Application for Full Planning & Conservation Area Consent On Behalf of 3&10 Finsbury Square Ltd February 2011
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Statement prepared by Tibbalds Planning & Urban Design
With:
3 & 10 Finsbury Square Ltd Applicant
Sheppard Robson Architect
Waterman Group Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Consultant, Energy and Environmental, BREEAM, Traffic
Expedition Structural Engineers
Gardiner & Theobald Cost consultants
Peter Stewart Consultancy Historic Environment & Conservation Consultant
Arborsphere Ltd Trees
Museum of London Archaeology
Thomson Ecology Ecology
Jennifer Ross, Director
Tibbalds Planning & Urban Design 19 Maltings Place 169 Tower Bridge Road London SE1 3JB
Telephone 020 7089 2121 Facsimile 020 7089 2120 [email protected] www.tibbalds.co.uk Addendum – February 2011
An archaeological desk-based assessment was prepared for the previous application in March 2010 (P100555 & P100680) and remains valid for this submission. It is attached to this report.
The only text alteration is to the introduction section, which now reads:
1.1.1 Pembroke Real Estate on behalf of 3 & 10 Finsbury Square Limited has commissioned Museum of London Archaeology (MOL Archaeology) to carry out an archaeological desk-based assessment in advance of proposed development at 3 & 10 Finsbury Square, Islington (National Grid Reference 532788 181988: Fig 1). The development proposal comprises the construction of a nine-storey building on the site. The building footprint will cover the entire site area, and will include a lowerground floor and basement plant room, which will extend to c 9.7m below ground level.
Figure 11 of the original report has also been updated in light of the design revisions and is replaced application drawing no. OP3_3611- 20_230 produced by Sheppard Robson Architects.
Application for Full Planning & Conservation Area Consent On Behalf of 3&10 Finsbury Square Ltd March 2010
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Statement prepared by Tibbalds Planning & Urban Design
With:
3 & 10 Finsbury Square Ltd Applicant
Sheppard Robson Architect
Waterman Group Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Consultant, Energy and Environmental, BREEAM, Traffic
Expedition Structural Engineers
Gardiner & Theobald Cost consultants
Peter Stewart Consultancy Historic Environment & Conservation Consultant
Arborsphere Ltd Trees
Museum of London Archaeology
Thomson Ecology Ecology
Jennifer Ross, Director
Tibbalds Planning & Urban Design 19 Maltings Place 169 Tower Bridge Road London SE1 3JB
Telephone 020 7089 2121 Facsimile 020 7089 2120 [email protected] www.tibbalds.co.uk 3–10 FINSBURY SQUARE London EC2
London Borough of Islington
Archaeological desk-based assessment
January 2009 3–10 FINSBURY SQUARE London EC2
London Borough of Islington
Archaeological desk-based assessment
National Grid Reference: 532788 181988
Project Manager Derek Seeley Reviewed by Jon Chandler Author Louise Davies Graphics Kenneth Lymer Judit Peresztegi
Museum of London Archaeology © Museum of London 2009 Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 020 7410 2200 fax 020 7410 2201 [email protected] www.musemoflondonarchaeology.org.uk Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
Contents
Executive Summary 1
1 Introduction 2 1.1 Origin and scope of the report 2 1.2 Site status 2 1.3 Aims and objectives 2
2 Methodology and sources consulted 3
3 Planning framework 4 3.1 National planning policy guidance 4 3.2 Regional guidance: The London Plan 4 3.3 Local Planning Policy 4
4 Archaeological and historical background 7 4.1 Site location, topography and geology 7 4.2 Overview of past archaeological investigations 7 4.3 Chronological summary 8
5 Archaeological potential 14 5.1 Factors affecting archaeological survival 14 5.2 Archaeological potential 15
6 Impact of proposals 16 6.1 Proposals 16 6.2 Implications 16
7 Conclusion 17
8 Recommendations 18
9 Gazetteer of known archaeological sites and finds 19
10 Glossary 22
11 Bibliography 24 11.1 Published and documentary sources 24 11.2 Other Sources 25 11.3 Cartographic sources 25
i P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc
Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
Figures
Cover: Ogilby and Morgan’s map of 1672
Fig 1 Site location Fig 2 Archaeological features map Fig 3 Agas’ ‘copperplate’ map of 1553–9 Fig 4 Faithorne and Newcourt’s map of 1658 Fig 5 Ogilby and Morgan’s map of 1672 Fig 6 Rocques’ map of 1746 Fig 7 Horwood’s map of 1799 Fig 8 Ordnance Survey 1st edition 25”:mile map of 1873 Fig 9 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 scale map of 1953 Fig 10 North-facing section through deposits and features in trench 4 of evaluation at 1–2 Finsbury Square (DBA20) immediately to the south of the site. Fig 11 Option 1 AA Section drawing. 02-09-08, Drawing No. 3611–20–230–opt 1. Sheppard Robson Architects.
Note: site outlines may appear differently on some figures owing to distortions in historic maps. North is approximate on early maps.
ii P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc
Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
Executive Summary
Pembroke Real Estate on behalf of 3 & 10 Finsbury Square Limited has commissioned Museum of London Archaeology to carry out an archaeological desk-based assessment in advance of proposed development at 3–10 Finsbury Square, in Islington, London. The development proposal comprises the construction of a ten-storey building on the site. The building footprint will cover the entire site area, and will include a lower-ground floor and basement plant room, which will extend to c 9.7m below ground level. The site lies within an Archaeological Priority Area as defined by Islington Borough Council which covers the area of Moorfields and its potential for preserved waterlogged remains, medieval quarrying, and post-medieval dumping. The site also lies within a Local Authority Conservation Area (CA 22: Bunhill Fields and Finsbury Square). The site has a high potential to contain archaeological remains dated to the early post- medieval period. Until the late 17th century the site was probably largely located within the footprint of the main north-south road from the city. A large ditch of early post-medieval (possibly later medieval date) date, uncovered during investigations at 1-2 Finsbury Square to the immediate south, almost certainly continues into the area of proposed development. The site has a moderate potential to contain archaeological remains of prehistoric and later medieval date, a low potential to contain archaeological remains of Roman date, and low potential for archaeology of early medieval date. Demolition works, including breaking out the existing slab, and pile probing, would have a significant impact on any below ground archaeological remains. Excavation of the basement of the proposed building would entirely remove any archaeological remains present. The insertion of piled foundations would remove any archaeological remains within each pile footprint, but would only have an impact if carried out prior to basement excavation. In light of the potential for archaeological remains on the site, as outlined above, it would appear likely that the local authority would request further investigation of the possible archaeological potential of the site prior to any future development on the site, in order to clarify the likely impacts of the development. This could reasonably be carried out as a condition attached to a planning consent. This is likely to entail an archaeological trial trenching evaluation, combined with the archaeological monitoring for geotechnical test pits.
1 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
1 Introduction
1.1 Origin and scope of the report 1.1.1 Pembroke Real Estate on behalf of 3 & 10 Finsbury Square Limited has commissioned Museum of London Archaeology (MOL Archaeology) to carry out an archaeological desk-based assessment in advance of proposed development at 3– 10 Finsbury Square, Islington (National Grid Reference 532788 181988: Fig 1). The development proposal comprises the construction of a ten-storey building on the site. The building footprint will cover the entire site area, and will include a lower- ground floor and basement plant room, which will extend to c 9.7m below ground level. 1.1.2 This desk-based assessment forms an initial stage of archaeological investigation of the site (hereafter also referred to as the ‘site’) and may be required at a future date in relation to the planning process in order that the local authority can formulate appropriate responses in the light of any identified archaeological resource. This report deals solely with the archaeological implications of the development proposals and does not cover possible built heritage issues (eg setting), except where buried parts of historic fabric are likely to be affected. 1.1.3 The assessment has been carried out in accordance with the standards specified by the Institute for Archaeologists (IFA 2001), English Heritage (EH 1998, 1999), and the Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers. Under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 MOL Archaeology retains the copyright to this document. 1.1.4 Note: within the limitations imposed by dealing with historical material and maps, the information in this document is, to the best knowledge of the author and MOL Archaeology, correct at the time of writing. Further archaeological investigation, more information about the nature of the present buildings, and/or more detailed proposals for redevelopment may require changes to all or parts of the document.
1.2 Site status 1.2.1 The site does not contain any nationally designated (protected) sites, such as Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings or Registered Parks and Gardens. The site lies in an Archaeological Priority Area as defined by Islington Borough Council, which covers the area of Moorfields and its potential for preserved waterlogged remains, medieval quarrying, and post-medieval dumping. It lies also within Bunhill Fields/Finsbury Square Conservation Area, as defined by Islington Borough Council.
1.3 Aims and objectives 1.3.1 The aim of the assessment is to: • Describe the survival and extent of known or potential archaeological features that may be affected by the proposals; • Assess the likely impacts arising from the proposals; • Provide recommendations to further quantify the nature of the archaeological resources or mitigation aimed at reducing or removing completely any adverse impacts.
2 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
2 Methodology and sources consulted
2.1.1 For the purposes of this report the documentary and cartographic sources, including results from any archaeological investigations in the close proximity of the site and a study area around it were examined in order to determine the likely nature, extent, preservation and significance of any archaeological remains that may be present within the site. 2.1.2 In order to set the site into its full archaeological and historical context, information was collected on the known archaeology within a 250m-radius study area around the area of proposed development, as held by the primary repositories of archaeological information within Greater London. These comprise the Greater London Sites and Monuments Record (GLSMR) and the London Archaeological Archive and Resource Centre (LAARC). The SMR is managed by English Heritage and includes information from past investigations, local knowledge, find spots, and documentary and cartographic sources. LAARC includes a public archive of past investigations and is managed by the Museum of London. 2.1.3 In addition, the following sources were consulted: • MOL Archaeology – Geographical Information System for Greater London, the deposit survival archive, published historic maps and archaeological publications • National Monuments Record (NMR) – information on statutory designations including Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings • The London Society Library – published histories and journals • British National Copyright Library – Ordnance Survey maps • British Geological Survey (BGS) – geology map • Sheppard Robson – architectural drawings (02-09-08). • Internet - web-published material including Local Plan 2.1.4 The assessment included a site visit carried out on the 10th of June 2004, for an earlier assessment of the same site, in order to determine the topography of the site and existing land use/the nature of the existing buildings on the site, and to provide further information on areas of possible past ground disturbance and general archaeological potential. Observations made on the site visit have been incorporated into this report. 2.1.5 The degree to which archaeological deposits actually survive on the site will depend on previous land use, so an assessment is made of the destructive effect of the previous and present activity and/or buildings, from the study of available plan information, ground investigation reports, or similar. 2.1.6 Fig 2 shows the location of known archaeological sites and finds within the study area. These have been allocated a unique assessment reference number (DBA 1, 2, etc), which is listed in a gazetteer at the back of this report and is referred to in the text. Section 10 contains a glossary of technical terms. A full bibliography and list of sources consulted may be found in section 11.
3 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
3 Planning framework
3.1 National planning policy guidance 3.1.1 Planning Policy Guidance Note 16: Archaeology and Planning (PPG16) sets out the Secretary of State’s policy on archaeological remains, and provides recommendations subsequently integrated into local development plans. The key points in PPG16 can be summarised as follows: ‘Archaeological remains should be seen as a finite and non-renewable resource, and in many cases highly fragile and vulnerable to damage and destruction. Appropriate management is therefore essential to ensure that they survive in good condition. In particular, care must be taken to ensure that archaeological remains are not needlessly or thoughtlessly destroyed. They can contain irreplaceable information about our past and the potential for an increase in future knowledge. They are part of our sense of national identity and are valuable both for their own sake and for their role in education, leisure and tourism.’ (para A6). ‘Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings, are affected by a proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation.’ (para A8). ‘If physical preservation in situ is not feasible, an archaeological excavation for the purposes of ‘preservation by record’ may be an acceptable alternative. From an archaeological point of view, this should be regarded as a second-best option. Agreements should also provide for the subsequent publication of the results of any excavation programme.’ (para A13). ‘The key to informed and reasonable planning decisions is for consideration to be given early, before formal planning applications are made, to the question of whether archaeological remains are known to exist on a site where development is planned and the implications for the development proposal.’ (para A12). ‘Planning authorities, when they propose to allow development which is damaging to archaeological remains, must ensure that the developer has satisfactorily provided for excavation and recording, either through voluntary agreement with the archaeologists or, in the absence of agreement, by imposing an appropriate condition on the planning permission.’ (para A28).
