The Fossil Record and the Cambrian “Explosion”: an Update
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Early Fossil Record of Euarthropoda and the Cambrian Explosion
PERSPECTIVE Early fossil record of Euarthropoda and the Cambrian Explosion PERSPECTIVE Allison C. Daleya,b,c,1, Jonathan B. Antcliffea,b,c, Harriet B. Dragea,b,c, and Stephen Patesa,b Edited by Neil H. Shubin, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved April 6, 2018 (received for review December 20, 2017) Euarthropoda is one of the best-preserved fossil animal groups and has been the most diverse animal phylum for over 500 million years. Fossil Konservat-Lagerstätten, such as Burgess Shale-type deposits (BSTs), show the evolution of the euarthropod stem lineage during the Cambrian from 518 million years ago (Ma). The stem lineage includes nonbiomineralized groups, such as Radiodonta (e.g., Anomalocaris) that provide insight into the step-by-step construction of euarthropod morphology, including the exo- skeleton, biramous limbs, segmentation, and cephalic structures. Trilobites are crown group euarthropods that appear in the fossil record at 521 Ma, before the stem lineage fossils, implying a ghost lineage that needs to be constrained. These constraints come from the trace fossil record, which show the first evi- dence for total group Euarthropoda (e.g., Cruziana, Rusophycus) at around 537 Ma. A deep Precambrian root to the euarthropod evolutionary lineage is disproven by a comparison of Ediacaran and Cambrian lagerstätten. BSTs from the latest Ediacaran Period (e.g., Miaohe biota, 550 Ma) are abundantly fossilif- erous with algae but completely lack animals, which are also missing from other Ediacaran windows, such as phosphate deposits (e.g., Doushantuo, 560 Ma). This constrains the appearance of the euarthropod stem lineage to no older than 550 Ma. -
Ediacaran) of Earth – Nature’S Experiments
The Early Animals (Ediacaran) of Earth – Nature’s Experiments Donald Baumgartner Medical Entomologist, Biologist, and Fossil Enthusiast Presentation before Chicago Rocks and Mineral Society May 10, 2014 Illinois Famous for Pennsylvanian Fossils 3 In the Beginning: The Big Bang . Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago Fossil Record Order 95% of higher taxa: Random plant divisions domains & kingdoms Cambrian Atdabanian Fauna Vendian Tommotian Fauna Ediacaran Fauna protists Proterozoic algae McConnell (Baptist)College Pre C - Fossil Order Archaean bacteria Source: Truett Kurt Wise The First Cells . 3.8 billion years ago, oxygen levels in atmosphere and seas were low • Early prokaryotic cells probably were anaerobic • Stromatolites . Divergence separated bacteria from ancestors of archaeans and eukaryotes Stromatolites Dominated the Earth Stromatolites of cyanobacteria ruled the Earth from 3.8 b.y. to 600 m. [2.5 b.y.]. Believed that Earth glaciations are correlated with great demise of stromatolites world-wide. 8 The Oxygen Atmosphere . Cyanobacteria evolved an oxygen-releasing, noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis • Changed Earth’s atmosphere . Increased oxygen favored aerobic respiration Early Multi-Cellular Life Was Born Eosphaera & Kakabekia at 2 b.y in Canada Gunflint Chert 11 Earliest Multi-Cellular Metazoan Life (1) Alga Eukaryote Grypania of MI at 1.85 b.y. MI fossil outcrop 12 Earliest Multi-Cellular Metazoan Life (2) Beads Horodyskia of MT and Aust. at 1.5 b.y. thought to be algae 13 Source: Fedonkin et al. 2007 Rise of Animals Tappania Fungus at 1.5 b.y Described now from China, Russia, Canada, India, & Australia 14 Earliest Multi-Cellular Metazoan Animals (3) Worm-like Parmia of N.E. -
Gehling-Ediacaran Publications 2015 Palaeo Down Under2
Gehling-Ediacaran Publications 2015 1. Droser, M.L. and Gehling, J.G. 2015. The advent of animals: the view from the Ediacaran: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, 4865-4870. 2. Evans, S.D., Droser, M.L. and Gehling, J.G. 2015. Dickinsonia lift off: Evidence of current derived morphologies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology ; DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.006. 3. Hall, C.M.S., Droser, M.L., Gehling, J.G., Dzaugis. M.E. 2015. Paleoecology of the enigmatic Tribrachidium: New data from the Ediacaran of South Australia. Precambrian Research 269:183-194. 4. Gold, D. A., Runnegar, B., Gehling, J.G., and Jacobs, D.K. 2015. Ancestral state reconstruction of ontogeny supports a bilaterian affinity for Dickinsonia. Evolution and Development 17 (6), 315–397. 5. Tarhan, L.G., Droser, M.L. and Gehling, J.G. 2015. Taphonomy and morphology of the Ediacara form genus Aspidella. Precambrian Research 257:124-136. 6. Tarhan, L.G., Droser, M.L. and Gehling, J.G. 2015. Depositional and preservational environments of the Ediacara Member, Rawnsley Quartzite (South Australia): Assessment of paleoenvironmental proxies and the timing of ‘ferruginization’. Palaeogeography, Palaeclimatology, Paleoecology in press. Palaeo Down Under2 — July 2016 Association of Australasian Palaeontologists (AAP) is organizing a Palaeo Down Under 2 conference at the University of Adelaide in South Australia from July 10-15. The conference is preceded by a Field Excursion to key Cambrian localities of Kangaroo Island, the Fleurieu Peninsula and the Cambrian and Ediacaran of the Flinders Ranges from July 3-9. Ediacara Research — South Australia 2015 Ediacara research in South Australia has continued with further excavations at the National Heritage Listed Ediacara Fossil Site at Nilpena, a new site in the northern Flinders Ranges of South Australia, and for the first time, at the historic discovery site in the Ediacara Conservation Park. -
