Issue 31 Research Horizons
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Research Horizons Pioneering research from the University of Cambridge Issue 31 Spotlight Digital society Feature Singing sand dunes Feature Bronze Age exposé www.cam.ac.uk/research Issue 31, October 2016 2 Contents Contents News Things 4 – 5 Research news 16 – 17 Rescuing Sebastiano’s Adoration of the Shepherds Features Spotlight: Digital society 6 – 7 Bronze Age treasures on Must Farm 18 – 19 The accidental witness: digital whistle-blowing 8 – 9 Flamenco beyond the castanets 20 – 21 The right to be forgotten 10 – 11 Counterintuitive cancer drugs 22 – 23 Could cryptocurrency help the ‘bottom billion’? 12 – 13 What makes a sand dune sing? 24 – 25 The (conspiracy) theory of everything 14 – 15 How to keep patients safe in hospital 26 – 27 Plenty of phish in the sea 3 Research Horizons Welcome Around 3.5 billion people use the internet – that’s almost half 28 – 29 Computer says YES (but is it right?) of the world population. Our digital connectivity is rapidly transforming almost every aspect of our working and personal 30 – 31 Censorship: making the hidden visible lives. Soon, innovations that were inconceivable a few years ago will be commonplace – autonomous vehicles, devices that 32 – 33 When is a book not a book? diagnose disease, household appliances that talk to each other. Digital technologies being built in Cambridge and beyond are reshaping health, business, education, public services and the economy. Inside out A digital society – the Spotlight focus this issue – also raises challenges. The more connected we are, the more we open ourselves to risk, whether it’s from cybercrime, invasions 34 – 35 Welcome to the alien world of data of privacy, digital infrastructures that are not up to the job or, ultimately, the advent of machines that are more intelligent than we are. Here in Cambridge, we understand that addressing these challenges needs social sciences and computer sciences to work together, and we think this is an area where we make a difference. Among various initiatives, we have strategic research priorities in Digital Humanities, Big Data and Public Policy, and we are a partner in the UK’s national centre for data science, the Alan Turing Institute. In addition, the recently funded Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence will help us to look at some of the overarching issues at play. As well as our focus on digital society, we also cover a fascinating breadth of other areas in this edition of Research Horizons: singing sand dunes and flamenco flashmobs, a chance observation that led to a breakthrough cancer drug, how to keep patients safe in hospital, the sights, sounds and ‘feel’ of a data centre, and some of the amazing Bronze Age treasures discovered at what’s been dubbed ‘Britain’s Pompeii’. Professor Chris Abell Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Research Editor Dr Louise Walsh Editorial advisors Professor Jon Crowcroft, Professor John Thompson Design The District Contributors Craig Brierley, Alex Buxton, Sarah Collins, Stuart Roberts, Tamsin Starr, Louise Walsh T +44 (0)1223 765 443 E [email protected] W cam.ac.uk/research Copyright ©2016 University of Cambridge and Contributors as identified. The content ofResearch Horizons, with the exception of images and illustrations, is made available for non-commercial re-use in another work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike Licence (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), subject to acknowledgement of the original author/s, the title of the individual work and the University of Cambridge. This Licence requires any new work with an adaptation of content to be distributed and re-licensed under the same licence terms. Research Horizons is produced by the University of Cambridge’s Office of External Affairs and Communications. 4 News News Hot ticket for air travel Researchers have developed a paint- on anti-icing technology to make flying safer and more efficient. Ice on a plane can spell disaster. It can increase drag, reduce lift, hit propellers and build up inside the engine. Every year, vast amounts of de-icers and anti- freeze are sprayed onto planes by ground staff while passengers wait – a solution that is costly, time-consuming and detrimental for the environment. Next Vice-Chancellor Image Now, airlines have an alternative Professor Stephen Toope that can be painted onto the plane and appointed turned on in the cockpit. Developed by Dr Dawid Janas and Dr Krzysztof International law scholar and university University (1983). He has published articles Koziol in the Department of Materials leader Professor Stephen Toope has been and books on change in international law, Science and Metallurgy, the ThaWing appointed to take over from Professor Sir and the origins of international obligation product comprises an ultralight coating of Leszek Borysiewicz on 1 October 2017. in international society. nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes or Toope also