3.2 Regional guidance: The London Plan 3.2.1 The overarching strategies and policies for the whole of the Greater London area are contained within the London Plan of the Greater London Authority (GLA Feb 2008). This includes an archaeological statement: Policy 4B.15 Archaeology The Mayor, in partnership with English Heritage, the Museum of London and boroughs, will support the identification, protection, interpretation and presentation of London’s archaeological resources. Boroughs in consultation with English Heritage and other relevant statutory organisations should include appropriate policies in their DPDs [Development Plan Documents] for protecting scheduled ancient monuments and archaeological assets within their area.
3.3 Local Planning Policy 3.3.1 The London Borough of Islington’s Unitary Development Plan (UDP) was adopted in 2002 and set out the local authority’s policies in relation to listed buildings and archaeology. The policy adheres to the principles of national planning guidance PPG16 (see above). In 2004 a major reform of the planning system took place, which included the replacement of the UDP with a Local Development Framework (LDF). All of the policies relating to archaeology that were featured in the UDP have been “saved” and are still in effect. The relevant policies in relation to archaeology are set out below:
4 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
POLICY D43 The Council will promote the conservation, protection and enhancement of the archaeological heritage of the borough and its interpretation and presentation to the public. In particular it will seek to ensure that the most important archaeological remains and their settings are permanently preserved. Para 12.4.10 The archaeological heritage of Islington has considerable value, both in relation to the study and enjoyment of the borough's past and more widely in relation to London, and the south-east. The evidence takes the form of archaeological finds and sites, individual monuments, and historic settlement centres. Little survives to be seen above the ground, but buried evidence of human activity and exploitation of the land from Palaeolithic times (250,000 BC) onwards has been recovered from the borough, and is particularly significant for the medieval and post-medieval periods. Para 12.4.11 The archaeological evidence for prehistoric activity in Islington is concentrated in the southern part of the borough, although there is currently not enough information to be able to describe the activity in any great detail. During the Roman, medieval, and later periods the borough's archaeology was dominated by the historic urban core of London to the immediate south. The southern part of the borough contains much archaeological evidence for activities which would have been unwelcome within the more-densely occupied urban area, such as burial of the dead, quarrying, and the disposal of the city's waste. The Clerkenwell area also became an important location for religious houses during the medieval period, with three major communities of monks and nuns established by the thirteenth century. Para 12.4.12 To the north of this area the archaeological evidence suggests that the borough was mainly open land, with Islington village the only significant settlement throughout the medieval and post-medieval periods. Although aspects of earlier settlement can still be seen in the survival of medieval buildings and the street pattern, the borough's current built environment largely derives from the growth of London from the nineteenth century onwards. Para 12.4.13 The borough contains one ‘Scheduled Ancient Monument’, which is afforded special protection under law. The monument is part of an important medieval religious house in Clerkenwell: the nunnery of Mary de Fonte between Clerkenwell Close and St. James Walk. Para 12.4.14 The Council considers that the archaeology of the borough is a common asset and that its preservation is a legitimate objective, against which the needs of development must be balanced and assessed. Para 12.4.15 The Council wishes to further public appreciation of the archaeological heritage of the borough and to encourage its effective management as an educational, recreational, and tourist resource. It will therefore promote the conservation, protection, and enhancement of archaeological sites and their interpretation and presentation to the public.
POLICY D44 The Council will ensure the preservation of locally and nationally important archaeological remains and their settings within the borough, whether these are designated as 'Scheduled Ancient Monuments' or not. It will take the necessary steps to safeguard the borough's archaeological heritage through the planning process and will normally refuse planning permission for applications which adversely affect important archaeological remains or their settings. Para 12.4.16 The protection of the archaeological resource is a material consideration for a local planning authority, and applicants will need to demonstrate that proposed development can meet the objectives of the Council's archaeological heritage policies.
POLICY D45 Within the ‘archaeological priority areas’ shown on the Proposals Map, all planning applications likely to affect important archaeological remains must be accompanied by an archaeological assessment of the impact of the scheme on the borough's archaeological heritage. This should be commissioned by the applicant from a suitable archaeological organisation acceptable to the Council. The Council may also require an assessment to be submitted for other development proposals, where it is considered that important archaeological remains may be present. Small scale archaeological fieldwork to determine the 5 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008 actual degree of archaeological survival on a site, (an ‘evaluation’) may be required as part of the assessment. Para 12.4.17 Where development may affect land of archaeological significance or potential, the Council will expect applicants to have properly assessed and planned for the archaeological implications of their proposals in accordance with the government’s Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 ‘Archaeology and Planning’ (published 1990, or subsequent revisions). To assist in this, the Council, following consultation with English Heritage's Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service, (who are the Council's archaeological advisors) has defined ‘archaeological priority areas’. These are shown on the Proposals Map and on Map 23. The properties included are also listed in schedule 10. Within these areas a preliminary archaeological assessment will be required before any proposals that may affect archaeological remains are determined. The assessment should be prepared by an appropriately qualified individual or organisation, and should use existing information to establish the archaeological significance of the site and the impact of the proposals on surviving monuments or remains. Small-scale archaeological fieldwork (an evaluation) may be required to determine the actual extent and degree of survival on site. The assessment will provide the Council and the applicant with the necessary information to define the archaeological impact of development, and enable the appropriate heritage safeguards to be provided via the planning process. Para 12.4.18 The designated archaeological priority areas identify the principal areas where archaeological evidence is currently anticipated to survive; they do not represent the only areas in which important archaeological remains may be present. There will also be a number of smaller areas and individual sites outside the priority areas where development may affect the borough's archaeological heritage. These areas/sites will be identified by the Council on the basis of appropriate archaeological advice. Wherever possible the Council will specify this in planning briefs prior to a planning application being submitted. Further information on the archaeological significance of any particular site/area can be obtained from the Council's archaeological advisors, the Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service.
POLICY D46 Where an archaeological assessment and / or evaluation has demonstrated the survival of important archaeological remains, there will be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation in situ. The Council will require applicants to demonstrate how this will be achieved, and will control development layout and foundation design accordingly. Para 12.4.19 Where it is considered that important archaeological remains will be affected by a development proposal there will be a presumption in favour of physical preservation of the remains, against which the merits of the proposal will be considered. Preservation could be achieved through the design of building layouts, for example to ensure the preservation of archaeological remains beneath open spaces; or by the use of less destructive foundation designs and methodologies. For such development proposals, the Council will require the submission and approval of foundation design details as a condition of any planning permission.
POLICY D47 Where physical preservation of archaeological remains is not justified, the Council will ensure that necessary measures are taken by the applicant to mitigate the impact of their proposals, through archaeological fieldwork to investigate and record remains in advance of development work, and subsequent analysis and publication of the results. This will usually be secured through section 106 agreements. Para 12.4.20 On archaeological sites where physical preservation is not considered necessary, the Council will ensure that as part of the redevelopment works landowners and developers make proper provision for the investigation and recording of the site by a recognised archaeological organisation, in accordance with a scheme of works approved in advance with the Council.
6 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
4 Archaeological and historical background
4.1 Site location, topography and geology 4.1.1 The site, 3–10 Finsbury Square, is located in the southern tip of the London Borough of Islington (NGR 532788 181988 Fig 1). The site lies on the western side of the Square. The property abuts Nos. 1–2 Finsbury Square to the south and Nos. 11–12 Finsbury Square to the north. The area to the rear (west) of the property is open ground belonging to the Honourable Artillery Company (Fig 5). 4.1.2 The site falls within the historic parish of St Giles without Cripplegate, and lay within the county of Middlesex prior to being absorbed into the administration of the Greater London Borough of Islington. 4.1.3 The site is located on Taplow gravel geology over London Clay. Taplow gravel is post-diversionary Thames River terrace deposit of Wolstonian date (380,000– 130,000 BP) (MoLAS 2000, 15). In places the terrace is capped by Langley Silt or ‘brickearth’, comprising sandy clay and silt, deposited by the River in the colder periods, at c 17,000 BP. Langley Silt probably covered much of the Taplow gravel terrace at one time but has since been largely eroded by natural process and human activity, such as brickearth extraction and terracing, from the Roman period. 4.1.4 In 2002, a MoLAS (now named MOL Archaeology) evaluation and watching brief at 1–2 Finsbury Square, immediately to the south of the site (DBA 20) revealed the original surface level of natural brickearth at 12.78m above Ordnance Datum (OD). The top of the Taplow gravel was noted at c 11.00m OD and the top of the London Clay at c 10–10.50m OD (MoLAS Feb 2003, 13 and MoLAS July 2002, 2). It is probable that natural brickearth, gravel and clay, where they exist, are at similar depths beneath the area of proposed development. The modern street level adjacent to the site is at c 16.50m OD (MoLAS Feb 2002, 6). 4.1.5 The site is located 1.3km north of the River Thames, on the western side of the valley of the Walbrook, a Thames tributary located c 350m to the east. The natural topography probably slopes down towards the south and east, towards the River Thames and the Walbrook stream. MoLAS investigations c 200m to the north-west and north at The Honourable Artillery Company, Vicarage Site (DBA 1) and at 11– 23 City Road (DBA 4) respectively, noted natural gravels at approximately 14m OD, confirming the natural slope up to the north. Tributaries of the Walbrook are thought to have flowed near the site. In the Later medieval period (and probably earlier) this part of the valley was marshy and known as the ‘Moor Fields’ until reclamation by infilling in the early 16th century.
4.2 Overview of past archaeological investigations 4.2.1 A number of investigations have been carried out within the study area in the past. These have revealed evidence of the former marsh environment of the area in addition to later medieval and post-medieval activity, largely associated with reclamation and landfilling in order to improve ground conditions, and also quarrying. 4.2.2 In 2002, MoLAS carried out an evaluation at 1–2 Finsbury Square, immediately to the south of the site, (DBA 20: MoLAS Feb 2002). The evaluation comprised two 2.5m by 2.5m trenches and one 4m by 4m trench. One trench encountered a thick basement slab and was not excavated. • Trench 1 was located in a basement and encountered modern building rubble at a depth of 10.80m OD and it was decided that there would not be any archaeological deposits below this depth and excavation ceased. • Trench 2 was located in a basement at 12.60m OD. Due to the anticipated thickness of the concrete slab and the likelihood that there would be no surviving archaeology beneath, the excavation ceased. 7 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
• Trench 4 was located to the rear of the building. The base of the modern slab was noted at 15.78m OD. Archaeological deposits were recorded beneath this to a depth of 11.98 m OD (the base of a cut ditch). Natural brickearth was seen at 12.78m OD. The subsequent watching brief (MoLAS July 2002) recorded further evidence of the drainage ditch and later brick drain noted in this trench. 4.2.3 Figure 10 of this report is taken from the 1–2 Finsbury Square evaluation report (MoLAS Feb 2002) and shows the north-facing section through deposits and features in trench 4 immediately to the south of the site.
4.3 Chronological summary
Prehistoric period (c 700,000 BC–AD 43) 4.3.1 The Lower (c 700,000–250,000 BC) and Middle (c 250,000–40,000 BC) Palaeolithic saw alternating warm and cold phases and intermittent perhaps seasonal occupation. During the Upper Palaeolithic (c 40,000–10,000 BC), after the last glacial maximum, and in particular after around 13,000 BC, further climate warming took place and the environment changed from treeless steppe-tundra to birch and pine woodland. It is probably at this time that England saw continuous occupation. Subsequent erosion has removed many of the Palaeolithic land-surfaces and finds are typically residual. There are no known finds dated to the Palaeolithic period within the study area. 4.3.2 The Mesolithic hunter-gather communities of the postglacial period (c 10,000–4,000 BC) inhabited a still largely wooded environment. River valleys, such as the Thames and Walbrook, and coast would have been especially favoured in providing a predictable source of food (from hunting and fishing) and water, as well as a means of transport and communication. Evidence of human activity is largely characterised by finds of flint tools and waste rather than structural remains. There are no known finds dated to the Mesolithic period within the study area. 4.3.3 The Neolithic (c 4000–2000 BC), Bronze Age (c 2,000–600 BC) and Iron Age (c 600 BC–AD 43) are traditionally seen as the time of technological change, the establishment of farming and settled communities, and forest clearance occurred for the cultivation of crops and the construction of communal monuments, and with increasing population and pressure on available resources throughout each period. 4.3.4 The study area contains some evidence of late prehistoric activity. Rescue excavations by the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit at the Honourable Artillery Company Sports Ground c 50m north-west of the site (DBA 18), revealed 44 sherds of Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age pottery, together with nine struck flints and fire cracked stones, from what may have been redeposited brickearth (Philp 1996, 78– 80; Horne 1996, 112 and Horne 1997, 87). 4.3.5 Residual (outside the context in which it was originally deposited) prehistoric pottery, similar in date to that from the Artillery grounds, was also found during an evaluation and subsequent excavation at 129–139 Finsbury Pavement, c 75m south of the site, in 1996 (DBA 21) 4.3.6 In 1998, a MoLAS evaluation at 11–23 City Road/9–19 Tabernacle Street, c 150m to the north of the site, revealed an undated ditch and a pit cutting the natural brickearth (DBA 4). It is possible that these features are of prehistoric date. A MoLAS evaluation at Island Site, Finsbury Pavement c 220m to the south-east in 1992 revealed prehistoric (or Roman) cut features beneath medieval marsh deposits (DBA 23). The SMR records the findspot of a Bronze Age ingot c 225m to the east of the site (DBA 28) along with the discovery of Neolithic axes at Finsbury Circus and Liverpool Street station.
