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EXCAVATION of a 15Th-CENTURY WINDMILL MOUND in SEWARD STREET, LONDON, EC1

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EXCAVATION of a 15Th-CENTURY WINDMILL MOUND in SEWARD STREET, LONDON, EC1 EXCAVATION OF A 15th-CENTURY WINDMILL MOUND IN SEWARD STREET, LONDON, EC1 Heather Knight and Chris Phillpotts With contributions by Nigel Jeffries, Nicola Powell, Kevin Rielly and Kate Roberts SUMMARY INTRODUCTION In 1999, archaeological investigations by the During the summer of 1999 the Museum Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS) of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS) of the adjacent sites at 1—13 Seward Street and 15— carried out archaeological evaluations on 29 Seward Street, London EC1 found evidence of a the adjacent sites at 1—13 Seward Street and 15th-century windmill mound. The mound consisted 15—29 Seward Street. The sites are located of dumped refuse up to 4m thick which contained in the south part of the London Borough of well-preserved organic remains overlying natural Islington on the north side of Seward Street, brickearth. The dump deposits, which dated from the c.670m north of the walls of the historic City 15th century, contained pottery, organic material of London and c.1km south-east of Islington (particularly leather off-cuts, leather shoes, straw and Green. Seward Street forms the southern other plant remains), together with tools, clinker and boundary of both the sites. The sites are metal off-cuts, indicating that the refuse was derived bounded to the west by Mount Mills, to the from both industrial and domestic sources. The pottery north by Telfer House, Lever Street, and to dates suggest that the various refuse deposits had been the east by the properties at 31—35 Seward dumped over a relatively short time-span, perhaps of Street. The centre of the sites is located only a few years, and it would appear that the deposited at National Grid Reference NGR 531982 material originated from within the City and possibly 182523 (Fig 1). from monastic institutions in Clerkenwell, located The archaeological evaluation at 1—13 c.400m to the west. Seward Street (site code SDS99) consisted of The site has a well-documented history. A windmill three test pits and two trial trenches, excavated is known to have stood here in the late 15th/early 16th in the area of the site where the proposed century; it was destroyed by a storm. The mound was buildings were to be constructed (see Fig 2). then used as the site of a chapel founded by Catherine The trial trenches, which were stepped, were of Aragon in 1530. The chapel was demolished at between 3 and 3.6m deep: Trench A was 13m some point prior to 1547 and was replaced by a second in length, c.8m in width and 3.1m in total windmill. As the mound occupied a strategic location depth and Trench B was 9m in length, c.8m on the Goswell Road, in 1643 it was incorporated into in width and 3.6m in total depth. The test pits London’s Civil War defences. It appears that after the were on average 3m by 1m. Civil War the site returned to being used as a laystall, The adjacent site at 15—29 Seward Street a place where refuse was dumped, until the area was (site code SDT99) measured c.44m north— levelled in the 18th century. south and 50m east—west. Four trial trenches 171 172 Heather Knight and Chris Phillpotts Fig 1. Site location Topographically both sites are elevated above the level of Seward Street, which in turn rises up to the east from Goswell Road. The underlying geology in this area is London Clay. This is overlain by Corbets Tey Gravel, which in turn is capped by brickearth. There is also a distinct downward slope from the north to the south along Mount Mills to the west of SDS99. At the northern end of Mount Mills the present ground level is 21.76m OD dropping to 20.96m OD at the junction with Seward Street. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Fig 2. Trench location In the medieval period the sites lay within an area known as ‘No Man’s Land’; its were excavated in the footprint of the boundaries lay along the lines of the later proposed buildings. All the trenches, which Goswell Road to the west, Seward Street to were also stepped, measured approximately the south, and Central Street to the east. 10m by 10m at the top and varied in depth This is not to be confused with the property between 3.2m and 3.8m. of Charterhouse Priory on the west side Excavations of a 15th-Century Windmill Mound in Seward Street, London, EC1 173 of Goswell Road, which was also called No the natural brickearth. The dumped deposits Man’s Land (Stow 1908, ii 81), but they may consisted of dark brown to black organic silts both have originally formed components of containing metal, textiles, leather, animal a wider tract of land of that name. In the bone, pottery, and