon in Vacuum J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 1813−1816 DOI: 10.1007/s11771­012­1213­0 Carbothermic reduction of alumina with carbon in vacuum YU Qing­chun(郁青春), YUAN Hai­bin(袁海滨), ZHU Fu­long(朱富龙), ZHANG Han(张晗), WANG Chen(王辰), LIU Da­chun(刘大春), YANG Bin(杨斌) National Engineering Laboratory of Vacuum Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clear Utilization in Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China © Central South University Press and Springer­Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 Abstract: Carbothermic reduction alumina in vacuum was conducted, and the products were analysed by means of XRD and gas chromatography. Thermodynamic analysis shows that in vacuum the initial carbothermic reduction reaction temperature reduces compared with that under normal pressure, and the preferential order of products is Al4O4C, Al4C3, Al2OC, Al2O and Al. Experiment results show that the carbothermic reduction products of alumina are Al4O4C and Al4C3, and neither Al2OC, Al2O or Al was found. During the carbothermic reduction process, the reaction rate of Al2O3 and carbon decreases gradually with increasing time. Meanwhile, lower system pressure or higher temperature is beneficial to the carbothermic reduction of alumina process. Al4O4C is firstly formed in the carbothermic reaction, and then Al4C3 is formed in lower system pressure or at higher temperature. Key words: alumina; carbothermic reduction; vacuum; aluminum the formation of aluminum carbide and oxycarbide 1 Introduction byproducts complicates the carbothermic reduction and chlorination process. The thermodynamic study of Aluminum is currently produced industrially via the chemical reactions provides a basic understanding of the Hall­He´roult process by dissolving Al2O3 in fused process prior to designing suitable reaction experiments, NaF­AlF3 (cryolite) followed by direct current and provides a useful guideline for the selection of electrolysis. The main drawbacks of the electrolytic processing conditions [11−12]. production are its high energy consumption, the release Prior to experiments, it is essential to determine the of perfluorocarbons, and the high specific CO2­equiv feasibility of the chemical reactions, the nature and emissions. The greenhouse gas emission by the amount of the solid and gaseous species present in the electrolytic Al production contributes to 2.5% of the system. These can be determined from the calculation of world anthropogenic CO2­equiv emissions [1−3]. During the standard Gibbs free energy changes for chemical the past years, there were a lot of attempts to produce reactions and the standard free energy changes at a given metal aluminum by nonelectrolysis [4−7]. Carbothermic set of processing conditions such as reaction temperature, reduction and chlorination process [8−10] is one of the pressure and reactant concentration [13]. most effective ways of extracting aluminum in the The main purpose of this work was to investigate metallurgical industry. In this process, carbon and the carbothermic process in vacuum. The resultant aluminum chloride are used as reducing agent and samples were investigated by X­ray diffraction, and gas chlorinating agent, respectively, and minerals in the form chromatography analysis. of metal oxides react with them. The corresponding metal subchlorides formed and separated from minerals 2 Experimental in gaseous form are unstable at the temperature of operation and vaporize readily. Subchlorides can be 2.1 Experimental equipment condensed, separated, and further processed to get The schematic diagram of experimental setup is desired pure metals. shown in Fig. 1. A reaction zone, composed of cylinder However, during the carbothermic reduction stage, containing sample, is controlled by a temperature Foundation item: Project(U0837604) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province, China; Project(Jinchuan 201114) supported by the Pre Research Foundation of Jinchuan Group Ltd., China; Project(2011148) supported by the Analysis and Testing Funds of Kunming University of Science and Technology, China Received date: 2011−05−13; Accepted date: 2011−12−20 Corresponding author: YU Qing­chun, Associate Professor; Tel: +86−871−5114017; E­mail: [email protected] 1814 J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 1813−1816 T D H 0 = DH 0 + Dc dT (4) T 298 K ò 298 K p T Dc DS 0 = DS 0 + p dT (5) T 298K ò 298K T 0 0 0 D H 298 = ( ån i H 298 K ) P - (å n i H 298 K ) R (6) 0 0 0 D S 298 = ( ån i S 298 K ) P - (å n i S 298 K ) R (7) D c = ( n c ) - ( n c ) (8) Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of experimental setup P å i p P å i p R Based on the reactions given in Table 1, the initial controller. The reactor was provided with a central reaction temperatures of these reactions have been removable tube that was permitted to insert a calculated using the thermodynamic data from Refs. thermocouple in order to know the temperature in the [14−16] under the condition of partial pressure of 100 Pa reaction zone by means of a digital thermometer. A zone and normal pressure. In the view of reaction kinetics, for the collection of the reaction products consisted of a dismissing carbon monoxide gas under the condition of box­like collecting plate, where most of the reaction low partial pressure gives advantages to chemical products were condensed, and a washing trapper for the equilibrium, which makes reaction move toward right collection of gas products. side. It can be found in Table 1 that in vacuum the initial 2.2 Materials and sample preparation reaction temperature reduces, which means that much Analytical grade of alumina and graphite were used less energy would be consumed. The relationships as the raw materials in experiments. The solid samples between Gibbs free energy change and temperature of used in the experiments were mixtures of Al2O3 and these reactions calculated under the condition of partial graphite with molar ratio of 1:4. pressure of 100 Pa are shown in Fig. 2. 2.3 Experimental procedure Table 1 Initial reaction temperatures of carbothermic reduction Once the reagent solid sample was placed in the of alumina (K) reactor, cooling water and vacuum pump were opened, Reaction Normal Reaction 100 Pa and the reaction zone was heated as the pressure reached No. pressure 100 Pa. Vacuum degree is regulated by the corresponding control and measuring devices. The heating rate of (1) Al2O3+3C=2Al(l)+3CO(g) 1 775 2 288.07 system temperature was about 20 K/min. The system (2) 2Al2O3+9C=Al4C3+6CO(g) 1 714 2 099.45 temperature is kept constant for 140 min when it reached (3) Al2O3+2C=Al2O(g)+2CO(g) 1 743 2 376.67 1 693, 1 703, 1 753 and 1 853 K. Then, the heating (4) Al O +3C=Al OC+2CO(g) 1 720 2 306.27 device was turned off and vacuum degree was kept till 2 3 2 room temperature. (5) 2Al2O3+3C=Al4O4C+2CO(g) 1 689 2 306.27 (6) Al2O3+Al4C3=6Al(l)+3CO(g) 1 879 2 387.20 3 Results and discussion (7) Al4O4C+6C=Al4C3+4CO(g) 1 726 2 264.65 3.1 Thermodynamic analysis of carbothermic (8) Al4O4C+ Al4C3=8Al(l)+4CO(g) 1 889 2 345.26 reduction (9) 2Al2OC+3C=Al4C3+2CO(g) 1 701 2 302.75 During this solid−solid reaction, gaseous products are generated when the carbothermic reduction reaction According to Fig. 2, ΔG decreases sharply by takes place. In vacuum, gaseous products are removed increasing temperature. The initial temperatures of nine continuously through pump, which can accumulate the reactions are 1 775, 1 714, 1 743, 1 720, 1 689, 1 879, chemical reaction. Main formulas of thermodynamic 1 726, 1 889 and 1 704 K, respectively. The preferential calculations are as follows: order of products is Al4O4C>Al4C3>Al2OC>Al2O>Al 0 0 0 DGT = DHT -T DS T (1) during the carbothermic reduction of alumina. Aluminum generated by Al2O3­Al4C3 and Al4O4C­Al4C3 should be at DG = DG 0 + RT ln Q (2) T T p higher temperature. The temperature and system pressure p p in the furnace are important determinants of feasibility of g n i g n i where Q p = ( ) P /( ) R (3) p 0 p 0 reactions. J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 1813−1816 1815 Fig. 2 Gibbs free energy change versus temperature of Al2O3­C Fig. 4 XRD pattern of carbothermic reduction products at system at 100 Pa different temperatures 3.2 Effect of carbon monoxide change on carbon under that condition. The characteristic peaks of carbothermic reduction Al4O4C and Al4C3 are found clearly over 1 703 K and The volume of carbon monoxide per 20 min and increases with increasing temperature. Meanwhile, the total volume of carbon monoxide were calculated, and diffraction intensities of carbon and alumina decrease the average production rate of carbon monoxide per with increasing temperature, which can be deduced that 20 min was determined. Figure 3 shows the average the reactions (2), (5) and (7) occur in the temperature production rate of carbon monoxide and total volume of range of 1 703−1 853 K. There is no diffraction peak of carbon monoxide. It can be found that production rate of Al2OC found by XRD analysis in the reaction product of carbon monoxide decreases, and total volume of carbon carbothermic process and no aluminum is collected in monoxide increases with increasing time. After about condensation tower of vacuum furnace. If there were 80 min, the production rate of carbon monoxide tends to Al2O gas, it would disproportionate into aluminum and be stable at about 0.02 L/min, and the volume of carbon alumina at low temperature and be found on the cooler.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synthesis of Li2s-Carbon Cathode Materials Via Carbothermic Reduction of Li2so4