8 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
Roman period (AD 43–410) 4.3.7 Shortly after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43 the main settlement of London (Londinium) was established on the north side of the Thames (c 600m south of the site). The main advantage of the Thames’ north bank was that it was flatter and less prone to flooding than the south bank, and less marshy than the areas to the east and west. The Thames provided a convenient highway for water transport, opening up a vast range of trade routes (Hill and Merrifield, 1993). The first settlement of Londinium was destroyed during Queen Boudicca’s revolt of AD60, however London was soon rebuilt and became the centre of government for the province. By AD410, with increasing attacks from Saxons and other tribes, Rome renounced its responsibility of Londinium. 4.3.8 The site is located c 400m north of the northern wall of the Roman city of Londinium between the Roman fort at Cripplegate, c 500m to the south-west, and the northern entrance at Bishopsgate, c 650m to the south-east. There may have been postern gates at intervals between the main exits, and there was possibly one such gate at Moorgate to the south of the site, which would have provided access to the Roman cemetery discovered there (Milne 1995, 78 and 112). A major Roman road from Silchester to Colchester followed the line of Old Street 1km to the north. A north- west to south-east aligned Roman road is believed to lies c 175m to the south of the site (DBA 16). 4.3.9 The site is located in the western side of the valley of the Walbrook stream, located c 350m to the east. It appears to have been located on the edge of an area that was marshy and prone to flooding and which was known as moor (marshland) from at least 1068 (Lobel 1989, 81) until it was reclaimed from the early 16th century. The location of the site on what may have been semi-marshy ground to the north of the city meant that the area is unlikely to have been settled, although the area may have been exploited for the quarrying of natural brickearth for firing into ceramic building material (brick and tile). A number of quarry pits have been found in the area at Finsbury Circus, 2–14 Bunhill Row and Chiswell Street (MoLAS 2000, 11). After the construction of the city wall around AD200 the flow of the Walbrook stream was impaired, which probably worsened flooding in the area. 4.3.10 Archaeological investigations in the study area have revealed limited evidence of Roman activity. In 1998, a MoLAS evaluation at 11–23 City Road/9–19 Tabernacle Street, c 150m to the north of the site (DBA 4), revealed an undated ditch and a pit cutting the natural brickearth, along with an undated posthole and ditch. It is possible that these features are of Roman date. In 1996, a MoLAS evaluation and subsequent excavation at 129–139 Finsbury Pavement c 75m south of the site (DBA 21) uncovered residual Roman pottery, believed to indicate Roman activity in the area. No features of Roman date were recorded. A MoLAS evaluation at Finsbury Pavement c 220m to the south-east in 1992 revealed cut features of possible Roman date beneath medieval marsh deposits (DBA 23). A MoLAS evaluation at 25–32 Chiswell Street, c 225m west of the site revealed gravel extraction pits of probable Roman date (DBA 17). The SMR records findspot of Roman pottery c 200m to the north-west (DBA 5).
Early medieval period (AD 410–1066) 4.3.11 Evidence from most of the investigations within the City suggest that following the departure of the Roman army, Londinium was largely abandoned, for unknown reasons, and the primary area of early to mid Saxon settlement (Lundenwic) grew up to the west of the Roman town in the area of the Strand and Covent Garden (Cowie and Whitehead 1989, 708). During the early to mid Saxon period, the old Roman city apparently fell into disuse (Hall and Merrifield 1993, 16). In the mid to late 9th century the primary area of settlement shifted eastwards to re-occupy the site of the old Roman walled city (MoLAS 2000, 191). The reason for this relocation is uncertain, but is probably associated with reduction in international trade and the
9 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
need for defence (possibly re-using the old Roman city walls), both due to an increasing number of devastating Viking raids on European towns, including Lundenwic. London (Lundenburh) formed part of a nationwide system of fortified settlements known as burhs, which developed in response to the Viking threat. The settlement of Lundenburh formed the basis of the later medieval city. 4.3.12 The site was located to the north of Lundenburh within the area of Finsbury. There is no archaeological evidence for occupation of this area prior to the Norman Conquest (1066). However the place name ‘Finsbury’ derives from the Anglo-Saxon ‘burh’, and place names to the north and east of the City (Hackney, Homerton, Clapton etc.) are of possible Saxon origin, and it is likely that in this period the area supported a scattered rural population. Following the withdrawal of the Roman army from England in the early 5th century AD the whole country fell into an extended period of socio-economic decline. Around the 9th and 10th century, the local parochial system began to replace the earlier Saxon Minster system, with formal areas of land centred on nucleated settlement served by a parish church.
Later medieval period (AD 1066–1485) 4.3.13 The site was originally located within the medieval manor (estate) of Finsbury, c 400m north of the medieval city wall. The area is first mentioned in a charter of 1068, in which the Walbrook is described as ‘a running water to water into the said city from the same More’, which ‘More’ later appears in the place-names Moorgate and Moorfields. The manor of Finsbury is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086, but by 1104 it is mentioned as a prebendal manor attached to the Dean and Chapter of St Pauls, in the parish of St Giles without Cripplegate. Early maps show the moated manor house c 75m to the south of the site, and recent investigations by MoLAS 127–139 Finsbury Pavement (DBA 21) revealed part of the moat arm and a north-south oriented wall foundation late 15th or early 16th century date. An earlier excavation to the south of that site revealed evidence for the adaptation of a tributary of the Walbrook as the eastern arm of the moat (DBA 22). 4.3.14 Throughout the medieval period the area to the north of the city was marshland and was prone to flooding, although according to Fitzstephen, writing in the 12th century, the drier parts were used by the citizens for sport. The area remained waterlogged, although there were unsuccessful attempts to drain the moor through the digging of ditches. Extensive land reclamation was also undertaken, with large amounts of imported soil dumped in an attempt to raise the ground level and prevent flooding. In 1993, a MoLAS evaluation and watching brief at 1–2 Finsbury Square, immediately south of the site (DBA 20), revealed a sequence of dumped material (Fig 10), possibly relating to Later medieval land reclamation, above natural brickearth. 4.3.15 In 1414, a postern gate was built in the city wall at Moorgate, c 400m south of the site, ‘for ease of citizens that way to pass…into the fields…for their recreation’ (Weinreb and Hibbert 1983, 285). The road that led northwards across the marshland from the postern gate towards Islington (DBA 11) appears to have crossed the site. As a major line of communication the road is likely to have attracted roadside settlement, although there is no evidence prior to the late 18th century on any of the historic maps consulted. 4.3.16 By the end of the 15th-century, archery had become very popular in London, and there was great demand for practice grounds. In 1497, all the gardens and orchards on the north side of Chiswell Street were cleared away, and an area of over 11 acres was given over to archery practice. Towards the end of the medieval period, material for the repair of the City wall was quarried out in large part from the Moorfields area. Quarry pits have been recorded at Worship Street c 250m to the north-east (DBA 7), Bunhill Row c 200 m to the north-west (DBA 15), 50 Finsbury Square c 100m to the south-east (DBA 24), Rope Maker Street/Chiswell Street c 150m to the south-west (DBA 32), and at the Honourable Artillery Company c 190m to the north (DBA 31). A quarry pit of 15th century date containing large
10 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
amounts of waste from leather, and bone working, found during an evaluation c 225m to the west (DBA 17). A quarry pit backfilled with 15th century rubbish was found during an evaluation c 200 m to the north (DBA 4). 4.3.17 Other known sites and finds dated to the later medieval period within the study area comprise: • Evidence of brick manufacture dating from the 15th to 17th century found during an evaluation c 200m to the south (DBA 23); • Domestic and industrial refuse pits found during an excavation at 50 Finsbury Square c 100m to the south-east (DBA 24); • A cut feature containing 15th-16th century pottery found during a watching brief c 150m to the north (DBA 10); • The site of a cobblers workshop, noted on the SMR, in the area of Finsbury Square c 50m to the east (DBA 29); • Unspecified deposits of probably medieval date noted during a watching brief c 150m to the north (DBA 12); • Pottery of 14th century date found during an evaluation c 250m to the north (DBA 3);
Post-medieval period (AD 1485–present) 4.3.18 Steps continued to be taken to improve the marshy conditions in the general area. In c 1511, the Lord Mayor ‘caused dikes to be made and the ground to be levelled and made more commodious for passage’ (Weinreb and Hibbert 1983, 542) and in 1527 the marsh was drained and a number of sluices constructed (ibid., 542). Evidence of the former marshland environment and subsequent reclamation by infilling with dumped material, has been uncovered on a number of archaeological investigations in the area (DBA 9 and DBA 10 located c 100m to the north-east, DBA 8 c 200m to the east, DBA 4 c 200m to the north, DBA 15 c 200m to the north- west, DBA 19 and 17 c 200m to the west, DBA 25 c 200 to the south-east, DBA 31 c 190m to the north, and DBA 34 c 250m to the east). 4.3.19 A MoLAS evaluation and watching brief at 1–2 Finsbury Square, immediately to the south of the area of proposed development, in 2002 (DBA 20) revealed, overlying the brickearth, a series of clay and gravel dumps, possibly relating to medieval land reclamation (see Fig 10). Cut into these dumps from a height of 13.85m OD was a ditch, possibly up to 5m wide, running north-south. A silty deposit in the base of the ditch indicated it had held water at some point. The ditch had subsequently been backfilled and possibly recut to the west. The ditch is possibly the water-filled ditch/stream shown on the earliest map consulted, Agas’ ‘copperplate’ map of c 1563–9 (Fig 3), and almost certainly continues northwards into the area of proposed development. Agas’ map is pictorial and shows buildings in three dimensions. Although the map is detailed, it is difficult to locate the site accurately due to topographical change. The site appears to lie within the footprint of the former north-south main road from Moor Gate and the City (it was later straightened), with the aforementioned stream/ditch on its western side. It is possible that the western edge of the site extended into the open fields on the west side of the road, at the southern end of Fynnesburie Field. Agas’ map shows a north-west to south-east aligned track crossing Fynnesburie Field (possibly within the area of proposed development). A number of figures holding bows are depicted, indicating that the open ground was still popular for archery practice (see above). The map shows a fenced enclosure of unknown function immediately south/south- west of (outside) the site and beyond this the now-named Chiswell Street and the Finsbury manor house (‘Fynnesb. Courte’). To the north and north-east (outside the site) are a number of windmills. Braun and Hogenberg’s map of London, dated to 1572 (not reproduced) is similar to Agas’ map and shows the site approximately within the footprint of the main north-south road.