The Cambrian Explosion: a Big Bang in the Evolution of Animals
The Cambrian Explosion A Big Bang in the Evolution of Animals Very suddenly, and at about the same horizon the world over, life showed up in the rocks with a bang. For most of Earth’s early history, there simply was no fossil record. Only recently have we come to discover otherwise: Life is virtually as old as the planet itself, and even the most ancient sedimentary rocks have yielded fossilized remains of primitive forms of life. NILES ELDREDGE, LIFE PULSE, EPISODES FROM THE STORY OF THE FOSSIL RECORD The Cambrian Explosion: A Big Bang in the Evolution of Animals Our home planet coalesced into a sphere about four-and-a-half-billion years ago, acquired water and carbon about four billion years ago, and less than a billion years later, according to microscopic fossils, organic cells began to show up in that inert matter. Single-celled life had begun. Single cells dominated life on the planet for billions of years before multicellular animals appeared. Fossils from 635,000 million years ago reveal fats that today are only produced by sponges. These biomarkers may be the earliest evidence of multi-cellular animals. Soon after we can see the shadowy impressions of more complex fans and jellies and things with no names that show that animal life was in an experimental phase (called the Ediacran period). Then suddenly, in the relatively short span of about twenty million years (given the usual pace of geologic time), life exploded in a radiation of abundance and diversity that contained the body plans of almost all the animals we know today. -
Australia's National Heritage
Ediacara Fossils ▲ Date of inscription: 11 January 2007 78 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONAL HERITAGE Ediacara Fossil Site – Nilpena, South Australia Today Australia is a hot, dry continent but hundreds of millions of years ago the landscape was very different – most of eastern Australia lay under shallow, warm seas. Between 570 and 540 million years ago (long before Some scientists believe many of the organisms dinosaurs roamed the Earth) these warm seas were found at Ediacara may represent early algae, lichens inhabited by soft bodied organisms, similar to jellyfi sh. or even multicellular ‘experiments’, which bear little resemblance to organisms existing anywhere Some of these organisms became trapped in fi ne silt in the world today. There are many questions that in tidal fl ats and were fossilised as the silt turned to surrounding these ancient organisms; how they lived, stone. As sea levels changed, the seafl oor become part how they evolved and what creatures alive today are of what we today know as the Flinders Ranges in their descendents. South Australia, and the fossils found there formed part of a period known today as the Ediacaran Period. The fossils of this period resemble the fl atworms, Examples of these unusual and fragile fossils, including soft corals and jellyfi sh we know today and range in Dickinsonia and Spriggina can be seen at the South size from a few centimetres up to a metre long. This Australian Museum. diverse array of fossil specimens includes anemones, annelid worms, crustaceans, echinoderms and possible In 1946, while exploring for minerals, geologist ancestors of trilobites. -
What Came Before the Cambrian Explosion
What Came Before the Cambrian? Advanced Reading The Cambrian Explosion was an era of significant evolution of animal life. What came before the Cambrian era that, in a sense, opened the door for the new body forms to evolve? The geologic era before the Cambrian was called the Ediacran, lasting from about 635 to 542 million years ago. Scientists often characterize this era as an “experimental” phase in the evolution of animals. By this time unicellular life had been around for millions of years and a mat of microbes covered parts of the seafloor. The first multicellular animals that evolved could have grazed on those microbes. The fossils from the Ediacran mostly show soft-bodied organisms. Some of these fossils look like fronds, discs and blobs, and aren’t easy to identify. Others seem to be related to Cnidarians or to be soft-bodied relatives of arthropods or perhaps Echinoderms. In addition, there are trace fossils, probably made by worm-like creatures. Many of the fossil animals remain mysterious and may represent lines of animals that no longer exist. But fossils are not the only evidence of animal life in the Ediacran. In fact the first evidence of sponges is not a body fossil but rather a biochemical fossil. When an animal dies, some of its molecules break down into a stable form that can last in rocks for millions of years just like body fossils. These are biochemical fossils. Scientists have found an Ediacran biochemical fossil of a fat molecule found today only in sponges. The name Ediacran comes from the Ediacra Hills of South Australia, the most famous location of these fossils. -
1 Tommotiids from the Early Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) of Morocco and the Evolution Of