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 June 2019 doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00053 Synthesis of Li2S-Carbon Cathode Materials via Carbothermic Reduction of Li2SO4 Jiayan Shi 1, Jian Zhang 2, Yifan Zhao 2, Zheng Yan 1, Noam Hart 1 and Juchen Guo 1,2* 1 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States, 2 Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States Pre-lithiated sulfur materials are promising cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. The synthesis of lithium sulfide-carbon (Li2S-C) composite by carbothermic reduction of lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) is investigated in this study. The relationship between reaction temperature and the consumption of carbon in the carbothermic reduction of Li2SO4 is first investigated to precisely control the carbon content in the resultant Li2S-C composites. To understand the relationship between the material structure and the electrochemical properties, Li2S-C composites with the same carbon content are subsequently synthesized by controlling the mass ratio of Li2SO4/carbon and the reaction temperature. Systematic electrochemical analyses and microscopic characterizations Edited by: demonstrate that the size of the Li S particles dispersed in the carbon matrix is the key Wen Liu, 2 Beijing University of Chemical parameter determining the electrochemical performance. A reversible capacity of 600 Technology, China −1 mAh g is achieved under lean electrolyte condition with high Li2S areal loading.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbothermic Reduction Kinetics of Ilmenite Concentrates Catalyzed by Sodium Silicate and Microwave- Absorbing Characteristics O
    Available on line at Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia AChE www.ache.org.rs/CICEQ Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly 19 (3) 423−433 (2013) CI&CEQ WEI LI1,2 CARBOTHERMIC REDUCTION KINETICS OF JINHUI PENG1 1 ILMENITE CONCENTRATES CATALYZED BY SHENGHUI GUO SODIUM SILICATE AND MICROWAVE- LIBO ZHANG1 GUO CHEN1 ABSORBING CHARACTERISTICS OF HONGYING XIA1 REDUCTIVE PRODUCTS 1 Key Laboratory of Unconventional Carbothermic reduction kinetics of ilmenite concentrates catalyzed by sodium Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, silicate were investigated; the reduction degree of ilmenite concentrates Kunming University of Science and reduction reaction was determined as R = 4/7(16y + 56x)(ΔWΣ - f W)/(16y + Technology, Yunnan, China A-P 2Faculty of Science, Kunming + 56x + 112). The results show that the reaction activation energy of initial University of Science and stage and later stage is 36.45 and 135.14 kJ/mol, respectively. There is a great Technology, Yunnan, China change in the reduction rate at temperatures of 1100 and 1150 °C; the catal- ysis effect and change of reduction rate were evaluated by TG and DSC curves SCIENTIFIC PAPER of sodium silicate. Microwave-absorbing characteristics of reduction products were measured by the method of microwave cavity perturbation. It was found UDC 544.47/.478 that microwave absorbing characteristics of reduction products obtained at ° DOI 10.2298/CICEQ120421077L temperatures of 900, 1100 and 1150 C have significant differences. XRD characterization results explained the formation and accumulation of reduction product Fe, and pronounced changes of microwave absorbing characteristics due to the decrease of the content of ilmenite concentrates. Keywords: sodium silicate; ilmenite concentrates; catalytic reduction; kinetics; microwave absorbing characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • CARBOTHERMIC REDUCTION of MECHANICALLY ACTIVATED Nio-CARBON MIXTURE: NON-ISOTHERMAL KINETICS
