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Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil MEDINA, MARIA CAMILA; HOYOS-GÓMEZ, SAÚL E.; DEMARCO, DIEGO; TUBERQUIA, DINO Peculiar anatomical traits, high durability, and potential ornamental use of Cyclanthaceae as fresh foliage Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 89, núm. 3, 2017, pp. 2399-2410 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32753602038 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2017) 89(3 Suppl.): 2399-2410 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-376520172-170128 www.scielo.br/aabc | www.fb.com/aabcjournal Peculiar anatomical traits, high durability, and potential ornamental use of Cyclanthaceae as fresh foliage MARIA CAMILA MEDINA1,3, SAÚL E. HOYOS-GÓMEZ2, DIEGO DEMARCO1,3 and DINO TUBERQUIA1 1Programa de Biología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Calle 10 A No. 22-4, Antioquia, Colombia 2Corporación Fragmento, Medellín, Cra 77 No 33 A 61, Antioquia, Colombia 3Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil Manuscript received on February 22, 2017; accepted for publication on July 3, 2017 ABSTRACT Wild plant species with potential for use as ornamental green foliage are often reported. Nevertheless, there are few studies evaluating morphological and anatomical aspects associated with this use. Preliminary trials suggest that the species of Sphaeradenia (Sander ex Mast.) Harling, a Cyclantaceae that occurs from Costa Rica to Peru, is suitable to be used as fresh foliage because of attractiveness of their leaves in vase and its durability without showing tissue damage, compared with other genera of this family. Through the study of anatomical characters, it is possible to predict the potential of a species that can serve as ornamental foliage. In this study, three foliar anatomical features (thickness of the cuticle and leaf, and percentage of fibers in the mesophyll) of seven Cyclanthaceae species were evaluated, using anatomical techniques and image analysis with the LUCIA® and ImageJ softwares. Statistical analysis of the results suggests that this high durability is associated with the thickness of the cuticle and mesophyll, but not with the amount of fibers in the leaf. Key words: anatomy, cuticle, fibers, mesophyll, Sphaeradenia laucheana. INTRODUCTION whose juvenile forms have been widely used (Chen et al. 2002a, b). Currently, more than 500 species with various In general, foliage plants are resistant plants shapes, colors, textures and styles, mostly from tropical and subtropical environments, form that grows in greenhouses shadows. Their leaves the basis of the industry of foliage plants. Some are quite attractive; as a result, they are used of them are found in desert environments as mainly as live specimens for interior decoration, succulent plants and cactus. They are rarely found rather than perishable flowers or fruits. They grow in temperate climates. The most significant native under the canopy of trees on the forest floor or live foliage plant in temperate climates is Hedera helix, on trees as vines or epiphytes. Their tolerances to Correspondence to: María Camila Medina light are low, and are sensitive to high temperatures E-mail: [email protected] (Chen et al. 2002b, 2005, 2010). An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (3 Suppl.) 2400 MARIA CAMILA MEDINA et al. The basic function of the ornamental Kingdom who account for about 50% of spending horticulture lies in the satisfying of the aesthetic on ornamental (Díaz M et al. 2002, Díaz M. 2006). needs of man. Today it is considered one of the Markets for foliage plants require quality most attractive businesses because it can provide standards for export. Therefore these plants must high income per unit area. Beautifying indoor meet conditions to be used in the production environments and indoor air purification have of bouquets and other floral arrangements, for become key elements for the advancement of example, the time it can be kept in good condition the use foliage plants, because as it has been after being harvested (Yuste Molina 1992, Gutiérrez demonstrated that they remove pollutants such et al. 2007). One of the species for export Rumohra as formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, and adiantiformis, commonly known as “leather fern”, others from air (Wolverton et al. 1989, Mosaddegh that maintains its quality and freshness for a long et al. 2014)which are probably more polluted than period of time (25 days) after it has been harvested outside the buildings. High levels of volatile organic and packaged (López Marin