1 1 Tommotiids from the early Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3) of Morocco and the evolution of 2 the tannuolinid scleritome and setigerous shell structures in stem group brachiopods 3 4 by CHRISTIAN B. SKOVSTED1, SÉBASTIEN CLAUSEN2, J. JAVIER ÁLVARO3 and 5 DEBORAH PONLEVÉ2 6 7 1 Department of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE- 8 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, [email protected]. 9 2 UMR 8217 Géosystèmes, UFR Sciences de la Terre, Université Lille 1, 10 [email protected], [email protected]. 11 3 Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC/INTA), Ctra. de Torrejón a Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de 12 Ardoz, Spain, [email protected] 13 14 Abstract: An assemblage of tannuolinid sclerites is described from the Amouslek Formation 15 (Souss Basin) of the Anti-Atlas Mountains in Morocco. The assemblage contains two species, 16 Tannuolina maroccana n. sp. which is represented by a small number of mitral and sellate 17 sclerites and Micrina sp., represented by a single mitral sclerite. Tannuolina maroccana 18 differs from other species of the genus in the presence of both bilaterally symmetrical and 19 strongly asymmetrical sellate sclerites. This observation suggests that the scleritome of 20 Tannuolina was more complex than previously thought and that this tommotiid may have held 21 a more basal position in the brachiopod stem group than previously assumed. The shell 22 structure of both T. maroccana and Micrina sp. is well preserved and exhibits two 23 fundamentally different sets of tubular structures, only one of which was likely to contain 24 shell penetrating setae. -
The Secrets of Fossils Lesson by Tucker Hirsch
The Secrets of Fossils Lesson by Tucker Hirsch Video Titles: Introduction: A New view of the Evolution of Animals Cambrian Explosion Jenny Clack, Paleontologist: The First Vertebrate Walks on Land Des Collins, Paleontologist: The Burgess Shale Activity Subject: Assessing evolutionary links NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARDS and evidence from comparative analysis of the fossil MS-LS4-1 Analyze and interpret data for patterns record and modern day organisms. in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms Grade Level: 6 – 8 grades throughout the history of life on Earth under the Introduction assumptions that natural laws operate today as In this lesson students make connections between in the past. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis fossils and modern day organisms. Using the is on finding patterns of changes in the level of information about the Cambrian Explosion, they complexity of anatomical structures in organisms explore theories about how and why organisms diversified. Students hypothesize what evidence and the chronological order of fossil appearance might be helpful to connect fossil organisms to in the rock layers.] [Assessment Boundary: modern organisms to show evolutionary connections. Assessment does not include the names of Students use three videos from shapeoflife.org. individual species or geological eras in the fossil record.] Assessments Written MS-LS4-2 Apply scientific ideas to construct an Time 100-120 minutes (2 class periods) explanation for the anatomical similarities and Group Size Varies; single student, student pairs, differences among modern organisms and between entire class modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis Materials and Preparation is on explanations of the evolutionary relationships • Access to the Internet to watch 4 Shape of Life videos among organisms in terms of similarity or • Video Worksheet differences of the gross appearance of anatomical • “Ancient-Modern” Activity. -
J32 the Importance of the Burgess Shale < Soft Bodied Fauna >
580 Chapter j PALEOCONTINENTS The Present is the Key to the Past: HUGH RANCE j32 The importance of the Burgess shale < soft bodied fauna > Only about 33 animal body plans are presently [sic] being used on this planet (Margulis and Schwartz, 1988). —Scott F. Gilbert, Developmental Biology, 1991.1 Almost all animal phyla known today were already present by 505 million years ago— the age of the Burgess shale, Middle Cambrian marine sediments, discovered at the Kicking Horse rim, British Columbia, in 1909 by Charles Doolittle Walcott, that provide a unique window on life without hard parts that had continued to exist shortly after the time of the Cambrian explosion (see Topic j34).2 Legend has it that Walcott, then secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, vacationing near Field, British Columbia, was thrown from a horse carrying him, when it tripped on, and split open a stray fallen slab of shale. Walcott, with his face literally rubbed in it, saw strange, but not hallucinational, forms crisply etched in black against the blue-black bedding surface of the shale: a bonanza of fossils of sea creatures without mineralized shells or backbones. Many are preserved whole; including those with articulated organic (biodegradable) exoskeletons. Details of even their soft body parts can be seen (best using PTM)3 as silvery films (formed of phyllosilicates on a coating of kerogenized carbon) that commonly outline even the most delicate structures on the fossilized animal.4 The Burgess shale is part of the Stephen Formation of greenish shales and thin-bedded limestones, which is a marine-offlap deposit between the thick, massive, carbonates of the overlying Eldon formation, and the underlying Cathedral formation.6 As referenced in the Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin - Chapter 8, the Stephen Formation has been “informally divided into a normal, ‘thin Stephen’ on the platform areas and a ‘thick Stephen’ west of the Cathedral Escarpment. -
Can Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record Be Reconciled?