    J. Min. Metall. Sect. B-Metall. 54 (3) B (2018) 313 - 322 Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy CARBOTHERMIC REDUCTION OF MECHANICALLY ACTIVATED NiO-CARBON MIXTURE: NON-ISOTHERMAL KINETICS S. Bakhshandeh, N. Setoudeh *, M. Ali Askari Zamani, A. Mohassel Yasouj University, Materials Engineering Department, Yasouj, Iran (Received 23 March 2018; accepted 10 December 2018) Abstract The effect of mechanical activation on the carbothermic reduction of nickel oxide was investigated. Mixtures of nickel oxide and activated carbon (99% carbon) were milled for different periods of time in a planetary ball mill. The unmilled mixture and milled samples were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under an argon atmosphere and their solid products of the reduction reaction were studied using XRD experiments. TGA showed that the reduction of NiO started at ~800 and ~720 in un-milled and one-hour milled samples respectively whilst after 25h of milling it decreased to about 430 . The kinetics parameters of carbothermic reduction were determined using non-isothermal method (Coats-Redfern Method) for un-milled and milled samples. The activation energy was determined to be about 222 kJ mol -1 for un-milled mixture whilst it was decreased to about 148 kJ mol -1 in 25-h milled sample. The decrease in the particle size/crystallite size of the℃ milled samp℃les resulted in a significant drop in the reaction temperature. ℃ Keywords : Ball milling; Carbothermic reduction; Nickel oxide; Non-isothermal kinetics; Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). 1. Introduction solid product catalyzes the reaction rate [ 11 ]. It has been shown that mechanical activation by There have been many investigations on the milling reactants together with extended periods of carbothermic reduction of metal oxide in the literature time can intensify the reactions [ 16-19 ].
    [Show full text]
  • Carbothermic Production of Hexagonal Boron Nitride A
    CARBOTHERMIC PRODUCTION OF HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HASAN ERDEM ÇAMURLU IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING NOVEMBER 2006 Approval of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Tayfur Öztürk Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis and for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Yavuz A. Topkaya Prof. Dr. Naci Sevinç Co-Supervisor Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr Ahmet Geveci (METU, METE) Prof. Dr. Naci Sevinç (METU, METE) Prof. Dr. Yavuz A. Topkaya (METU, METE) Prof. Dr. Önder Özbelge (METU, CHE) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuri Durlu (ETÜ, ME) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Hasan Erdem Çamurlu Signature : ABSTRACT CARBOTHERMIC PRODUCTION OF HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE Çamurlu, Hasan Erdem Ph.D., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Naci Sevinç Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yavuz A. Topkaya October 2006, 124 pages Formation of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) by carbothermic reduction of B2O3 under nitrogen atmosphere at 1500oC was investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Wooh+Wacof C. Ma
    Oct. 22, 1957 R. C. KRK 2,810,636 METHOD FOR PRODUCING SODIUM Filed June 4, 1956 Charge tAeac for Waco, 7-2C-2Wa CO Wa Vooor 7 CO Gas Mo/fern Wa Gornoeraser Guerch Mo/fer? Wa 7. Aea/ O/ro SS Af xcharger Aeser/or Mo/fer? Wa WoOh+WaCOf c. Ma INVENTOR. - Aoy CAar/es kirA BY A77OAAWEYS 2,810,636 United States Patent Office Patented Oct. 22, 1957 1. 2 Some dross is inevitably formed during this condensa tion operation and is separated from the molten sodium 2,810,636 by fluxing with sodium hydroxide. It has been discovered that the carbon monoxide which METHOD FOR PRODUCING SODUM is obtained as a by-product from the reaction of carbon with sodium carbonate will react with the sodium hy Roy.Chemical Charles Company,Kirk, Midland, Midland, Michassignor Mich., a corporation to The Dow of droxide in the flux at temperatures of at least 318 C. Delaware (at which temperature the sodium hydroxide is fluid or molten) to produce sodium carbonate. The thus treated Application June 4, 1956, Serial No. 589,198 0 flux may then be fed into the reactor with added carbon 7 Claims. (C. 75-66) to produce more sodium, since the higher melting sodium carbonate does not attack the graphite lining of the re actor. In this manner a cyclical process is obtained which recovers almost 100 percent of the sodium values present. This invention relates to a process for producing So 5 Since the sodium values in the dross are almost entirely dium and is particularly directed to an improved cyclical recovered, economical modifications of the sodium car method of making sodium by the carbothermic reduction bonate reduction process which previously could not be of sodium carbonate.