11 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
4.3.20 Faithorne and Newcourt’s map of 1658 (Fig 4) is a detailed but pictorial map that shows buildings in three dimensions. The map shows the site within the footprint of the main City Road from Moorgate to the south. A large north-south property boundary on the western side of the road appears to fall within the eastern part of the site. The map shows open fields in the general surround area, with several houses on the north side of Chiswell Street, immediately south-west (outside) the site. 4.3.21 Ogilby and Morgan’s map of 1672 (Fig 5) is a detailed map that shows a plan layout. As with Leake’s less detailed map of 1667 (not reproduced) the map shows the site within the eastern part of a newly set out large enclosed space named ‘The New Artillery Ground’ (Artilerie Ground on Leake’s map), situated on the western side of City Road. The City Road was straightened in the process to its present position slightly to the west of the original road as shown on Agas’ map. Ogilby and Morgan’s map shows armed soldiers parading within the ground. The New Artillery Ground was established by the Honourable Artillery Company (HAC), which moved into the area in 1642 from their training ground in Bishopsgate. The HAC, which is still based here, is probably the oldest military body in the United Kingdom, and was founded to supply officers to the City militia (‘Trained Bands’). In 1537, King Henry VIII granted a charter to the existing body of citizen archers for ‘The better increase of the Defence of this our Realm and maintenance of the Science and Feat of shooting Long Bows, Cross Bows and Hand Guns’. The Guild latter became known as ‘The Gentlemen of the Artillery Garden’ (HAC website). The open fields on the opposite side of City Road, in the area currently occupied by Finsbury Square, are shown as formally arranged squares bounded by trees. 4.3.22 The series of redeposited building material dumps and demolition deposits found at 1–2 Finsbury Square (DBA 20), which were believed to date to around 1550–1700 (Fig 10), might have been deposited here as part of the incorporation of the site into the artillery ground. These dumps were truncated at a later date by a large north- south cut, in the bottom of which was a brick-lined drain. This structure lay at c 12.98m OD and ran parallel with the earlier ditch (discussed above). It probably continues northwards into the site. The drain and drain cut were sealed by dumped deposits of domestic rubbish dating to the 17th century (MoLAS 2002, 17). 4.3.23 Rocque’s map of 1746 (Fig 6) shows no change within the site. The map shows that northern, western and southern borders of the Artillery Ground have been built upon, while the eastern side bordering City Road, within the site, has remained open. 4.3.24 Between 1777–1800 the Finsbury Estate was laid out as a residential suburb by George Dance the Younger and others, with Finsbury Square as its centrepiece. All four sides of the Square were different and it is may have been the first public place were gas lighting was permanently installed. The attempt was to recreate a ‘West End’ atmosphere. The Square later became a fashionable for those in the medical profession, until the late 19th century, when doctors moved westwards to Harley Street (Weinreb and Hibbert 1983, 285). Horwood’s map of 1799 (Fig 7) shows the new changes to Finsbury Square. The western side of the Square, formerly part of the Artillery Ground (within the site), is now a continuous line of tenement plots with buildings fronting the main road and with gardens/yards to the rear. Eight of the tenement plots (3–10 Finsbury Square) fall within the area of proposed development. None of the original houses remain, although three on the west side (presumably Nos 4–6 - see below) survived until after the Second World War (Cherry and Pevsner 1998, 639). They are described as having giant stucco pilasters defining the single bay above each doorway, and pairs of windows between, tided together by large segmental arches with garlands (ibid., 639). A painting by G. Forster of a scene of HAC passing in review before Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex on the artillery ground in 1829 shows the back of the line of buildings along the eastern side of the ground, fronting Finsbury Square. The buildings are a terraced within uniform tenement plots, although the heights of the 12 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
buildings vary, suggesting that they were constructed by different people. A digital copy of the painting can be viewed on the Guildhall Library COLLAGE database (catalogue no. p5368041). It has not been reproduced here for reasons of copyright. 4.3.25 The Ordnance Survey 1st edition 5ft:mile map of 1873 (Fig 8) is a detailed map which shows individual buildings. The layout of tenement plots and buildings within the site has remained unchanged from Horwood’s map, while some of the buildings have extensions to the rear. 4.3.26 The Ordnance Survey 2nd edition 25”:mile map of 1894 (not reproduced) shows no change within the site other than the addition of a rear extensions to several of the buildings. Nos. 3 and 9 Finsbury Square are marked ‘P.H.’ (public house). The map shows a tramway along City Road. The Ordnance Survey 3rd edition 25”:mile map of 1913 (not reproduced) shows no substantial change within the site other than further extensions to the rear of properties fronting Finsbury Square. The two public houses are no longer labelled as such. The Ordnance Survey 5ft:mile map of 1938 (not reproduced) shows no change within the site. 4.3.27 The Square was badly damaged by bombing in the Second World War (Weinreb and Hibbert 1983, 287), and as a result most of the Square is now filled with modern buildings. The Ordnance Survey 1:1250 scale map of 1953 (Fig 9) shows Nos. 2 and 3 Finsbury Square as an empty plot of land marked ‘Ruin’. Nos. 8–10 are also blank space on the map, indicating that the buildings were no longer extant. Presumably the buildings were destroyed by bombing and had not been rebuilt by this date. The map shows Nos. 4–7 Finsbury Square as extant and unchanged from earlier maps. 4.3.28 The Ordnance Survey 1:1250 scale map of 1960/1 (not reproduced) shows the existing 3–10 Finsbury Square building, as it appears today - a single building with a car park to the rear. The Ordnance Survey 1:1250 scale map of 1969/70 shows no change within the site. In the late 1970s/early 80s the building was refurbished and although the main structure was unchanged it became two separate buildings - No. 3 and No. 10 Finsbury Square (the connecting doors were sealed). This arrangement has survived up to the present day (David Hoskins, Building Manager pers. comm.).
13 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
5 Archaeological potential
5.1 Factors affecting archaeological survival
Natural geology 5.1.1 It is likely that natural brickearth would be encountered within the site at a similar depth of 12.78m OD, noted during an evaluation of 1–2 Finsbury Square, immediately to the south of the site (DBA 20). The depth of gravel and clay beneath the brickearth is also likely to be at similar depths within the site to that noted during the evaluation - at 11.00m OD and 10.50m OD respectively.
Past impacts 5.1.2 The site is currently occupied by a single building (3–10 Finsbury Square) with a lower ground floor (basement) that is internally divided into two following refurbishment in the late 1970s/early 80s. The western third of the site is an open sunken car park, which lies at the same level as the lower ground floor of the building. Along the front of the building is a narrow open strip. This also extends down to lower ground floor level, separating the building with the pavement of Finsbury Square to the east (outside the site). 5.1.3 The ground level of the entire site was reduced to the depth of a single-storey basement when the building was constructed between 1953–60. This was measured using a tape measure and found to be at 3.1m from the approximate level of the HAC artillery ground to the base of the car park along the western side of the site, and 3.25m from the pavement level to the ground level on the eastern side of the site. The HAC ground level probably represents the original ground level following early post-medieval reclamation/dumping known to have been carried out in the general area, as it has never been developed. The slighter greater depth on the eastern side of the site is probably explained by the pavement make up. A universal truncation level of c 3.1m has therefore been assumed for archaeological deposits across the entire site, with a ground level of c 13.40m OD (assumed pavement level at c 16.50 minus c 3.1m). In addition, services lines of probable 0.5m depth were noted along the eastern and western sides of the building (as indicated by the presence of small drains and service covers at intervals). 5.1.4 The present site lies over a number of separate older properties. These comprise of eight separate properties (Nos. 3–10 Finsbury) constructed between 1777–1792 on what was previously open land that formed part of the New Artillery Ground to the west. The properties are first shown on Horwood’s map of 1799 (Fig 7) and apparently remained unchanged, other than extensions to the rear of the buildings, up until the Second World War, when Nos. 3 and 7–10 were apparently destroyed by bombing as they do not appear extant on the OS map of 1953. Although the severity of the impact of former structures upon archaeological deposits is uncertain, the depth of truncation caused by ground reduction for the construction of the existing buildings is likely to be greater than that of any earlier structures. The nature and depth of the foundations of the existing building are not known.
Likely depth/thickness of archaeological remains 5.1.5 Construction of the existing building between 1953–60 entailed ground reduction by c 3.1m across the entire site to a depth of c 13.40m OD. This will have truncated much of the post-medieval (AD1550–1700) made ground likely to be present across the site, based on the depth of such deposits recorded during the MoLAS evaluation at 1–2 Finsbury Square (DBA 20), immediately to the south (see Fig 10). Any archaeological features at the bottom of, or beneath the made ground, or cut into the natural brickearth, such as postholes, pits, ditches, wells and building foundations (the depth of which is not known) are likely to have survived intact. The 14 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
depth of any features cut into the brickearth (ie the full potential depth of archaeological remains) is uncertain. The MoLAS evaluation at 1–2 Finsbury Square revealed the top of the brickearth at 12.78m OD and the base of a north- south ditch cut into the brickearth at 11.98m OD.
5.2 Archaeological potential 5.2.1 The nature of possible archaeological survival in the area of the proposed development is summarised here, taking into account the levels of natural geology and the level and nature of later disturbance and truncation discussed above. 5.2.2 The site has a moderate potential to contain archaeological remains dated to the prehistoric period. Features of possible prehistoric date have been found c 150m to the north (DBA 4) and c 220m to the south-east (DBA 23), while quantities of prehistoric pottery and flint (DBA 18, 21 and 28) - notably 44 sherds of pottery and some worked and burnt flint from the adjacent Honourable Artillery Group sports ground - have been found in the vicinity of the site. Although these finds are residual, they suggest a level of prehistoric activity in the area. As noted above, any prehistoric features that may be present within the site may have survived intact beneath post-medieval dumping. 5.2.3 The site has a low potential to contain archaeological remains dated to the Roman period. During this period the site lay c 400m to the north of the Roman town in a marshy area that was probably exploited for brickearth extraction. A number of archaeological investigations have been carried out in the vicinity of the area of proposed development, which have revealed fairly limited evidence of Roman activity. 5.2.4 The site has a low potential to contain archaeological remains dated to the early medieval period. There is no archaeological evidence for occupation of this area although place-name evidence suggests that the area to the north and east of the Roman town are of possible Saxon origin, and it is likely that in this period the area supported a scattered rural population. 5.2.5 The site has a moderate potential to contain archaeological remains dated to the later medieval period. The earliest map consulted, Agas’ map of 1553–9, shows the site within the footprint and possibly extending to the western side of, the main road from the new northern city gate at Moorgate, c 400 m to the south. The area surrounding the road was open fields, with Finsbury Court manor house located c 50m to the south. Generally, the area was marshy and probably unsuitable for settlement (Finsbury manor may have partly relieved the problem through the construction of its moat), although the possibility of roadside settlement not shown on maps cannot be ruled out. The large ditch/water channel shown on Agas’ map at the side of the road, which was discovered during investigations immediately to the south (discussed below) may be of later medieval origin. 5.2.6 The site has a high potential to contain archaeological remains dated to the post- medieval period. Until the late 17th century the site was probably located within the footprint of the main north-south road from the city. A large ditch of early post- medieval (possibly later medieval date), uncovered during investigations at 1–2 Finsbury Square almost certainly continues into the area of proposed development. The ditch is probably the watercourse/ditch shown on Agas’ map of 1553–9. The investigations also revealed a brick drain of 16th or 17th century date, on a parallel north-south alignment to the earlier ditch, which also almost certain continues northwards into the site. Ground reduction for the construction of the existing building is likely have removed all or most of any remains associated with late 17th century and later buildings shown within the site on the historic maps consulted, although it is possible that particularly deep cellars or wells may have survived this truncation level.
15 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
6 Impact of proposals
6.1 Proposals 6.1.1 The proposals comprise demolition of the present building, and construction of a ten-storey building on the site. The building footprint will cover the entire site area, and will include a lower-ground floor and basement plant room, which will extend to c 9.7m below ground level (see Fig 11). The proposed building is assumed to have piled foundations.
6.2 Implications 6.2.1 Based on the level of truncation within the site and depth of deposits noted at 1–2 Finsbury Square to the south, there is possibly up to 0.5m of early post-medieval made ground (dumped material) beneath the existing basement and car park level. This probably overlies c 1 m of later medieval made ground, which may have been deposited in order to try to improve the marshy conditions known to have existed in the area. Beneath the made ground lies natural brickearth. Any prehistoric, Roman or medieval remains would be located on top of, or cut into, the brickearth. Investigations at 1–2 Finsbury Square recorded the remains of a large ditch, probably that shown on Agas’ map of 1553–9, and a later (pre-17th century) drain on a parallel alignment, which almost certainly extend northwards into the area of proposed development. Remains of the late 17th century buildings known on the site are likely to have been entirely removed by the construction of the existing building. 6.2.2 There will be an impact associated with the demolition of the existing building on the site. Breaking out basement slab of the existing building, and pile probing for the existing building, can have significant impacts on any below-ground archaeology. 6.2.3 The construction of the proposed building on the site would involve substantial ground reduction for the insertion of piled foundations and the double basement. This would result in the removal of any archaeological remains, not already removed by the existing building on the site, within the footprint of the basement, including the aforementioned ditch and drain. A particularly dense piling layout would in addition effectively remove any future investigation of the archaeological resource for reasons of accessibility, but the impact would only need to be considered if piling was carried out prior to basement excavation.
