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Some Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Estrogen And 71-7428 CRIST, William Lee, 1941- SOME EFFECTS OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON ALANINE AND ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE LEVELS IN THE PLASMA, LIVER, MUSCLE, AND UTERUS OF THE RAT. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1970 Physiology University Microfilms, A XEROXCompany, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1 SOME EFFECTS OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON ALANINE AND ASPARATATE AMINOTRANSFERASE LEVELS IN THE PLASMA, LIVER, MUSCLE, AND UTERUS OF THE RAT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By William Lee Crist, B.Sc., M,Sc. ******** The Ohio State University 1970 Approved by Adviser Department of Dairy Science ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to especially thank my adviser. Dr. T. M. Ludwick, for his advise and guidance throughout the course of this study and for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. I am grateful to the Federal Dairy Cattle Breeding Project for financial assistance in the form of a research assistantship, and to the members of the project for various types of help. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. E. W. Brum for programming and statistical assistance. I wish to thank Dr. W. R. Gomes for the use of the equipment in his laboratory. Thanks to Dr. D. R. Davis for the use of his electric drill which was used in the homogenization of tissues. I would like to express my appreciation to Mrs. Crabtree for the expedient typing of this manuscript. To my wife and children, special thanks for the tolerance and understanding exhibited and the encouragement given during this study. ii VITA March 2, 1941 ............... Born - Homeworth, Ohio 1959-1964.. .................. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1964.......................... B.Sc., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1965-1967..................... Research Assistant, Department of Dairy Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967. .. M.Sc., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1968.. .................. Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Dairy Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1969.. .................. Research Associate, Department of Dairy Science, The Ohio State Univer­ sity, Columbus, Ohio 1969-1970.. .................. Administrative Assistant, University College, The Ohio'State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Reproductive Physiology PUBLICATIONS Variations in Bovine Blood Serum Transaminase Values Associated with Levels of Milk Production. W. L. Crist, D. R. Davis and T. M, Ludwick. J. Dairy Science, 49:731, 1966 (Abstract). iii Effects of Exogenous Estrogen and Progesterone on Serum En2yme Levels in Dairy Cows, D. R. Davis, W. L. Crist, and T. M. Ludwick, J, Dairy Science, 49:731, 1966 (Abstract). Effects of Season, Stage of Lactation, Stage of Gestation and Level of Milk Production on Serum Transaminase Activity. W. L. Crist, T. M. Ludwick, E. W. Brum, and D. R. Davis. J. Dairy Sci., 50: 998, 1967 (Abstract). Effects of Age, Body Weight, and Stage of Gestation on Plasma Glutamic- oxaloacetic and Glutamic-pyruvic Transaminase Activities in Immature Holstein Cattle. L. R, Boots, W. L. Crist, D. R. Davis, E. W. Brum, and T. M. Ludwick. J. Dairy Sci., 51:952, 1968 (Abstract). Effects of Age, Body Weight, Stage of Gestation, and Sex on Plasma Glutamic-oxaloacetic and Glutamic-pyruvic Transaminase Activities in Immature Holstein Cattle. L. R. Boots, W. L. Crist, D. R. Davis, E. W. Brum, and T. M. Ludwick. J. Dairy Sci., 52:211, 1969. Some Relationships of Stage of Lactation and Gestation, and Level of Milk Production to Plasma Glutamic-oxaloacetic and Glutamic- pyruvic Transaminase Activities. L. R. Boots, T. M. Ludwick, and W. L. Crist, J. Dairy Sci,, 52:922, 1969 (Abstract). Effects of Ovarian Hormones on the Synthesis and Storage of Aspartate Aminotransferase (GOT) and Alanine Aminotransferase (GPT) in the Rat. W. L. Crist, T. M, Ludwick and D. R. Davis. J. Dairy Sci., 53:652, 1970 (Abstract). Iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................. ii VITA.......................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES............................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................. x INTRODUCTION................................................. 1 Chapter I. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . ...... 3 Causes of Variation in Aminotransferase Activity Stressor Factors Physiological Conditions Metabolic Effects Hormonal Influence Tissue Variations of Aminotransferase Activity Ovarian Function Hormones Produced by the Ovary Variations in the Estrogen and Progesterone Levels During the Estrous Cycle Pseudopregnancy Effects on Hormone Levels Ovariectomy Effects on Hormone Levels Estrogen and Progesterone Influence on Enzyme Levels II. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................... 27 General Procedure Experimental III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................ 33 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.......................... 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................. 68 APPENDIX v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Means and Standard Errors of GOT and GPT Activities of 3 Tissues in the Rat During the 4 Stages of the Estrous Cycle and Pseudopregnancy ................................ 48 2. GOT and GPT Least-Squares Means and Standard Errors for Ovariectomized and Sham-operated Rats Adjusted for Time Effects (1 to 21 Days) . 49 3. Least-Squares Means and Standard Errors of Tissue and Body Weight for Ovariectomized and Sham-operated Rats Adjusted for Time Effects (1 to 21 Days). .............. 50 4. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities per mg. of Wet Weight of Uterine Tissue Determined from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery in Ovariectomized and Sham-operated Rats...................................... 50 5. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities of Whole Uterine Tissue Determined from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery in Ovariectomized and Sham-operated Rats.............. 51 6. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for Whole Uterine Weight (mg.) for Ovariectomized and Sham-operated Rats from 1 to 21 Days Follow­ ing S u r g e r y .............................. 52 7. GOT and GPT Least-Squares Means and Standard Errors for Hormone Treated Rats Adjusted for Time Effects (12 Hours to 5 Da y s ) .................. 55 8. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities per mg. Wet Weight of Liver Tissue Determined from 12 Hours to 5 Days Following Hormone Treatment in Rats ................ 56 9. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities per mg. Dry Weight of Liver Tissue Determined from 12 Hours to 5 Days Following Hormone Treatment in Rats ................ 57 vi Table Page 10. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities of Whole Liver Tissue Determined from 12 Hours to 5 Days Following Hormone Treatment in Rats ......................... 58 11. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities per mg. Wet Weight of Uterine Tissue Determined from 12 Hours to 5 Days Following Hormone Treatment in Rats .... 59 12. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for Whole Uterine Weight (mg.) for Hormone Treated Rats from 12 Hours to 5 Days Following Treatment .... 60 13. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities of Whole Uterine Tissue Determined from 12 Hours to 5 Days Following Hormone Treatment in R a t s .................. 61 14. Overall Means and Standard Deviations for the Independent Variables in the Ovariectomy Study ....*..«*» .84 15. F Values for GOT and GPT Activity per ml. Plasma from Analysis of Variance on Ovari­ ectomized and Sham-operated Rats from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery .................. 85 16. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities per ml. Plasma Determined from 2 to 21 Days Following Surgery and Adjusted for Surgical Treatment Effects in the Ovariectomy Study .............................. 86 17. F Values for Whole Liver Weight and for GOT and GPT Activities in Liver Tissue from Analysis of Variance on Ovariectomized and Sham-operated Rats from 1 to 21 Days Follow­ ing Surgery ....................................... .. 87 18. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for Whole Liver Weight (g.) Determined from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery in Ovariectomized and Sham-operated R a t s ................................. 88 19. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities of Liver Tissue Determined from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery and Adjusted for Surgical Treatment Effects in the Ovariectomy Study ..................................... 89 vli Table Page 20, F Values for GOT and GPT Activities in Muscle Tissue From Analysis of Variance on Ovariectomized and Sham-operated Rats from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery ..................... 90 21, Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities of Muscle Tissue Determined from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery in Ovariectomized and Sham- operated Rats ...................................... 91 22. Subclass Means and Standard Errors for GOT and GPT Activities of Muscle Tissue Determined from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery and Adjusted for Surgical Treat­ ment Effects in the Ovariectomy Study ............. 92 23. F Values for Uterine Weight and GOT and GPT Activities in Uterine Tissue from Analysis of Variance on Ovariectomized and Sham-operated Rats from 1 to 21 Days Following Surgery ........... ........... 93 24. Overall Means
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