    [Show full text]
  • High Temperature Decomposition of Methane on Quartz Pellets
    High Temperature Decomposition of Methane on Quartz Pellets Henrik Lindgaard MSc in Physics Submission date: June 2015 Supervisor: John Walmsley, IFY Co-supervisor: Halvor Dalaker, Sintef Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Physics Abstract This work has shown that pure methane, when exposed to quartz at a temperatures of 900°C and 1000°C, cracks and deposits carbon at a near constant rate. The deposition rates for the individual temperature levels were shown to differ by a factor of approximately 7, where experiments at 1000°C showed the highest rate of deposition and those at 900°C the lowest. The surfaces of the samples showed a definite increase after the treatment. While not definite, there were signs that surface area could be a function of deposited carbon mass. There were not observed any weight increase on the sample treated at 700°C, and only small amounts on the sample at 800°C, indicating a cut-off temperature for the reaction in this Contents 1 Introduction3 1.1 Silicon metal - Uses and trends..................... 3 1.2 Greenhouse gas emissions in silicon production............ 4 1.3 Carbon in primary metal production.................. 4 1.4 Methane and silicon production..................... 5 1.5 Objective of this thesis.......................... 5 1.6 Thesis outline............................... 6 2 Background9 2.1 Primary metal production........................ 9 2.1.1 Reduction-oxidation reactions.................. 9 2.1.2 Gibbs free energy......................... 10 2.1.3 Chemical Equilibrium...................... 11 2.1.4 Reduction of metal oxides.................... 13 2.1.5 Carbothermic reduction..................... 16 2.1.6 Silicon metal production..................... 17 3 Theory 21 3.1 Related research ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Semi-Empirical Software for the Aluminothermic and Carbothermic Reactions
    Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia Scientific paper AMES UDC: 544.653.2:004.41 SEMI-EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE FOR THE ALUMINOTHERMIC AND CARBOTHERMIC REACTIONS Milorad Gavrilovski1, Vaso Manojlović2*, Željko Kamberović1, Marija Korać1, Miroslav Sokić2 1 Faculty of technology and metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, University of Belgrade, Serbia 2 Institute for technology of nuclear and other mineral raw materials, Franše d’ Eperea 86, Belgrade, Serbia Received 23.06.2014 Accepted 03.09.2014 Abstract Understanding the reaction thermochemistry as well as formatting the empirical data about element distribution in gas-metal-slag phases is essential for creating a good model for aluminothermic and carbothermic reaction. In this paper modeling of material and energy balance of these reactions is described with the algorithm. The software, based on this model is basically made for production of high purity ferro alloys through aluminothermic process and then extended for some carbothermic process. Model validation is demonstrated with production of FeTi, FeW, FeB and FeMo in aluminothermic and reduction of mill scale, pyrite cinders and magnetite fines in carbothermic process. Introduction Aluminothermic reactions are thermite reactions in witch aluminum metal reacts with some metal oxide reducing it to the pure metal. These reactions are highly exothermic and self-propagating so only initiation is needed to complete the reaction. However, energy of reaction depends on various parameters and it its adjustment can be done by designing of thermite mixture. Aluminothermic reaction has found many applications in production of metals and alloys, welding and coating [1, 2]. In literature there is a lot of data on production, kinetics of reaction, preparation of thermite mixture, effects of additions on metal yield etc [1, 2].
