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Exploring the Social Economy of Blueberry Foraging in Northwestern Ontario

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Exploring the Social Economy of Blueberry Foraging in Northwestern Ontario Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations from 2009 2018 Coming to know through story: exploring the social economy of blueberry foraging in Northwestern Ontario Stolz, Williams http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/4181 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons Coming to know through story: Exploring the social economy of blueberry foraging in Northwestern Ontario Williams Stolz A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Environmental Studies: Northern Environments and Cultures Departments of Geography & Anthropology Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Ontario March 2018 Lakehead University © Copyright by Williams Stolz 2018 ABSTRACT Foraging for wild blueberries is part of the identity of many Northern Ontario residents. As far back as many people can remember their families have completed the annual trek out to the blueberry patch to harvest blueberries throughout the month of August while they are ripe for the picking. In this research, I explore these practices by answering the following research questions: how do blueberry foraging initiatives in Northwestern Ontario demonstrate properties of the social economy?; how do these properties support the continuation of blueberry harvesting?; and what barriers hinder the foraging of blueberries as a social economy in the region? Using complexity theory, the social economy of foraging for wild blueberries is explored within the boreal forest ecosystem. Four case studies are examined through a participant observation approach that uses semi-structured interviews with blueberry pickers. Blueberry foraging, which exists within the complex adaptive system of the boreal forest, was found to be its own complex adaptive system that adapts to a constantly changing environment. Through blueberry foraging, interviewees were found to gain connections to the land and to each other. How these connections were expressed was impacted by the social and cultural values of individuals and communities. What appeared to remain consistent was the ability of the relational values associated with the social economy to support adaptation; thus, building resilience among blueberry foraging initiatives in Northern Ontario. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the following people for their help during the course of this research. First, I would like to thank Dr. Connie Nelson for her supervision and guidance during the last two years. Her vast knowledge of the region was instrumental during the research process. Offering me the chance to accompany her to her favourite blueberry patch was humbling and informative as it demonstrated the deep emotional connection one develops with land and place. I would also like to thank the interviewees who shared their personal stories, Arthur Shupe, Trevor Laing of Algoma Highlands Wild Blueberry Farm and Winery, the Nipigon Blueberry Blast Festival Committee, and the community of Aroland. I am grateful for the valuable feedback and equipment provided by my co-supervisor Dr. Charles Levkoe. Thanks go out to Dr. Julie Rosenthal for conducting the external review of my research. I would also like to mention the efforts of Sheldon Atlookan who on numerous occasions took time out of his busy day to discuss ‘blue gold’ a.k.a. blueberries. Chi- Miigwetch for the tour of Aroland, introducing me to the community, and assisting with the interview process. I felt welcomed in Aroland and I am truly honoured to be able to record and share the importance that blueberries hold within the community. I give my heartfelt thanks to my partner Dr. Lana Ray for all her support, patience, and motivation. Without her words of encouragement I never would have pursued a post-secondary education. She is the half which makes me whole. ii I am also grateful to have received funding from the Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (QEII-GSST) and SSHRC Insight Grant: The Social Economy of Food: Informal, Under-recognized Contributions to Community Prosperity and Resilience Project, which both aided in the completion of my thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 1.2 Research Objective ......................................................................................................6 1.3 Thesis Structure ...........................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................9 2.1 Overview .....................................................................................................................10 2.2 Social Economy ..........................................................................................................10 2.3 Complexity Science Lens ...........................................................................................14 2.4 Blueberry Foraging as a Complex Adaptive System ..............................................16 2.5 Land Use .....................................................................................................................18 2.6 Benefits of Foraging ...................................................................................................21 2.7 Perceptions of Foraging .............................................................................................22 2.8 Similar Research ........................................................................................................24 2.9 Relevance of the Research .........................................................................................25 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES ..28 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................28 3.2 Storytelling..................................................................................................................29 3.3 My Story .....................................................................................................................31 3.4 Research Objective ....................................................................................................32 3.5 Methods .......................................................................................................................33 3.6 Site Selection ...............................................................................................................36 3.7 Participant Selection ..................................................................................................38 3.8 Project Study Sites .....................................................................................................39 iv 3.8.1 Aroland Youth Blueberry Initiative ......................................................................42 3.8.1.1 Interviews .......................................................................................................45 3.8.2 Nipigon Blueberry Blast Festival ..........................................................................46 3.8.2.1 Interviews .......................................................................................................48 3.8.3 Algoma Highlands Wild Blueberry Farm and Winery .........................................49 3.8.3.1 Interview .........................................................................................................50 3.8.4 Arthur Shupe Wild Foods .....................................................................................50 3.8.4.1 Interview .........................................................................................................51 3.9 Data Analysis ..............................................................................................................51 3.10 Ethical Considerations.............................................................................................53 3.11 Financing and Disseminating the Research ...........................................................55 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS ...............................................................................................57 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................57 4.2 Blueberry Social Economy of Northwestern Ontario.............................................58 4.2.1 Aroland Youth Blueberry Initiative ......................................................................60 4.2.2 Nipigon Blueberry Blast Festival ..........................................................................61
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