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Experiences of the Community Television Sector in the Migration to Digital Terrestrial Television in South Africa 2007 – 2014

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Experiences of the Community Television Sector in the Migration to Digital Terrestrial Television in South Africa 2007 – 2014 EXPERIENCES OF THE COMMUNITY TELEVISION SECTOR IN THE MIGRATION TO DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION IN SOUTH AFRICA 2007 – 2014 Fumane Diseko-Biagini 9408727K A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in ICT Policy and Regulation October 2016 ABSTRACT South Africa has a nascent community television sector, which is legislated as a tier of broadcasting. This sector is important in deepening democracy, creating access to information, giving communities the space to share information, and expanding media ownership to communities beyond the public and commercial television broadcasting sectors. Since 2007, when Soweto TV was the first community television station to be licensed, the processes towards migrating analogue to digital terrestrial television have been beset with delays and the experience of the community TV sector with respect to this migration have been not well understood. The conceptual-analytical framework for this historical study of the period 2007 to 2014 drew on the key themes of sector and institutional governance including the effectiveness of policy and regulation, technological advancement, content and services. Using a constructivist methodology the key documents pertaining to broadcast digital migration were reviewed and interviews were conducted with three community TV stations, Soweto TV, Bay TV and Cape Town TV, as well as with the policy-maker, the regulator and sector experts. The findings revealed that the community television (CTV) sector was faced with problems of sector and institutional governance not being effectively addressed in legislation and regulation, stagnation as a result of lack of spectrum in the analogue television-broadcasting dispensation and limitations on content provision. Using McConnell’s 2010 framework, analysis of the data led to the conclusion that the DTTM programme has failed with respect to the community TV sector. Advances for the CTV sector will require revision to legislation and future regulation to guide the governance of the CTV sector and the digital terrestrial television migration should be concluded without further delay, in order to enable the sector to grow. Although CTV stations are providing content to communities, the opportunity for them to make a greater impact, if digital terrestrial television (DTT) is finally launched, should be prioritised as the new technology can provide them with the scope to expand their content offerings. 2 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Francesco, Rehumile, Neo and Giume Biagini who were my pillars of strength. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge and commend my supervisor Lucienne Abrahams whose academic rigour, sagacity and supportive nature helped me to pull through. I wish to thank Ohara Ngoma-Diseko, Gaahele Diseko and Amuzweni Ngoma for their support, inspiration and encouragement. 4 DECLARATION I, Fumane Diseko-Biagini, declare that this research report is my own, unaided work. It is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts: ICT Policy and Regulation at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other university. _________________________ Fumane Diseko-Biagini October 2016 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: COMMUNITY TELEVISION AND DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION MIGRATION DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................... 12 1.1 Context and oveRview ............................................................................................ 12 1.2 Television broadcasting in South AfRica .................................................................. 14 1.3 The community television landscape in South AfRica .............................................. 17 1.4 Digital teRRestRial television miGRation in South AfRica ............................................ 22 1.5 Policy, Regulation and institutional arRangements .................................................. 24 1.5.1 National level of public policy pertaining to digital terrestrial television migration ........................................................................................................................................ 24 1.5.2 Regulation .............................................................................................................. 27 1.5.3 Sentech .................................................................................................................. 28 1.6 Summary of the Research problem ......................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 2: THE ECOSYSTEM OF COMMUNITY TELEVISION AND DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION MIGRATION ................................................................. 31 2.1 IntRoduction ........................................................................................................... 31 2.2 The peRtinent goveRnance components in the television-broadcasting enviRonment .................................................................................................................................... 31 2.3 TechnoloGy ............................................................................................................ 33 2.3.1 The role of the public service broadcaster ............................................................ 34 2.3.2 The importance of digital television in a digital era .............................................. 34 2.3.3 Different approaches to the performance period ................................................. 35 2.3.4 Market versus state led digital TV adoption .......................................................... 36 2.3.5 Stumbling blocks which hampered digital terrestrial television migration ........... 37 2.3.6 Digital converters .................................................................................................. 38 2.3.7 Solutions that were adopted to stimulate digital terrestrial television uptake .... 39 2.3.8 Effectiveness of a publicly known performance period ........................................ 40 2.4 Content and seRvices that can drive digital teRRestRial television uptake amongst consumeRs ................................................................................................................... 41 2.5 The characteRistics of community television ........................................................... 42 2.6 Summation of key concepts peRtaining to community television in a DTTM enviRonment ................................................................................................................ 43 2.6.1 Governance ........................................................................................................... 43 2.6.2 Technology ............................................................................................................ 44 2.6.3 Content and services ............................................................................................. 45 2.7 Synthesis of the paRadiGm and conceptual-analytical fRamewoRk ........................... 45 CHAPTER 3: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY FOR A BROADCASTING ECOSYSTEM ................................................................................ 47 3.1 Research problem statement ................................................................................. 47 3.2 Purpose statement ................................................................................................. 48 3.3 Research questions ................................................................................................ 49 3.4 Qualitative Research methodology for exploring the community television sector in a diGital terRestRial television miGRation enviRonment ..................................................... 49 3.5 Data collection ....................................................................................................... 51 3.5.1 Data from documents/document review .............................................................. 51 3.5.2 Data from key informants ..................................................................................... 52 3.5.3 Validity of the data ................................................................................................ 54 3.6 Research instRuments ............................................................................................ 54 6 3.7 Data analysis ............................................................................................................. 55 3.7.1 Analysis of data from documents and interviews ................................................. 56 3.7.2 McConnell: “Policy as programme” as an analytical tool ...................................... 56 3.8 Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 57 3.9 Limitations ............................................................................................................. 57 CHAPTER 4: COMMUNITY TELEVISION IN A FLAILING POLICY AND REGULATION ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................... 58 4.1 IntRoduction ........................................................................................................... 58 4.2 Issues in sector and institutional goveRnance ......................................................... 58
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