Prospects & Overviews Review essays The origin of animals: Can molecular clocks and the fossil record be reconciled? John A. Cunningham1)2)Ã, Alexander G. Liu1)†, Stefan Bengtson2) and Philip C. J. Donoghue1) The evolutionary emergence of animals is one of the most Introduction significant episodes in the history of life, but its timing remains poorly constrained. Molecular clocks estimate that The apparent absence of a fossil record prior to the appearance of trilobites in the Cambrian famously troubled Darwin. He animals originated and began diversifying over 100 million wrote in On the origin of species that if his theory of evolution years before the first definitive metazoan fossil evidence in were true “it is indisputable that before the lowest [Cambrian] the Cambrian. However, closer inspection reveals that clock stratum was deposited ... the world swarmed with living estimates and the fossil record are less divergent than is creatures.” Furthermore, he could give “no satisfactory answer” often claimed. Modern clock analyses do not predict the as to why older fossiliferous deposits had not been found [1]. In the intervening century and a half, a record of Precambrian presence of the crown-representatives of most animal phyla fossils has been discovered extending back over three billion in the Neoproterozoic. Furthermore, despite challenges years (popularly summarized in [2]). Nevertheless, “Darwin’s provided by incomplete preservation, a paucity of phylo- dilemma” regarding the origin and early evolution of Metazoa genetically informative characters, and uncertain expecta- arguably persists, because incontrovertible fossil evidence for tions of the anatomy of early animals, a number of animals remains largely, or some might say completely, absent Neoproterozoic fossils can reasonably be interpreted as from Neoproterozoic rocks [3]. -
Recent Advances and Unanswered Questions in Deep Molluscan Phylogenetics Author(S): Kevin M
Recent Advances and Unanswered Questions in Deep Molluscan Phylogenetics Author(s): Kevin M. Kocot Source: American Malacological Bulletin, 31(1):195-208. 2013. Published By: American Malacological Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/006.031.0112 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4003/006.031.0112 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Amer. Malac. Bull. 31(1): 195–208 (2013) Recent advances and unanswered questions in deep molluscan phylogenetics* Kevin M. Kocot Auburn University, Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, U.S.A. Correspondence, Kevin M. Kocot: [email protected] Abstract. Despite the diversity and importance of Mollusca, evolutionary relationships among the eight major lineages have been a longstanding unanswered question in Malacology. Early molecular studies of deep molluscan phylogeny, largely based on nuclear ribosomal gene data, as well as morphological cladistic analyses largely failed to provide robust hypotheses of relationships among major lineages. -
The Fossil Record of the Cambrian “Explosion”: Resolving the Tree of Life Critics As Posing Challenges to Evolution
Article The Fossil Record of the Cambrian “Explosion”: 1 Resolving the Tree of Life Keith B. Miller Keith B. Miller The Cambrian “explosion” has been the focus of extensive scientifi c study, discussion, and debate for decades. It has also received considerable attention by evolution critics as posing challenges to evolution. In the last number of years, fossil discoveries from around the world, and particularly in China, have enabled the reconstruction of many of the deep branches within the invertebrate animal tree of life. Fossils representing “sister groups” and “stem groups” for living phyla have been recognized within the latest Precambrian (Neoproterozoic) and Cambrian. Important transitional steps between living phyla and their common ancestors are preserved. These include the rise of mollusks from their common ancestor with the annelids, the evolution of arthropods from lobopods and priapulid worms, the likely evolution of brachiopods from tommotiids, and the rise of chordates and echinoderms from early deuterostomes. With continued new discoveries, the early evolutionary record of the animal phyla is becoming ever better resolved. The tree of life as a model for the diversifi cation of life over time remains robust, and strongly supported by the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian fossil record. he most fundamental claim of bio- (such as snails, crabs, or sea urchins) as it logical evolution is that all living does to the fi rst appearance and diversi- T organisms represent the outer tips fi cation of dinosaurs, birds, or mammals. of a diversifying, upward- branching tree This early diversifi cation of invertebrates of life. The “Tree of Life” is an extreme- apparently occurred around the time of ly powerful metaphor that captures the the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary over essence of evolution.