    [Show full text]
  • Metallurgical Grade Silicon (MG-Si), Via Carbothermic Reduction
    Engineering Impurity Behavior on the Micron-Scale in Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Production By Sarah Bernardis B.S./M.S. Physics Università degli Studi di Padova, 2005 M.S. Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008 Submitted to the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 2012 © 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author:_____________________________________________________________ Department of Materials Science and Engineering Certified by:___________________________________________________________________ Kenneth C. Russell Professor Emeritus of Metallurgy and Nuclear Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: __________________________________________________________________ Christopher Schuh Chair, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students - 2 - Engineering Impurity Behavior on the Micron-Scale in Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Production By Sarah Bernardis Submitted to the Department of Materials Science and Engineering on October 15th, 2012 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Materials Science and Engineering Abstract Impurities are detrimental to silicon-based solar cells. A deeper understanding of their evolution, microscopic distributions, and oxidation states throughout the refining processes may enable the discovery of novel refining techniques. Using synchrotron-based microprobe techniques and bulk chemical analyses, we investigate Fe, Ti, and Ca starting from silicon- and carbon bearing raw feedstock materials to metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si), via carbothermic reduction. Before reduction, impurities are present in distinct micron- or sub-micron-sized minerals, frequently located at structural defects in Si-bearing compounds. Chemical states vary, they are generally oxidized (e.g., Fe2+, Fe3+).
    [Show full text]
  • Technological Gaps Inhibiting the Exploitation of Crms Secondary Resources
    SCRREEN Coordination and Support Action (CSA) This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227. Start date : 2016-11-01 Duration : 38 Months www.scrreen.eu Technological gaps inhibiting the exploitation of CRMs secondary resources Authors : Mr. Stéphane BOURG (CEA) SCRREEN - D6.2 - Issued on 2019-11-07 09:13:37 by CEA SCRREEN - D6.2 - Issued on 2019-11-07 09:13:37 by CEA SCRREEN - Contract Number: 730227 Project officer: Jonas Hedberg Document title Technological gaps inhibiting the exploitation of CRMs secondary resources Author(s) Mr. Stéphane BOURG Number of pages 257 Document type Deliverable Work Package WP6 Document number D6.2 Issued by CEA Date of completion 2019-11-07 09:13:37 Dissemination level Public Summary Technological gaps inhibiting the exploitation of CRMs secondary resources Approval Date By 2019-11-21 12:54:45 Mrs. Maria TAXIARCHOU (LabMet, NTUA) 2019-11-21 14:40:17 Mr. Stéphane BOURG (CEA) SCRREEN - D6.2 - Issued on 2019-11-07 09:13:37 by CEA SCRREEN This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227. Start date: 2016-11-01 Duration: 37 Months DELIVERABLE 6.2: TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS INHIBITING THE EXPLOITATION OF CRM SECONDARY RESOURCES AUTHOR(S): AMPHOS21, BRGM, CEA, CHALMERS, IDENER, SWERIM, NTUA Writing coordinated by S. Bourg, CEA DATE OF FIRST SUBMISSION: 30/04/2019 CONTENT Figures And Tables .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kinetic Model for the Uniform Conversion of Self Reducing Iron Oxide and Carbon Briquettes
    ISIJ International, Vol. 43 (2003), No. 8, pp. 1136–1142 Kinetic Model for the Uniform Conversion of Self Reducing Iron Oxide and Carbon Briquettes Jeremy MOON and Veena SAHAJWALLA School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052 NSW, Australia. (Received on September 2, 2002; accepted in final form on February 5, 2003 ) A kinetic model has been developed to describe the uniform conversion of a self reducing mixture of iron oxide and carbon. The model takes into account the reaction kinetics of both the iron oxide reduction and carbon oxidation. The model is validated with experimental data. Rate constants are compared with those in the literature. The combination of existing reaction analysis techniques coupled with the model developed has shown that for the experimental conditions used here, the Boudouard reaction controls the self reduction kinetics. KEY WORDS: mathematical modelling; kinetics; uniform conversion model; self-reduction; iron oxide; car- bon; reduction; oxidation. that for practical situations, self reducing mixtures undergo 1. Introduction indirect reduction (solid iron oxide–gaseous intermediary– Extensive research regarding the self-reducing mixture of solid carbon). These reactions are outlined in Reaction 1 to iron oxide and carbonaceous materials has been report- Reaction 4. ed.1–5) Iron oxide fines are generated at every stage of iron Reduction oxide processing, leading to either a loss of the iron re- source or the burden of higher utilisation costs. Being able Reaction 1: 3Fe O ϩCO→Fe O ϩCO to utilise, economically, such iron oxide fines has the poten- 2 3 3 4 2 tial to provide significant benefits to the iron industry.