16 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
7 Conclusion
7.1.1 The site lies within an Archaeological Priority Area as defined by Islington Borough Council. Although the existing building dates to the late 1950s and is not Listed, it lies within Finsbury Square Conservation Area as defined by Islington Borough Council. 7.1.2 The site lies in an area that has a moderate potential to contain archaeological remains of prehistoric and later medieval date, a low potential to contain archaeological remains of Roman date, and low potential for archaeology of early medieval date. The site has a high potential to contain in situ archaeological remains dated to the early post-medieval period. Until the late 17th century the site was probably located within the footprint of the main north-south road from the city. A large ditch of early post-medieval (possibly later medieval) date, uncovered during investigations at 1–2 Finsbury Square, almost certainly continues into the area of proposed development. The ditch is probably the watercourse/ditch shown on Agas’ map of 1553–9. The investigations also revealed a brick drain of 16th or 17th century date, on a parallel north-south alignment to the earlier ditch, which also almost certainly continues northwards into the site. 7.1.3 The construction of the existing building on the site has entailed ground reduction by c 3.1m across the whole of the site. This is likely to have removed any archaeological deposits of later post-medieval date, such as remains associated with the first known buildings on the site dated to the late 17th century. Based on the likely depth of natural brickearth and the thickness of medieval and post-medieval made ground, truncation on the site is unlikely to have removed archaeological remains earlier than this, i.e. remains dating from the prehistoric period up to the early post-medieval period may survive intact. 7.1.4 The proposals comprise the demolition of the existing building on the site and construction of a ten-storey building, with a double basement which will cover the entire site footprint and be in excess of 9.7m deep. The demolition of the existing building on the site and the substantial ground reduction for the insertion of piled foundations and the double basement of the proposed building, would result in the removal of any archaeological remains existing within the site.
17 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
8 Recommendations
8.1.1 In the light of the known (or likely) archaeological potential of the site as outlined above it is likely that the local authority would request further investigation of the possible archaeological potential of the site prior to any future development on the site, in order to clarify the likely impacts of the development. This could reasonably be carried out as a condition attached to a planning consent. This would ensure that significant archaeological deposits are not destroyed without record. 8.1.2 Although the precise details of any such evaluation will need to be agreed with the relevant Planning Archaeologist it is suggested that the most appropriate further investigation strategy is likely to entail an archaeological trenching evaluation designed to assess and define the presence or nature of any archaeological deposits on the site. Such an evaluation could include the archaeological monitoring of geotechnical pits dug for engineering purposes, to assess the extent of modern disturbance on the site and the depth of made ground. 8.1.3 The results of the evaluation would enable an appropriate mitigation strategy to be recommended by the local planning authority. The details of any such evaluation strategy would need to be agreed with the relevant Planning Archaeologist prior to the commencement of such work.
18 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
9 Gazetteer of known archaeological sites and finds
9.1.1 The table below represents a gazetteer of known archaeological sites and finds within the 250m-radius study area around the site. The gazetteer should be read in conjunction with Fig 2.
Abbreviations MoLAS – Museum of London Archaeology Service (now named MOL Archaeology) DGLA - Department of Greater London Archaeology SMR – Sites and Monuments Record PCA – Pre-Construct Archaeology
DBA Description Site code/ No. SMR No. 1 Honourable Artillery Company (Health Club) (The Vicarage Site), Bunhill BRV98 Row, City Road, EC1. MoLAS watching brief in 1998 revealed series of soil or dump deposits that contained 17th-century and later material above the natural gravels. 2 Site of windmill noted by the SMR. SMR 080552 3 TA Centre, Finsbury Barracks, City Road, EC1. MoLAS evaluation and TAC92 watching brief in 1993 revealed a 17th century brick drain sealed by a metalled yard or road. Pottery of 14th and 18th century date pottery was noted in the spoil. A fragment of a possible 17th century foundation and a large post-medieval rubbish pit was also recorded. 4 11–23 City Road, 9–19 Tabernacle Street, EC1. MoLAS evaluation in 1998 CIY98 revealed an undated ditch and a pit cutting the natural brickearth in the NW part of the site. In the south-west part of the site a posthole, a ditch and a quarry pit (the latter infilled with a late 15th-c rubbish deposit containing several residual medieval decorated Penn tiles) were recorded. Consolidation dumps dating to the 16th century covered much of the site. 5 Findspot of Roman pottery noted by the SMR. SMR 080384 6 Site of post-medieval mill noted by the SMR. SMR 081695 7 67–73 Worship Street, EC2. A DGLA excavation in 1991 revealed three late WIP91 medieval quarry pits filled with domestic refuse such as animal bone, shell and ceramics. The upper fill of one contained the remains of moulds from an industrial process. A post-medieval red-brick drain was also found. 8 43–51 Worship Street, EC2. MoLAS evaluation in 2000 revealed Alluvial WOH00 silts overlain by a dumped deposit provisionally dated to 17th or 18th century. No archaeological features were identified. 9 19–23 Worship Street, EC2 and Triton Grange, Bonhill Street, EC2. A WOP88 and DGLA watching brief at Worship Street in 1988 revealed a presumed BON76 watercourse probably that shown on Agas’ map. It had been backfilled in the 16th century. An earlier ILAU rescue excavation at the adjacent Triton Grange in 1976 revealed deposits to a depth of some 10m associated with Moorfield Marsh. The investigation revealed large-scale reclamation by dumping in the 16th century. A quantity of well-preserved leather of that date was recovered. 10 1 City Road, EC1. MoLAS watching brief in 2002 revealed a cut feature CII02 and containing late 15th-16th century pottery beneath dumps and levelling CIC05 deposits of late 16th-17th century date. A further watching brief in 2005 revealed four rubbish pits containing domestic waste. One pit contained pottery, dated to between 1480 and 1600 AD. 11 Line of medieval road noted by the SMR. SMR 080246 12 Honourable Artillery Company, City Road, EC1. A DGLA watching brief in HAC90 1990 revealed probable medieval deposits.
13 Medieval landsurface and post-medieval dump deposit noted on SMR. SMR 083638-40 and SMR 084418-20 19 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
DBA Description Site code/ No. SMR No. 14 Site of artillery ground shown on early maps and noted by the SMR. SMR 080478 15 City and Islington College, Bunhill Row, Chiswell Street (land bounded by), BUW98 EC1. MoLAS evaluation in 1998 revealed evidence of medieval brickearth or gravel extraction and structural features, including brick walls and two wells which relate to documented backyards or gardens of the 17th and 18th century. Dumped deposits containing much domestic refuse were presumably levelling and probably part of garden activity of the 18th-19th centuries. 16 Line of north-west to south-east aligned Roman road heading off from Ermine Street Roman road close to Bishopsgate. 17 Northampton Hall, 25–32 Chiswell Street, EC1. MoLAS evaluation in 1996 CSU96 revealed gravel extraction pits of probable Roman date and of 15th century date. The lower fills of the latter contained large amounts of waste from leather, bone, antler and horn working. One of these pits was sealed by levelling of 15th-16th-century date, succeeded by dumps or garden deposits and pits dated to the 17th century. A cobbled surface above these was probably associated with a documented cooperage of 18th-c origin. It was cut by a brick-lined well of 18th-19th-c date. 18 Honourable Artillery Company Sports Ground. Rescue excavations by the (Philp 1996, Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit during construction of an underground car 78–80; park in 1994 revealed 44 sherds of Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age Horne 1996, pottery, together with nine struck flints and fire cracked stones, from what 112 and Horne 1997, may have been redeposited brickearth. 87) 19 Gravelle House, 2–14 Bunhill Row, EC1. DGLA watching brief in 1988 BNH88 revealed that the Moorfields marsh extended as far north as the Bunhill area. A thick upper layer of dark ash, sand and clay may represent landfilling intended to reclaim the damp ground during the laying out of the area for gardens and fields in the 17th century. 20 1–2 Finsbury Square, EC2. MoLAS evaluation and watching brief in 2002. FBY01 Overlying the brickearth were a series of clay and gravel dumps, possibly relating to medieval land reclamation. Cut into these dumps from a height of 13.85m OD was a ditch, possibly up to 5m wide, running north-south. A silty deposit in the base of the ditch indicated it had held water at some point. The ditch had subsequently been backfilled and possibly recut to the west. The ditch fills were then overlain by a series of redeposited building material dumps and demolition deposits dated to 1550–1700, in some cases containing a large proportion of tiles. These had then been truncated by a large north-south cut, in the bottom of which was a post-medieval brick lined drain. This structure lay at c 12.98m OD and ran parallel with the earlier ditch. Above the drain cut were dumped deposits of domestic rubbish dating to the 17th century. 21 129–139 Finsbury Pavement, EC2. MoLAS evaluation and subsequent FIS96 excavation of a site immediately to the east of the moated medieval manor of Finsbury in 1996, revealed Late medieval and early post-medieval cut features and brick structures, the most notable being part of the moat, which had probably been backfilled in the 17th century. The discovery of residual late prehistoric and Roman pottery indicated earlier activity in the area. 22 Veritas House, 119–125 Finsbury Pavement, EC2. DGLA excavations in VER90 1990 revealed evidence for the adaptation of a tributary of the Walbrook as the eastern arm of the moat of Finsbury Court during the medieval and Tudor periods. Two features of early 17th-century date cut into the infill of the moat. 23 Island Site, Dominion Buildings, Imperial House, Finsbury Pavement, South FIP92 Place, Dominion Street, EC2. MoLAS evaluation in 1992 revealed prehistoric or Roman cut features beneath Later medieval marsh deposits along with undated postholes and brick pits, containing evidence for the manufacture of bricks from 15th-17th century. Cloth seals included in the redeposited material may have related to the documented use of the area
20 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
DBA Description Site code/ No. SMR No. as a tenter ground. An earlier evaluation (FINP78) identified the presence of an island of higher ground within what had formerly been marsh. 24 50 Finsbury Square, EC2. MoLAS excavation and watching brief in 1998 FSQ98 revealed domestic and industrial refuse pits of late medieval and early post- medieval date. Some of the pits may relate to extraction of brickearth for the production of bricks associated with the repairs to the City wall in 1476. A former property boundary was recorded in the north of the site. 25 Ling House, 10–13 Dominion Street, EC2. DGLA excavation in 1988 LIG88 revealed pond deposits in the bottom of clay quarries, overlain by layers of dumped material probably representing post-medieval land reclamation. 26 31–35 Wilson Street, EC2. DGLA excavation in 1989 showed that no WIL89 archaeological features survived. 27 Finsbury Avenue Square, EC2. MoLAS evaluation, excavation and FNB02 watching brief in 2002 revealed palaeochannels and a 16th-century revetted ditch, a possible building, gullies, cesspit, and c 9 shallow rectangular pits, all filled with fire debris, that appear to have been formally arranged. The pits are similar to features depicted in this area on Agas’ map. The entire site was covered by Great Fire debris and was subsequently developed from the late 17th century. 28 Findspot of Bronze Age ingot, noted by the SMR. SMR 080082 29 Site of cobblers workshop, of medieval date, noted by the SMR. SMR 080474 30 27–30 Finsbury Square, EC2. MoLAS evaluation in 1999 identified no FSU99 archaeology other than a 19th-c feature adjacent to the eastern property boundary. 31 Honourable Artillery Company. Wessex Archaeology evaluation in 2004 HNA04 recorded evidence for 16th c activity, represented by dumped deposits, found above the natural gravels. Possible extraction of brickearth was recorded, which is considered to date to the medieval period at the latest. Fragments of iron slag and crucible were found and may represent iron smelting of munitions on or near to site in the 18th c. A cellar, dated to c 1780–1865, was also recorded. 32 Rope Maker Street, Finsbury Street, Chiswell Street and Moore Lane, EC2. RMZ06 PCA watching brief in 2006 recorded evidence for Moorfields Marsh, which covered the area until the late 16th c. A rubbish pit dated to 14th-16th c. was also recorded. 33 Milton Court, EC2. MoLAS watching brief in 2007 confirmed that the MLU07 existing basement had truncated potential archaeological deposits, and appears to have removed the majority of the natural terrace gravels, such that the London Clay was revealed beneath the basement sub-formation layers. 34 Lamb’s Club, 1 Lamb’s Passage, EC1. MoLAS evaluation in 2008 consisted LPG08 of five test pits. A large, homogenous deposit was seen above the natural gravel, dating to between 1660-1800. This deposit appeared to be filling an earlier, medieval episode of quarrying, suggested that the area had been open land between the time of quarrying and the 18th c, when the area was levelled prior to construction. A number of segments of 18th c brickwork (walls and a culvert drain) were recorded. Above them was a layer of post- medieval demolition, with a large dump of modern rubble above that.