represented Western graphene, which have excellent thermal Currently Director of the University of Europe and North America on the UN and electrical properties. Toronto’s Munk School of Global Affairs, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary As little as 80 g of material is needed Toope formerly served as president and Disappearances from 2002 until 2007. to cover the wings of a jumbo jet. When vice-chancellor of the University of British Cambridge has carried out an a current is passed through it, the Columbia. He graduated from Harvard with international search for the position of material has a near-instantaneous rise in a degree in history and literature in 1979, Vice-Chancellor headed up by the Master temperature – providing planes with their and is also an alumnus of Trinity College of Jesus College, Professor Ian White. own thermal ‘jacket’ to stop ice forming. Cambridge, where he completed his PhD He explains how the appointment will The paint-on ‘heaters’ are so cheap to run in 1987. build on seven years of Borysiewicz's that they could be left on continuously. “I am thrilled to be returning to this visionary leadership: “Professor Toope After receiving a Proof of Concept great university,” says Toope. “I look has impeccable academic credentials, grant from the European Research forward to working with staff and students a longstanding involvement with higher Council to produce a prototype, the in the pursuit of academic excellence and education, strong leadership experience researchers formed start-up company tremendous international engagement – and an excellent research background.” Cnergytec to deploy the system onto any the very mark of Cambridge.” Borysiewicz, who will continue to aircraft currently in operation to make As a scholar, Toope has specialised lead the University until Toope takes flying safer and more efficient. in human rights, international dispute up his post on 1 October 2017, says: resolution, international environmental “We are delighted to be welcoming www.thawing.eu law, the use of force, and international legal a distinguished leader with such an theory with degrees in common law (LLB) outstanding record as a scholar and Film available: and civil law (BCL) with honours from McGill educator to lead Cambridge.” http://bit.ly/2dboIuP News in brief 10.10.16 04.10.16 Cambridge alumnus Professor Oliver Three Cambridge alumni More information at Hart shares the 2016 Nobel Memorial awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize Prize in Economic Sciences for work in Physics for their work in www.cam.ac.uk/research in the field of contracts. condensed matter. 5 Research Horizons Artificial pancreas wins European funding An artificial pancreas developed in Cambridge will be trialled in young children with type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Each year in the UK, around one in 4,000 children under 14 years of age is diagnosed with the disease, in which Cresques/wikimedia Jehuda Abraham and Credit: the pancreas stops producing sufficient insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. People affected by the condition have to manage their condition through regular insulin injections – in some cases, several times a day. However, a team at the University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals hopes to replace these treatments with a small portable device that carries out the function of What the Ancients He anticipates a “methodological a healthy pancreas in controlling blood pincer movement” to assess the physical glucose levels by automated insulin did for us archaeology of cities such as Rome, delivery. Athens and Istanbul, and the history of The system is worn externally on the Cities and writing: two new projects look ideas about urbanism, city planning and body, and is made up of three functional back 4,000 years at the roots of these citizenship. components: continuous glucose universal aspects of contemporary life. Meanwhile, Dr Philippa Steele leads monitoring, a computer algorithm to Contexts of and Relations between Early calculate the insulin dose, and an insulin Why did the ABC alphabet develop? Writing Systems, which is exploring the pump. How have the ancient cities of the long-lasting relationship between society Trials have shown that it is effective in Mediterranean contributed to the history and writing that persists today. adults and school children. Now, KidsAP, of urbanism? These are some of the For example, the ABC alphabetical a collaboration led by Cambridge and questions researchers in the Faculty order first appeared over 3,000 years ago involving institutes in Europe and the of Classics are tackling in two new in a wedge-shaped ‘cuneiform’ script USA, has received €4.6 million from the programmes funded by the European in Syria. It also appeared in otherwise European Commission to carry out a trial Research Council. unrelated alphabets including Phoenician, of the artificial pancreas among children Professor Andrew Wallace-Hadrill Greek, Etruscan and Latin.