    [Show full text]
  • STUDY of CARBON AEROGEL SUPPORTED Fe CATALYSTS for BIOMASS GASIFICATION GAS CLEANING
    UNIVERSIDAD DE CONCEPCIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA STUDY OF CARBON AEROGEL SUPPORTED Fe CATALYSTS FOR BIOMASS GASIFICATION GAS CLEANING POR OSCAR GÓMEZ CÁPIRO Tesis presentada a la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Concepción para optar el grado de Doctor en Ciencias de la Ingeniería con mención en Ingeniería Química Tutor: Prof. Romel Mario Jiménez Concepción, PhD. Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad de Concepción Co-tutor: Prof. Luis Ernesto Arteaga Pérez, PhD. Departamento de Ingeniería en Madera Universidad del Bío-Bío Concepción, Chile. Junio de 2020 Se autoriza la reporducción total o parcial , con fines académicos , por cualquier medio o procedimiento, incluyendo la cita bibliográfica del documento. Advisor: Prof. Romel Mario Jiménez Concepción, PhD. Chemical Engineering Department University of Concepción Co-advisor: Prof. Luis Ernesto Arteaga Pérez, PhD. Department of Wood Engineering University of Bío-Bío Examination Prof. Ximena García Carmona, PhD. Committee Chemical Engineering Department University of Concepción Prof. Fernando Mariño, PhD. ITHES University of Buenos Aires; CONICET i Dedicatoria Dedicatoria A mi abuela Dora, Doña Cedora del Rosario Muñoz y Anoceto… ii Agradeciemientos Agradecimientos Quisiera aprovechar para agradecer a algunas de las personas que han hecho posible que se realizara el trabajo que se detalla más adelante. Comenzaré por dar gracias al profesor Luis Ernesto Arteaga Pérez que no solo me guío académicamente, sino que me ofreció apoyo en todo, abriendo su casa y su familia para recibirme en Chile, por eso debo agradecer también a su esposa Yannay Casas Ledón. Quiero dar gracias al profesor Romel Mario Jiménez Concepción quien guió mi trabajo académico y mi formación como doctor.
    [Show full text]
  • Tore Meberg.Pdf (14.85Mb)
    Redesign of Utility Robot for Carbothermic Test Reactor Tore Meberg Supervisors Cecilie Ødegård John Fors This master’s thesis is carried out as a part of the education at the University of Agder and is therefore approved as a part of this education. However, this does not imply that the University answers for the methods that are used or the conclusions that are drawn. University of Agder, 2015 Faculty of Engineering and Science Department of Engineering Sciences Abstract Production of aluminum based on a carbothermic reaction is an exciting field of research. It could potentially reduce the energy consumption of aluminum production drastically. Alcoa Norway Carbothermic has been involved in the field of carbothermic aluminum research since 1998. As a part of development of their newest carbothermic test reactor, the Hot Bowl reactor, Alcoa Norway Carbothermic has proposed a thesis regarding redesign of a machine used to lower different types of measuring equipment down into the reactor, called the utility robot. This thesis describe the process leading up to a new utility robot solution. The new utility robot was designed in SolidWorks and dimensioned using calculations and FEM analyses in Abaqus. Technical drawings were composed for all fully developed components. These components were then issued for construction, and are currently being machined. Pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders, linear rails, bearings and other components were selected and ordered. The final result is a nearly complete utility robot that fulfill the requirements and design specifications specified by Alcoa. The new solution is more automatic and is less labor intensive to operate than the old solution.
    [Show full text]