ceramic building material. Domesday Book survey of 1086, King William The finds were indicative of waste material the Conqueror held 12½ acres of land called from both industrial and domestic activity. Nanemaneslonde in Ossulston Hundred in The inclined deposits indicated that they Middlesex, formerly belonging to King had once formed the eastern side of a very Edward the Confessor (Williams & Martin large mound. At SDS99 the top of the dump 2002, 358; CLRO Research Report 14.6). deposits was directly below the modern con- The name implies that the area lay outside crete surface (Fig 3). These dump deposits any manorial structure. were c.4m thick and were recorded in both To the west, the lane now represented by trenches and all the test pits; however Goswell Road was the early medieval route at SDT99 there was a distinct difference from the north-west corner of the City at between the deposits on the western and Aldersgate to the village of Islington. It was eastern sides of the site. Trenches in the later superseded in importance by St John western half of the site, nearest SDS99, were Street, running parallel further to the west found to contain medieval dump deposits between the monastic precincts of Charter- sealed by 18th-century dumped material and house Priory, and St Mary’s and St John’s garden soils (Fig 4). The natural brickearth, Priories at Clerkenwell (Pinks 1880, 282). recorded at 17.3m OD, had been subject to It is not clear when and how the Corporat- staining by percolating suspended organic ion of the City of London gained possession matter, while the eastern trenches did not of this piece of land, but it was certainly the contain the distinctive medieval dump layers owner by the end of the medieval period that were present on the western side of the (CLRO Research Report 14.6), at which time site. This, together with thick layers of garden a windmill stood on the site, which, as Stow soil on the eastern side, deposited in order relates, was destroyed in a storm (Stow 1908, to level the site in the 18th century, suggests ii 80). that the pre-18th-century ground surface had a very distinct profile that sloped from the THE REFUSE MOUND west down towards the east. The base of the garden soil on the eastern side was recorded The archaeological evaluation of both sites at 18.70m OD, while the base of garden soil revealed a sequence of interleaving dumped on the western side was recorded between deposits to a height of at least 4.2m above 19.86m and 19.97m OD. This pronounced Fig 3. West-facing section through Trench B (SDS99) 174 Heather Knight and Chris Phillpotts Fig 4. North-facing section through Trench 2 (SDT99) slope would appear to be the remnant of the jugs/cisterns used for drinking, serving and eastern side of a very large artificial mound, storage (ibid, figs 31; 110—12). Tableware the top of which had been extensively pottery is limited to coarse border ware and truncated in the 18th century. Tudor Green lobed cups. The assemblages demonstrate the types FINDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL of pottery Londoners were most commonly MATERIAL RECOVERED FROM THE using, breaking, and therefore discarding, MOUND with Table 2 showing that nearly 90% of the ceramics by vessel count were acquired The medieval and later pottery from local (London-type ware) and regional kilns (notably Surrey whitewares). The Nigel Jeffries pottery presents no evidence of industrial practices and no forms associated with such Pottery collected from various dump levels functions, such as alembics or crucibles, is characterised largely by body sherds from were recovered. fabrics and forms in contemporary use, Nevertheless, chronological differences with few rims and no profiles surviving. can be detected between the two sites. Most deposits contained no more than a Whilst both yielded mostly 14th- and 15th- few sherds each, with the 79 vessels found century dated ceramics, the few contexts (from 123 sherds and weighing 1,980g) from SDS99 that yielded later 16th-century spread among some 30 contexts. Products of material provide evidence for the spatial the Surrey whiteware industry, particularly development of this mound as an area for coarse border wares (fabric code CBW), dumping unwanted material. dominate and are supplemented by less frequent Cheam whiteware (CHEA) and The animal bones Tudor Green wares (TUDG). Pearce and Vince’s (1988) detailed précis of this industry Kevin Rielly enabled the establishment of a consistent 14th- and 15th-century chronology for much In total 120 fragments of animal bone were of this landuse (Table 1). Coarse border recovered by hand from the two sites and a wares include domestic forms such as jars further 480 from a series of relatively rich and bifid-rimmed jars for cooking, and when soil samples.
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