et al. 2006). compounds (VOCs. Another important factor in On the other hand, the non-forestry use of forests the steady growth of the industry foliage plants is an alternative to the problem of deforestation (López Marin et al. 2006 ), particularly in regions is the continuous adjunction of new plants and close to urban centers (García and Polaina 2010). the development of new cultivars, which further Cyclanthaceae are almost exclusively confined expand the options for using of foliage plants, like to the Neotropical parts of the world. Nearly all the houseplants (Chen et al. 2002b). Cyclanthaceae require wet and more or less shady Over the years, some species belonging to habitats. They are therefore mainly found in the several genera have been added to the list of species rain forests, both in the tropical rain forests and used in industry of foliage plants. Aglaonema, in the montane rain forest. Just like the leaves of Dieffenbachia, Dracaena, Epipremnum, Ficus, many Arecaceae and Araceae, the juvenile leaves Hedera, Peperomia, Philodendron, Sansevieria, of the Cyclanthaceae come very close to the Syngonium, and plants of several genera of the ancestral leaf type of the monocotyledons. The leaf family Arecaceae, Polypodiaceae, Poaceae, blades vary greatly in respect to their size, shape, Cyperaceae, among others, have been the backbone venation, consistence and color. They are also of the industry for at least half a century. Only generally more or less deeply cleft, or divided by the Araceae family includes at least 10 important three rather deep incision into four wedge-shaped genera of ornamentals foliage plants (Henny et al. lobes, which in their turn are regularly dentate or 2008). lobate in their upper part, or can be entire (Harling Worldwide production of plants and flowers 1958, Wilder 1981). The mesophyll is sometimes has been extending over the years. Numerous distinctly differentiated into palisade and spongy production centers are localized in developing parenchyma but in many species this differentiation countries and they supply, on a regular basis to is lacking (Wilder 1985a). the principal consumers such as Japan, the United A comparative study on S. laucheana and six Stated and Western Europe. These countries other Cyclanthaceae species with different ranges absorb about 75% of the worldwide production of geographical distribution, some of them already of ornamentals, worth of 80.000 million euros. used as ornamentals foliage and landscaping, was About 36.000 millions of euros correspond to conducted. The evaluation is to help determine the Europe, being Germany, France and the United anatomical characteristics that would let explain An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (3 Suppl.) ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF ORNAMENTAL CYCLANTHACEAE 2401 its durability and potential use as foliage, thus TABLE I proposing a study mechanism for prospecting new Coding of the Cyclanthaceae specimens studied. Collection Statistical Species species with potential use as foliage. Number Coding Two sets of variables were taken into account; DT-3415 Asplundia sp. Acalle 1) durability, determined by the lifetime or duration DT-3413 Asplundia flavovaginata Aflavo in vase, also known as “vase life method” described AC-12800 Carludovica drudei Cdrudei by Gutiérrez et al. (2007); 2) relevant anatomical AC-12801 Carludovica palmata Cpalma features, namely thickness of the cuticle and AC-12800 Dicranopygium calimense Dcalim mesophyll thickness and the percentage of fibers DT-3611 Sphaeradenia danielii Sdaniel present in the mesophyll and their possible impact DT-3612 Sphaeradenia cuatrecasana Scuatrec on the vase durability. DT-3610 Sphaeradenia laucheana Slauch MATERIALS AND METHODS cuticle and mesophyll thickness and the number of fibers, fiber strand number and percentage of SPECIES AND STUDY AREA fibers in the mesophyll; of which, measurements of The studied species were: Asplundia sp. Tuberquia, length and area were performed. Asplundia flavovaginata Harling, Carludovica The sections were examined with an optical drudei Mast, Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav, microscope Nikon Eclipse TE2000 with 100X Dicranopygium calimense Harling, Sphaeradenia to 400X magnification. Digital images, three for danielii Harling, Sphaeradenia cuatrecasana each leaf area were captured using a Nikon camera Harling and Sphaeradenia laucheana (Sander ex Digital Sight (DS-5M). Each digital image was Mast.) Harling. taken from a different anatomical cut. The study area is located in the
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