21 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
10 Glossary
Alluvium Sediment laid down by a river. Can range from sands and gravels deposited by fast flowing water and clays that settle out of suspension during overbank flooding. Other deposits found on a valley floor are usually included in the term alluvium (eg peat). Archaeological Areas of archaeological priority, significance, potential or other title, often designated by Priority Area / the local authority. Archaeological Priority Zone Brickearth A fine-grained silt believed to have accumulated by a mixture of processes (eg wind, slope and freeze-thaw) mostly since the Last Glacial Maximum around 17,000BP. B.P. Before Present, conventionally taken to be 1950 Bronze Age 2,000–600 BC Building recording Recording of historic buildings (by a competent archaeological organisation) is undertaken ‘to document buildings, or parts of buildings, which may be lost as a result of demolition, alteration or neglect’, amongst other reasons. Levels of recording are defined by Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) and English Heritage. Built heritage Upstanding structure of historic interest. Colluvium A natural deposit accumulated through the action of rainwash or gravity at the base of a slope. Conservation Area An area of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. Designation by the local authority often includes controls over the demolition of buildings; strengthened controls over minor development; and special provision for the protection of trees. Cut-and-cover Method of construction in which a trench is excavated down from existing ground level [trench] and which is subsequently covered over and/or backfilled. Typically used for laying services. Cut feature Archaeological feature such as a pit, ditch or well, which has been cut into the then- existing ground surface. Desk–based A written document whose purpose is to determine, as far as is reasonably possible from assessment existing records, the nature of the archaeological resource within a specified area. (archaeological) Devensian The most recent cold stage (glacial) of the Pleistocene. Spanning the period from c 70,000 years ago until the start of the Holocene (10,000 years ago). Climate fluctuated within the Devensian, as it did in other glacials and interglacials. It is associated with the demise of the Neanderthals and the expansion of modern humans. Early medieval AD 410 – 1066. Also referred to as the Saxon period. Evaluation A field evaluation is ‘a limited programme of non–intrusive and/or intrusive fieldwork which (archaeological) determines the presence or absence of archaeological features, structures, deposits, artefacts or ecofacts within a specified area’ Excavation An archaeological excavation is ‘a programme of controlled, intrusive fieldwork with (archaeological) defined research objectives which examines, records and interprets archaeological deposits, features and structures and, as appropriate, retrieves artefacts, ecofacts and other remains within a specified area…The records made and objects gathered during fieldwork are studied and the results of that study published in detail appropriate to the project design’ Findspot Chance find/antiquarian discovery of artefact. The artefact has no known context, is either residual or indicates an area of archaeological activity. Geotechnical Ground investigation, typically in the form of boreholes and/or trial/test pits, carried out for engineering purposes to determine the nature of the subsurface deposits. Holocene The most recent epoch (part) of the Quaternary, covering the past 10,000 years during which time a warm interglacial climate has existed. Also referred to as the ‘Postglacial’ and (in Britain) as the ‘Flandrian’. Iron Age 600 BC – AD 43 Later medieval AD 1066 – 1500 Last Glacial Characterised by the expansion of the last ice sheet to affect the British Isles (around Maximum 18,000 years ago), which at its maximum extent covered over two-thirds of the present land area of the country. Locally Listed A structure of local architectural and/or historical interest. These are structures that are not Building included in the Secretary of State’s Listing but are considered by the local authority to 22 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
have architectural and/or historical merit Listed Building A structure of architectural and/or historical interest. These are included on the Secretary of State's list, which affords statutory protection. These are subdivided into Grades I, II* and II (in descending importance). Made Ground Artificial deposit. An archaeologist would differentiate between modern made ground, containing identifiably modern inclusion such as concrete (but not brick or tile), and undated made ground, which may potentially contain deposits of archaeological interest. Mesolithic 12,000 – 4,000 BC National Monuments National database of archaeological sites, finds and events as maintained by English Record (NMR) Heritage in Swindon. Generally not as comprehensive as the country SMR/HER. Neolithic 4,000 – 2,000 BC Ordnance Datum A vertical datum used by Ordnance Survey as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps. (OD) Palaeo- Related to past environments, i.e. during the prehistoric and later periods. Such remains environmental can be of archaeological interest, and often consist of organic remains such as pollen and plant macro fossils which can be used to reconstruct the past environment. Palaeolithic 700,000–12,000 BC Palaeochannel A former/ancient watercourse Peat A build up of organic material in waterlogged areas, producing marshes, fens, mires, blanket and raised bogs. Accumulation is due to inhibited decay in anaerobic conditions. Pleistocene Geological period pre-dating the Holocene. Post-medieval AD 1500 – present Preservation by Archaeological mitigation strategy where archaeological remains are fully excavated and record recorded archaeologically and the results published. For remains of lesser significance, preservation by record might comprise an archaeological watching brief. Preservation in situ Archaeological mitigation strategy where nationally important (whether Scheduled or not) archaeological remains are preserved in situ for future generations, typically through modifications to design proposals to avoid damage or destruction of such remains. Registered Historic A site may lie within or contain a registered historic park or garden. The register of these Parks and Gardens in England is compiled and maintained by English Heritage. Residual When used to describe archaeological artefacts, this means not in situ, ie Found outside the context in which it was originally deposited. Roman AD 43 – 410 Scheduled An ancient monument or archaeological deposits designated by the Secretary of State as Monument a ‘Scheduled Ancient Monument’ and therefore protected under the Ancient Monuments Act. Site The area of proposed development Site codes Unique identifying codes allocated to archaeological fieldwork sites, eg evaluation, excavation, or watching brief sites. Sites and Archaeological database held and maintained by the County authority. In some counties Monuments Record this is named the HER (Historic Environment Record), where the built heritage data has (SMR) been incorporated. Study area Defined area surrounding the proposed development in which archaeological data is collected and analysed in order to set the site into its archaeological and historical context. Solifluction, Creeping of soil down a slope during periods of freeze and thaw in periglacial Soliflucted environments. Such material can seal and protect earlier landsurfaces and archaeological deposits which might otherwise not survive later erosion. Stratigraphy A term used to define a sequence of visually distinct horizontal layers (strata), one above another, which form the material remains of past cultures. Truncate Partially or wholly remove. In archaeological terms remains may have been truncated by previous construction activity. Watching brief An archaeological watching brief is ‘a formal programme of observation and investigation (archaeological) conducted during any operation carried out for non–archaeological reasons.’
23 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
11 Bibliography
11.1 Published and documentary sources ACAO, 1993 Association of County Archaeological Officers, Model briefs and specifications for archaeological assessments and field evaluations, Bedford AGL, 2000 MoLAS, The archaeology of Greater London: an assessment of archaeological evidence for human presence in the area covered by modern Greater London, London BADLG, 1986 British Archaeologists and Developers Liaison Group, Code of practice, London Cherry B and Pevsner N, 1998 The Buildings of England. London 4: North. Penguin. DoE, 1990 Department of the Environment, Archaeology and planning: a consultative document, Planning Policy Guidance Note 16, London English Heritage Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service, 1998 Archaeological guidance papers 1–5, London English Heritage Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service, 1999 Archaeological guidance papers 6, London Greater London Authority, Feb 2008 The London Plan Spatial Development Strategy for Greater London Consolidated with Alterations since 2004 Hill, J., and Merrifield, R., 1993; Roman London, London. Horne, J., 1996, ‘Archaeology at Armoury House: Prehistoric Finds in the Artillery Garden’, Honourable Artillery Company Journal, Vol 73 No 451, Autumn 1996, pp 111–3. Horne, J., 1997, ‘Archaeology at Armoury House: Part II – A report on the objects recovered’, Honourable Artillery Company Journal, Vol 74 No 452, Spring 1997, pp 87–94. IFA, 2001 Institute for Archaeologists, By-laws, standards and policy statements of the Institute of Field Archaeologists, standard and guidance: desk-based assessment, rev, Reading Lobel, M, 1989 The City of London from prehistoric times to c 1520, Historic Towns Atlas 3, Oxford Milne, G, 1995 Roman London. English Heritage. Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). 1996 127–139 Finsbury Pavement, London. An Archaeological Evaluation. MoLAS unpublished report. Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). 1999 127–139 Finsbury Pavement, London. An Archaeological Post-Excavation Assessment. MoLAS unpublished report. Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). Feb 2002 Archaeological evaluation 1, Finsbury Square. MoLAS. Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). July 2002 Archaeological watching brief 1, Finsbury Square. MoLAS. Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). June 2005 Archaeological watching brief 1, City Road. MoLAS. Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). March 2008 Archaeological evaluation Lamb’s Club, 1 Lamb’s Passage. MoLAS. Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). April 2008 Archaeological watching brief Milton Court. MoLAS. Museum of London, 2003 A research framework for London archaeology 2002, London Philp, B., 1996, ‘Rescue Excavations in London’, Kent Archaeological Review, Summer 1996, No. 124, pp 73–88. Schofield, J, with Maloney, C (eds), 1998 Archaeology in the City of London, 1907–91: a guide to records of excavations by the Museum of London and its predecessors, MoL Archaeol Gazetteer Ser 1, London Thompson, A, Westman A, and Dyson, T (eds), 1998 Archaeology in Greater London 1965– 90: a guide to records of excavations by the Museum of London, MoL Archaeol Gazetteer Ser 2, London Weinreb, B, and Hibbert, C (eds), 1983 The London encyclopaedia, London
24 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2008
11.2 Other Sources British National Copyright Library, London Greater London Sites and Monuments record Internet – web-published sources London Archaeological Archive and Resource Centre MOL Archaeology Deposit Survival Archive
11.3 Cartographic sources Agas, R, c 1562 ‘Civitas Londinum’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Braun, G, and Hogenberg, F, 1572 ‘A map of London, Westminster and Southwark’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Cole, B. 1756, A new and accurate survey of the parish of Islington Faithorne, W, and Newcourt, R, 1658 ‘An Exact Delineation of the Cities of London and Westminster and the suburbs thereof together with the Borough of Southwark’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Greenwood, C, and Greenwood, J, 1827 ‘Map of London from an Actual Survey’, reproduced in Margary 1982, ‘Map of London from an Actual Survey’ by C and J Greenwood, 1827, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Leake, J, 1667 ‘A map of the City of London showing the extent of the damage caused by the Great Fire of 1665’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Morgan, W, 1682 ‘London &c Actually Surveyed’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1977 ‘London &c Actually Surveyed’ by William Morgan, 1682, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Ogilby, J, and Morgan, W, 1676 ‘Large and Accurate Map of the City of London’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1976, ‘Large and Accurate Map of the City of London’ by John Ogilby and William Morgan, 1676, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Rocque, J, 1746 ‘A Plan of the Cities of London Westminster and Southwark with contiguous buildings from an actual survey’ by John Rocque, reproduced in Margary, H, 1971 ‘A Plan of the Cities of London Westminster and Southwark’ by John Rocque, 1746, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent
Ordnance Survey maps Ordnance Survey 1st edition 25” map 1873. London Sheet 63 Ordnance Survey 2nd edition 25” map 1894. London Sheet 63 Ordnance Survey 3rd edition 25” map 1913. London Sheet 63 Ordnance Survey 3rd edition 25” map 1913. London Sheet 63 Ordnance Survey 5” map. London Sheet VII.56 (1938) Ordnance Survey 1:1250 scale map. TQ 3282 SE (1953), TQ 3281 NE (1953) Ordnance Survey 1:1250 scale map. TQ 3282 SE (1961), TQ 3281 NE (1960) Ordnance Survey 1:1250 scale map. TQ 3282 SE (1969), TQ 3281 NE (1970)
Geology map British Geological Survey map sheet 256
Engineering/Architects drawings Option 1 AA Section drawing. 02-09-08, Drawing No. 3611–20–230–opt 1. Sheppard Robson Architects. Option 1 Basement Plan. 05-09-08, Drawing No. 3611–20–001 Rev B. Sheppard Robson Architects. Option 1 Lower Ground Floor Plan. 05-09-08, Drawing No. 3611–20–002 Rev B. Sheppard Robson Architects.
