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Demographic Analysisof Erigeron Decumbens Var

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Demographic Analysisof Erigeron Decumbens Var DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ERIGERON DECUMBENS VAR. DECUMBENS, AN ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OREGON 1999 Field Studies Prepared by Deborah L. Clark Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Western Oregon NWR Refuge Complex Order No. 1448-13590-9-M047A February 2000 SUMMARY Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, known only from the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the state of Oregon. In 1993 a long-term population monitoring program for Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens was initiated at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge (Polk County). The objectives were to assess long-term population trends, particularly patterns of reproduction, recruitment, and mortality. This report presents the results of the demographic monitoring from 1993-1999. Considered together the following demographic parameters indicate that the measured population at Baskett Butte (Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge) is declining. 1. The population size decreased every year but one with the 1999 population only 48% of the 1993 population. 2. Increasing mortality rates exceeded recruitment rates every year but one. 3. The percentage of the population that flowered generally decreased every year. 4. The average number of heads per flowering plant decreased each year beginning in 1995 to 3.4 heads per flowering plant in 1999. 5. The pattern of average basal area per plant varied but the 1999 average basal area is only 63% of that measured in 1993. To stabilize the population, adaptive management strategies need to be developed in conjunction with experimental approaches that will determine the factors responsible for the population decline. A second approach to aid in the recovery of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is to increase the population by transplanting cuttings or plants grown from seed under greenhouse conditions or by sowing seeds in the field under more controlled conditions. It is strongly recommended that future efforts to stabilize the population at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge be coordinated with other agencies in the Valley who are also responsible for management of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens populations. Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens 1 Clark, D.L. INTRODUCTION Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens Nutt., the Willamette daisy, is known only from the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. Herbarium records from the 1800’s through the early 1900’s indicate that the Willamette daisy was once common and widely distributed throughout the Willamette Valley (Clark et al. 1993). However, between 1934 and 1980, this taxon was not observed or collected and was considered to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1980 at Willow Creek (Lane County) by James Kagan, and at Finley National Wildlife Refuge (Benton County) by Robert Meinke (Clark et al. 1993). Only 18 known populations remain in the Willamette Valley, ranging from Grand Ronde in the north to Goshen in the south (Clark et al.1993). Most populations are small, consisting of fewer than 50 plants, with the largest concentration of sites occurring in the wetland prairies of west Eugene. Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the state of Oregon (Oregon Natural Heritage Program, 1995). Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is a perennial herb, 15-60 cm in height, with erect or somewhat prostrate, upward-curving leaves. The basal leaves are mostly linear (5-12 cm) and narrow in width (<1 cm) (Clark et al. 1993). It appears to spread vegetatively, often forming large clumps (Clark et al. 1993). Flowering stems appear primarily in June and July, producing 1-5 heads, each of which is daisy-like with pinkish to pale blue ray flowers and yellow disk flowers. Of six observed pollinator species, the native butterfly Phyciodes campestris (the field crescent), commonly found in the Northwest, appears to be the most effective pollinator, with syrphid fly Toxomerous occidentalis also important (Jackson 1996). The variety of insects visitors suggest that Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is a generalist in regard to its pollinators (Jackson 1996). However, these pollinators tended to favor Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, and were frequently observed traveling around flowers of other species to reach Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, suggesting the insects are specialists in regard to the food sources they select (Jackson 1996). Wind-dispersed seeds, produced in July and August, are small with a pappus consisting of capillary-like bristles (Clark et al.1993). The estimated average dispersal distance is 94.24 cm (Jackson 1996). This estimate does not include convection, nor the Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens 2 Clark, D.L. possibility of rare long-distance transport, which is almost certain to occur in some circumstances (Jackson 1996). The presence of a persistent seedbank for Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is unknown. Laboratory studies indicate, that despite abundant achenes, few seeds are filled (<11%) and only about 65% are viable (Clark et al. 1997). Germination under laboratory conditions required seed coat scarification (Clark et al.1997). Seed germination in pots placed outdoors occurred in April and May (Clark et al. 1997). The primary habitat for Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is wetland prairies, dominated by Deschampsia caespitosa (tufted hairgrass). Seasonal flooding occurs in these low, flat regions, creating anaerobic and strongly reducing soils during winter and spring months (Clark et al. 1993, Finley 1994). The Willamette daisy also grows at a few upland prairie sites, which have moderate to well-drained soils and are characterized by a mix of native bunchgrasses, including Festuca roemeri, Bromus carinatus (California brome), and Elymus glaucus (blue wild rye). Scattered Quercus garryana (white oak) are often present. One such population of Willamette daisy exists at the summit of Baskett Butte, within Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge south of Monmouth. Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens usually occurs were woody cover is slow or absent, and where the cover of herbaceous vegetation is low relative to surrounding areas (Clark et al.1993). It has not been considered to be the dominant species at a site. Before the mid-1800’s the Kalapuya, indigenous people of the Valley, maintained both wetland and upland prairies by setting seasonal fires, facilitating hunting and gathering of food (Boyd 1986, Toepel 1991, Boag 1992). The frequent fires prevented widespread abundance of woody species. Today, native prairies are considered among the rarest of Oregon’s ecosystems and are refuges for many other rare species in addition to Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens (Noss 1995). Factors that contributed to the destruction of these unique prairies include urban and agricultural development, threats that are also prominent today (Johannessen et al. 1971, Towle 1982). Succession to shrublands and forests threaten most of the few remnants of undeveloped prairie. With the suppression of the large-scale fires in the early 1800’s, woody plants increased in abundance, eliminating suitable growing conditions for the prairie species (Habeck 1962, Johannessen et al. 1971, Towle 1982). In addition, weedy non-native species introduced Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens 3 Clark, D.L. with wide-spread settlement in the mid-1800s have spread rapidly, often dominating and suppressing native vegetation. In 1993 D. Clark, C. Ingersoll, and K. Finley, funded by Oregon Department of Agriculture, completed the status report of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens and initiated a long-term population monitoring program (Ingersoll et al. 1993). Permanent monitoring plots were initially established at three sites: Fisher Butte (Fern Ridge Research Natural Area managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), Bald Hill City Park (managed by City of Corvallis), Baskett Butte (Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). The objectives of this monitoring program were to assess long-term population trends of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, particularly patterns of reproduction, recruitment, and mortality. Past results were reported in Ingersoll et al.(1995), Finley and Ingersoll (1995), and Finley (1998). This present report presents the results of monitoring during the 1999 field season at one of the sites, Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge (Polk County, Oregon). METHODS Study site The study area for the monitoring is located to the southeast of the south peak (Mt. Baldy) of Baskett Butte, a promontory within the Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge. The dry slope with shallow rocky soil mapped as Chehulpam and Stiewer/Santiam series, supports a mixture of native herbaceous species Festuca roemeri and Danthonia californica and weedy non-native species such as Arrhenatherum elatius with encroachment by woody species Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhus diversiloba, Rosa eglanteria, Rubus discolor, and Crataegus spp. Study Design Approximate boundaries of the Willamette daisy population at Baskett Butte were delineated in 1993. Macroplots, encompassing areas of somewhat homogeneous vegetation, were selected to represent the range of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens densities at the site. One high-density, two moderate-density, and one low density Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens 4 Clark, D.L. macroplots were established (Appendix A). Within each macroplot, the number of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens
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