25 P:\ISLI\1140\na\Field\Finsbury Square DBA 20-01-09.doc Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
Greater London
the site the site
Borough of Islington 0 10km 0 250 m Copyright Collins Bartholomew Ltd
1 to 3 4 to 8
4 Offices 1
3 o 0 t
4
2
4
a 2 1 2 Bank 2 t o 7
9 2
0
1 1 3 5 to 11 6 13 to 17 21 25
WORSHIP STREET
20 to 26
8
6
4 532800/182050 Tr iton Court 2
a 1 2 4 to 18 1
2
1 the site 22 to 25
1
1 FINSBUR YSQUARE
0
1
o
t
3
The College of Law
0
s 1 r
e o t t l
0
e 3 E 3
h
R
S
A
U
Q E
S R PCs A Y
U R
U Q
S B
S
1 Y
N R I
F U
Longbow House B
S
N
I
Durrant House F 14 to 20 7
a 3
531 2800/181925 CHI o SWEL 8 to 1 4 t L STREE 3 T 1 to 3 3 3
1 T FINSB E U RY SQUA E RE 0
R 2
T
S
Y
R
1 U 8 3 3 B 39 to 1 45 S -
7 N
I 2 F 1 City Gate House 5 3
5
2
1
T E E
R T S
L N Finsbury Court ACK INGT O ON S S 9 L TR I EET 2 Arbuthnot House W
Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead Scale 1:2,000 @ A4 0 100m to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 2009. Fig 1 Site location
ISLI1140DBA09#01 532500 533000 533500
600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400
87 Newland 254 to 250
182500 1 182500 182500 3 182500
8
Posts 5 140
1 92
207 to 21 1 BM 16.04m
Old Street 9
94 AIN PLACE 8 150
CURT 149 Court
85 Anlaby Station 7 BM 17.51m to
(LRT & BR) 5 74 ALK Shelter House 23
69 to 85 47 to 49 15
65 to 108 to 65
6
3 153 to
1
1 151
12
Def 10 DEREHAM PLACE 86 to 90 to 86 Newland Court 7
SINGER
2
16 to 20 to 16 124 to 130 to 124 26 to 24 1 to 64 to 1 MILLS COURT FRENCH PLACE STREET W GARDEN 15.6m TCBs 46 183 to 205 St Euro Const & Boro Const Bdy
16.5m 158 to 154 Agnes Well 68
18.7m 93 80 1
BA 79 45
104 to 108 TH STREET 7 66
Shelter 91
27 to 30 to 27 22 22 to 24 Willow Court 77 21
25 44 7 to 10 11 13
28 78
30 29 1 1 to 6 32 31 122 to 12 CHARLOTTE ROAD 32a 89
Subway 33 to 37 16.4m BATEMAN'S ROW 91 to 95 to 91
PH 43 76 210 to 216 to 210 87 161 to 159 COWPER STREET 1 31
169 to 173 1a Telephone OLD STREET 73 El Sub Sta 15.3m 64
102 Exchange
89 218 NEW INN SQ
Cordy 36
TCB 71
74 House
196
Shelter 6
87 Bank 17 69 London College
WILLOW STREET 42 to 35 of Fashion
188 to 194 to 188 79 to 83 72 58 to 62
1 to 9 to 1
NEW INN STREET INN NEW 184 186
El Sub Sta 85 34
Central Foundation Boys School 63 to 67 Burbage House
174 to 180 to 174
El Sub Sta 50 to 10 56 BM 15.42m
3 83
168 to 172 to 168 54
66 4
Shelter 98 ANNING STREET
CR 50 to 52 100
Shelter 82 to 100 to 82 63
69 to 77 to 69 69 to 77 15.3m 5 MALLOW STREET
Y
98a 6 5
148 A 14 to 20 BLACKALL STREET 61 Posts
7 16.6m
80
64 1 to 15 to 1
Works 2
96a 1
75 8
VEY STREET 6 Victoria House RELIANCE SQUARE
Royal Mail House RA LB Garage 59 168to178
400 N 9 400 400 400 13 15
81
73
PH 4 to 6
76 10
NEW INN BROADW 18.0m 91 93 96 to 92 79
71 to 77 Posts 15.3m PH
1 12 Euro Const, Boro Const and LB Bdy 65 to 69
GREA 3a 40
67 to 71 70 to 74 to 70
County Court 23 LEONARD STREET 75 3 15.4m
59 to 63 21 BM 16.55m T 15.8m
1
15.7m 10 108
57 EASTERN STREET 96 to 102 to 96 LEONARD STREET 106
94
92 90 to 86 17 to 25 NEW INN YARD
16.6m STREET 104 TCBs
BM 17.40m 70
68 11 36 to 46 to 36 PH 66
32to35 9 to 15 LEONARD STREET
36 55 7 16.9m AUL 15
37 5 3 5 7 9 13 32
P 179 TCBs
BM 15.60m
73 1 64 to 56 38 to 40 30 PO 17.7m Hall NEW INN YARD 44 Def 61
49 to 51 THERSTONE STREET 59 51
FEA 18.3m 4 25
52 to 54 16 55 to 58 28 to 24 62 Ps Clergy House
TCB 28
57 Mark Square
BPs
19 to 23 to 19 PH
74 180 to 182 to 180
3
St Michael's RA Bank
17.6m 18 to 15
55 17
VEY STREET
26 45 to 49 to 45 76 16.1m 38 BM 18.94m 15.4m 18
58 to 64 to 58 Leonard Square 9 5 3 53 House 36 Car Park
16 to 26 1 Moorfields Car Park 1 19 GATESBOROUGH STREET TCB Companies House PLACE
KIFFEN STREET
Primary CLERE 51 MARK STREET
55
BANNER STREET 17
KING JOHN COURT Site of School 15 to 6 55 to 71
Priory 187
78a 53 1 to 13 78 76 (Augustinian Nuns)
62 to 72 to 62 6 to 8 4 2 31 to 43 BM 17.15m Victoria
Shelter 60 to 54 16.6m 4 to 29 16.4m
Chambers LUKE STREET 12 to 34
2 to 1 to 2
9 1 7 5 3 1 12 to 21 to 12
1
51
STREET 191
PHIPP 18
Quaker Court 25 to 56 to
Shelter 40
1 to 5 49
192 193 ARD 35 CR
41
OLIVER'S Y 17 18 CHRISTINA STREET 45 to 35 ABERNAACLE STREET 41 Multistorey 300 PC T 300 300 300
MOTLEY
BP 10 60 CLERE STREET 50 to 50 Car Park
53 18.5m 52 El Sub Sta LANE BM 16.10m YWELL
HOL 194 1 51 15.7m 64to67
A
1 to 15 to 1 El Sub Sta
VENUE 1 to 108 Shelter 59 The 55
49 58 to 52 15.3m PC Manse Braithwaite House BM 16.20m
44 Holywell 196
Monument Car Park
21 Monument 8 Centre LANE 1 & LB Bdy YWELL
10 HOL Wesley's 10 14.8m
39 15.8m 75 41 to 36 197 Chapel Clifton Centre NEW NORTH PLACE Friends' Memorial Defoe's Tomb Euro Const, Boro Const 1 10a Buildings Statue PLA 73
TINA STREET 45 to 37
PH
10 46 to 50 to 46 65 to 71 CITY 33 to 21 200 Bunhill Fields LB 199
El Sub Sta 32 Museum 14.6m 60 Zetland House TCB 47a 29 Burial Ground ROAD SP to
Quaker Garden 47 37 57 to 63
102to108 Play Area Playground 62 to 58 207 55 201 to
FB 109 to 123
42
28 56 36 to 44 to 36 LB LB 49
PH
30
37 to 45 15.7m
50 100 18.6m
1 to 21 13 to 17 Club
3 House TCBs Chequers Court 48 CHEQUER STREET Training 5 to 25
18.5m Bunyan's Tomb Centre 29 to 33 Shakespeare
44 TCB FAIRCHILD STREET
35 46
39 19
33 to 37
24 17
16.5m 40
35 STREET 6 to 8
4 SCRUTTON 26
1 PH 16 to 22 to 16 16
42 9
EPWORTH STREET 24 to 18 15.3m
2 2
18.5m 14 BM 14.94m
10
1 to 19 to 1 Peabody Estate 28
8 30a
24 30
107a
2a A 32 to 38 to 32
34
BM 19.02m
6 HEWETT STREET
AIN ROAD
4 PH
27 T 22
2 PH
1 to 19 to 1 18 25to27 26 to 22 32 14 to 10 2 to 4
St James's
107 28 15
3 B SHOREDITCH HIGH STREET
27
30 Shaibern CUR 23 to 33
VENUE2 13 A 12
House Car and 1 19 26 1 29 BM 15.20m
DUFFERIN Approach 23
20 21 to 25 Lorry Park
20 16 30 to 36 to 30
200 2 31 25 to 35 200 200 80 200 18 El 7 BUNHILL
Finsbury Sub Sta
23
5 17 Garage 5 DUFFERIN STREET El Sub Sta
ferin Court 3
22 Duf 17 to 1 Car Park 14.3m 19a F CAHILL 21 (Below) AIRCHILD PLACE
15 to 16 ROW Barracks 28
14 Armoury House PH 1 18 to 56 to 18 1 to 7a 8 ST 3 ROW
1 to 21
1 222 14 221 YWELL
83 to 105 24 7
1 Shelter
12 to 18 to 12
to 16 3
28 HOL
STREET
D 70
PLOUGH Y 223 1 to 31 32 ARD
17 AUL
16 13 to 19
P
15 14 2 16 169
E BM 19.16m 5 31
Peabody Estate 4 to 8 22 to 20 15 SP
1 to 29 105 to 103 BONHILL 68
29
4 STREET 5 COMMERCIAL167
1 30
1
1 to 3 to 1 10
Car Park 14 ARD
4 to 8 to 4 1 225 66
STREET 9
1
10 8
1 1
32 to 36 to 32
26 ERROL 13 9
AND
Govt SHUTTLE PH COURT 12 8 6
arehouse CROWN 25 STREET
PLOUGH Y 6
Offices 7 unnel 64 T
W
18.5m CLIFTON STREET 10
8
4 to 14 to 4
30 9 24
228 8 Works
3 El Sub Sta TCBs
YMCA Chy Warehouse El 23 13 Shelter
6
6 7 Sub
CR 22
23 24 10 Sta
LAMB'S BUILDINGS HEARN STREET
2a
BOWL
2 to 6 to 2 SP
Bank Quick House COURT 20a 21 22 15.5m 232 7 1 to 9 FB 8 unnel
65 1 to 5 T 4 21 12 Works 20 St Joseph's FB CliftonHouse RC Church 4 El Sub Sta
233 20 14.0m 532700/182000 FW 1 3 Euro Const, Boro Const and LB Bdy
Presby 5 to 11 2 Shelter 16 9 2 13 to 17 21 25 31 to 41
15 89.5 100 43 100 100 7 100 65a 67 to 73 107 99 105 SP 79 to 85 87 89 91 93 97 103 Car Park WORSHIP STREET 101 BM S Post
18.3m LB 14.52m FW
20 to 26 to 20 15.4m
25
28 WORSHIP STREET 6 30
44 SP arehouse
10
1 14.8m
LAMB'S P 50
58 W 56 14.5m
60
1
72
26 18 Warehouse
1 City and Islington 66 to 70 to 66
12 15 2 SL College El Sub Sta
Shelter 27
ASSAGE 1 8 13 15 17.5m CR
Gavrelle House 14
3 11 Euro Const, Boro Const & LB Bdy Shelter FLEUR DE 69 City & County of the City of London LIS
FB 6 CR FB STREET
Centre Whitbread Playing 12
30 A 17 Field BM 17.50m 51 to 61
T
67
4
1
Centre 10
29
ANDY STREET 9 to 3 5
V Triton Court Holderness House 2 63 14 DYSART 40 Boro Const and LB Bdy 10 1 STREET TCBs 12a DYSART STREET 13 14 to 18 5 to 8
2 to 14
5 to 8 to 5
9 2 WILSON STREET 10
12 APPOLD STREET 14.0m 66 Broadwalk House 49 1
22 to 25 Signal Box 20 BLOSSOM STREET 5 1 16.8m SLs 1
14 64 FINSBURY Shelter FINSBURY MARKET
Club SQUARE 26 62
532500 533500 533000 10 SL
15
Brewery 19 1 9 TE BLOSSOM 16.6m 13 15 17.8m 16 TCB 17 19 PL 34 3 to 10 21 23 25 NORTON CHRISTOPHER STREET
TCB El Sub Sta SNOWDEN STREET 14 CHRISTOPHER LB FOLGA 600 700 800 Bowling Green 900 STREET 100 200 300 400 532500 533000 533500
182000 182000 182000 CR 13 182000 CHRISTOPHER STREET 17
600 700 800 900 100 20014.1m 5 300 400 2 to 4 to 2
Club 27 El Sub Sta Broadwalk House 5 7
Def 11 FB 11a orks
House 28 13 15 Gavrelle Technico House ASSAGE
Hall
Northampton (City University) 17 Bowling Green W TE
ROW FOLGA
Playing Field Technico House Works 6 8 TE STREET 23 10
3 to 10
FOLGA
LAMB'S P
& LB Bdy 16
NORTON Sundial Court 18
Bishopsgate 20 BUNHILL 22 Sloping masonry CLIFTON STREET Court SQUARE 30
Y
Euro Const, Boro Const 26 4 30
38 to 42 Shelter
PCs
9 to 25 to 9 Site of 25 BM FB 15.9m 58 18.51m 34 Bishopsgate The Priory and Hospital 33 FINSBUR Bars of St Mary FINSBURY SQUARE
26 to 32 to 26 12 56 (site of) (Founded AD 1197)
2 29 Longbow House PRIMROSE STREET 26
21 to 24 1 3 5 MARKET
PINDAR STREET SQUARE 53 to 56 to 53 17.3m CR AL
Durrant House EARL STREET 1 Warehouse 24 27
TCPs 19 21 29 PH 14 to 20 54 23 SPIT
1 PH 25 33 to 37 to 33 Exchange House
Bank Bank 31 27 16 Bavaria House 14.1m
CHISWELL 8 to 13 4
STREET Bank to FINSBURY
Euro Const & Boro Const Bdy 16 EARL STREET 14 20 14
1 to 3 D Fn 8 PINDAR STREET
South Y 12 10 ard TCBs 8 13
FB Chapel 1 SPIT APPOLD STREET AL SQUARE
Und 52 Exchange House
1 3 5 to 17 532900/181900 38 10 TCB
FINSBUR PH 36 Y SQUARE Hamilton House Broadgate Court 5 to 7 ARD 900 20 900 900 13.6m 900 Milton Gate 14.0m Y
Earl Place AL MOOR LANE 9 10 CR SUN STREET FINSBURY STREET SPIT
21 3 Def 1 City & County of the City of London 3 199
13 12 38 CR
15 17
3 FW 39 to 45 to 39 LB Bdy
28 8
15 1a 1 6
127-131 21 Exchange Place 32 LB Bdy Def
City Gate House 4 Stothard Place
35 29 2 TON STREET 1
MIL
City & County of the City of London
LB Bdy Boro Const & LB Bdy Exchange Square 2 Milton 26 14.7m 18
Milton Court Highwalk SUN STREET 31 to 35 PH House 1
22 19 1 Milton Court Turntable
VEMENT 20 City & County of the City of London 125 LB 37 A Euro Const Bdy
24 14 1 to 13 to 1 Coroners Ct and Corpn WB 25 Offices 13.3m TCBs
Drill Market
Und CR
Tower PH WILSON STREET 36
FINSBURY P Whitecross Boro Const Bdy Finsbury Court 3 175 Place 2
33 LACKINGTON STREET
29 1
Def ROPEMAKER STREET 2 3 The Fire Station TCBs Finsbury SILK STREET Euro Const Bdy Old
Avenue 1 6 13.5m Artillery Broad Lane 7 19 to 24 25 Ground
Def STEW
10 to 13 to 10 Ling Exchange 8 (site of) FB 5
70 23 Arcade 9
House City & County of the City of London, Euro Const & Boro Const Bdy CR 1 to 1 4
14 ARD STREET ARD
800 800 800 3 800
2 1
Speed House LB
DOMINION STREET
14 14.4m 1 27 1 14.3m 21 4 City Point City and County of the City of London 1 LB Bdy FB 12 CR Boro Const Bdy 3
Pond 6
Boro Const & LB Bdy 7 Broadgate Def
Avenue TCB FB 32
16 Bank BRUSHFIELD STREET 28
11 City & County of the City of London BP 18 Pond 33
Moorfields House 3
ehicular Finsbury
34 8
V urntable Bank 16 19 T SOUTH PLACE 6
FW FB 12 to 2 Nautilus 10 5
4 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL House 13 35
MOOR LANE TCBs 32 Bank
Brandon Mews 238
236 Bishops
234
1 Broadgate 232
Britannic Highwalk 120 to 10 8
FORT STREET Court
St Mary Moorfields Circle Bishopsgate Institute 3
155 Church 12 to 13 to 12 13.9m 36 Lake 2 Ice Rink 155
Tenter House and Library 2 PH Arena Liverpool Street Station FB 101 to 724 Arcade PH 1 alk FB Willoughby House SOUTH PLACE MEWS
1
(below) 31 (Terminus) Def 29 19 2 45 3 13.5m
4 TE Lake 5 VENUE Euro Const, Boro Const & W A
Bishopsgate
6 30 9 Bunge House 37
FB 44
Great Eastern W LB
NEW UNION STREET 226 to 220 42
40
15 to 25 38
7 to 9
FINSBURY 37 River Plate House Finsbury Circus ard Bdy 32
Willoughby Highwalk
700 25 700 700 BISHOPSGA 700
1
14 ARTILLERY LANE30 to 26
House 10
26
FB 5 22 24
3 20
8 TCBs 1
Britannic Highwalk 31 to 26
26
12 to 18 to 12 1 16
1 ELDON STREET Parliament Court 13.1m 1
4 to 10 to 4 Moorfields Highwalk 141 27 Dome Andrewes Highwalk 21 PH 2 House
216 2 Sandy's 1 to 192 7 1
31 214 Bank Row
4a 12
1 14 3
137 7 to 1 25 to 18
9 14.0m Synagogue
212 Euro Const & W 4 PH House Moorgate MOOR PLACE Britannic House 5
Andrewes MOORFIELDS 6 The Armoury ASSAGE 126 5a
Station ard Bdy 124 (site of) 12a 12 15
(London 24 118
FINSBURY 11 CR 14 26 16 16 24 23 5
Transport) CIRCUS ELDON 13.9m 22 21 20 19 17 BM 13.77m
94 5 SANDY'S
7 Octagon TCBs 14.0m WIDEGA 1
Key CR Arcade 210 TE STREET 13.5m
16 to STREET
(below) Euro Const, ROWBoro Const & LB Bdy 12.7m SUN STREET P 208 14 20
13
12
PH 24 133
Bank PCs 206
TE Swedeland Ct 131
TCB to 202 7 3 to 6 103 to 109
Def PH 135 200 114
16 LB 16 to 24 PH AVENUE TCPs Subway
Area of proposed developmentFORE STREET
196
T 198
elephone Exchange 1
194
MOORGA TCB 6 13
18 5 14 13.5m 2 MIDDLESEX STREET Underground Railway CR 17 TCBs 1 ard Bdy Place 12 1 1
ard Bdy
W 3 2 W 10 Bank 101
Keats Place Bandstand 129 to 125
TCBs PO 188 13 Bank 4 Study area (250m) 186
FORE STREET SD 100 Catherine Wheel 12
15
Street Site of 121
19 LB Alley 1
PC Bowling Green Broad 14 TCPs Priory and Hospital CATHERINE WHEEL
Victoria 13 14.0m
Moor 184
3
8 Avenue
D Fn 182 91to95 ALLEY
7 of 30
House 1
Archaeological site 2
BLOMFIELD ST
84
19 6
87 20 St Mary of Bethlehem 180 31 8 to 2
PH 13.2m Def
20 17
12.8m 1 to 109
4 (Founded AD 1247)
85 600 600 600 1 600
2 PH East India House Archaeological findPH spot 119 14.5m
83 125 172 Highwalk 1 TCBs 18 Cock Hill 7 Bank Archaeology 2009 118a 50 Police Station
1 Rose
ISLI1 Moorfields TCP 8
5 15 21
St Alphage Highwalk LB Alley 6 Def
23
9 Liverpool St StationLIVERPOOL
166 to 170 to 166 London Guildhall University 10 LB Bank PH STREET 1a
13.4m (LRT) 1 SB
Roman road (DBA 16) 1
CR 1
Posts 17 Great Eastern FB (School of Business Studies) 14 2
140DBA09#02 New Chapter 15.2m
Salisbury House 18 Hotel 3
Moor 19 15
74
FINSBURY 20 House 4
Gate Albion 12
76 to 80
Place CIRCUS SL 21
(site of) 72 5
28 SL
LB 23
22 24 25
Medieval road (DBA 11) 73
26 7
Bank BROAD STREET 27
8
BLOMFIELD STREET all 28
VENUE 25
115 A 9 ard Bdy 29 41 to 48
NEW STREET W Buildings 30
Car Park 70 14.4m City London W 10 Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of 12 11 10 160
BM 13.25m 12.8m 8 7 6 PH 16
Place 34 2
2 1
3 158 4
13
32
the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. 14 The Arcade 12
16
House 17 CIRCUS PLACE 150 to 168 to 150
18
19
20
LONDON W 22 24 26 BM 16.23m
Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown CopyrightAustral Houseand may lead 73 ALL 0 100m 2
154
23 33
Armourers Bank 47 25 Bethlehem Gate
81 Swedbank 152 to prosecution or civilCity proceedings. City of London 100023243 2009. 41 New Broad Street
Hall House (site of) Tower 64
62 12.5m 46 81 to 91
Def 42 House 8
42 37 to 34 16 PH 43 Bank
New Broad St 42 Underground Railway
Bassishaw Highwalk 1 4 9 ehicular 45 LB ard Bdy Und V urntable 67
T W 55 6 VENUE 15.2m
COLEMAN STREET OLD BROAD STREET White Hart Aldermans A 150 PH 1
49 8
El Sub Sta Court House 148 3.5 121
2 Cutlers 80 3
56 to 60 to 56 DEVONSHIRE10 ROW
3 Posts Def
Girdlers' Hall NEW BROAD STREET FB 5 Gardens
69
Fig 2 Archaeological features map Def Petty France 7
63 12.5m 146
W 53 15 9
40 ard Bdy 144
1 16
COPTHALL
30 to 20 to 30
1
(site of) 142
Postern Posts Alderman's W 119 1 18
ard Bdy 19
59 Posts 17 13
W (site of) 62 to 54
1 140
55 alk Air 15
64 17 138 65
17 48 to 54 to 48 63 to 54 to 63 Shaft
Bank Und LB DEVONSHIRE 60 12 Und 10 7 85 Church SQUARE 25 PH St Botolph's BASINGHALL Church Hall AVENUE 2 Fn 55 Def 532500 181500 181500 533000 181500 533500 181500 600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
N
Area of proposed development (approximate only)
Fig 3 Agas’ ‘copperplate’ map of 1553-9
29 ISLI1140DBA09#03 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
Area of proposed development (approximate only)
Fig 4 Faithorne and Newcourt’s map of 1658
29 ISLI1140DBA09#04 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
N
Area of proposed development
Fig 5 Ogilby and Morgan’s map of 1672
29 ISLI1140DBA09#04 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
N
Area of proposed development
Fig 6 Rocque’s map of 1746
29 ISLI1140DBA09#06 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
N
Area of proposed development
Fig 7 Horwood’s map of 1799
29 ISLI1140DBA09#07 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
N
Area of proposed development
Fig 8 Ordnance Survey 1st edition 1:1056 scale map of 1873 (not to scale)
29 ISLI1140DBA09#08 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
N
Area of proposed development
Fig 9 OS 1:1250 scale map of 1953 (not to scale)
29 ISLI1140DBA09#09 Archaeological desk-based assessment © MOL Archaeology 2009
E W
004
008
009 001
010
012 013 018 011 014 017 002 015 003
016 13.98m OD
030 002
029
019
028
021
020 023 027 (brick drain) (brickearth)
022
024 033
025 032 033 026 (north-south ditch) 031
0 1m
Fig 10 North-facing section through deposits and features in trench 4 of the evaluation at 1–2 Finsbury Square (DBA 20) immediately to south of site
15 ISLI1140DBA09#10 Archaeological desk-based assessment 2009
0 10m
Fig 11 Option 1 AA section drawing. 02-09-08, drawing no. 3611–20–230–opt 1. Sheppard Robson Architects.
ISLI1140DBA09#11