Counting on Counties
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Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution*
Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution* J. Bradford De Long NBER and Harvard University Andrei Shleifer Harvard University and NBER March 1992; revised December 1992 Abstract As measured by the pace of city growth in western Europe from 1000 to 1800, absolutist monarchs stunted the growth of commerce and industry. A region ruled by an absolutist prince saw its total urban population shrink by one hundred thousand people per century relative to a region without absolutist government. This might be explained by higher rates of taxation under revenue-maximizing absolutist governments than under non- absolutist governments, which care more about general economic prosperity and less about State revenue. *We thank Alberto Alesina, Marco Becht, Claudia Goldin, Carol Heim, Larry Katz, Paul Krugman, Michael Kremer, Robert Putnam, and Robert Waldmann for helpful discussions. We also wish to thank the National Bureau of Economic Research, and the National Science Foundation for support. 1. Introduction One of the oldest themes in economics is the incompatibility of despotism and development. Economies in which security of property is lacking—either because of the possibility of arrest, ruin, or execution at the command of the ruling prince, or the possibility of ruinous taxation— should, according to economists, see relative stagnation. By contrast, economies in which property is secure—either because of strong constitutional restrictions on the prince, or because the ruling élite is made up of merchants rather -
My County Works Activity Book
My County Works A County Government Activity Book Dear Educators and Parents, The National Association of Counties, in partnership with iCivics, is proud to present “My County Works,” a county government activity book for children. It is designed to introduce students to counties’ vast responsibilities and the important role counties play in our lives every day. Counties are one of America’s oldest forms of government, dating back to 1634 when the first county governments (known as shires) were established in Virginia. The organization and structure of today’s 3,069 county governments are chartered under state constitutions or laws and are tailored to fit the needs and characteristics of states and local areas. No two counties are exactly the same. In Alaska, counties are called boroughs; in Louisiana, they’re known as parishes. But in every state, county governments are on the front lines of serving the public and helping our communities thrive. We hope that this activity book can bring to life the leadership and fundamental duties of county government. We encourage students, parents and educators to invite your county officials to participate first-hand in these lessons–to discuss specifically how your county works. It’s never too early for children to start learning about civics and how they can help make our communities better places to live, work and play. Please visit www.naco.org for more information about why counties matter and our efforts to advance healthy, vibrant, safe counties across the United States. Matthew Chase Executive Director National Association of Counties Partnering with iCivics The National Association of Counties and iCivics have developed a collection of civic education resources to help young people learn about county government. -
Want to Learn More About Maine State History?
12 Want to Learn More About Maine State History? Maine has many wonderful history museums! Ask your parents to take you to one of the following museums to learn more Maps & about Maine’s history: Maine State Museum, Augusta www.mainestatemuseum.org Maine Historical Society, Portland www. mainehistory.org Maine Maritime Museum, Bath State History www. mainemaritimemuseum.org Page Farm and Home Museum, Orono www. umaine.edu/pagefarm Maine Forest and Logging Museum, Orono www. leonardsmills.com Washborn Norlands Living History Center, Livermore www. norlands.org Acadian Village, Van Buren www. connectmaine.com/acadianvillage and of course... Completed By usm.maine.edu/maps 2 Table of Contents 11 Maine State Seal 3 Maine’s Earliest Map 4 Maine’s Industries 6 A. The Aroostook War 8 Maine’s Counties 10 Learning More About Maine History 12 Key Terms B. C. Remember what you’ve learned about the following terms. Define each term in your own words. Symbol or Seal D. Agriculture E. F. K. Lumbering J. G. I. Boundary or Border H. O. N. P. M. County L. Legend- Counties created during British rule (before 1776) County Seat Counties created while a district of Massachusetts (1776- 1820) Counties created while a state, but before final borders (1820- 1843) Counties created after final borders (after 1843) 10 Maine’s Counties Maine State Seal 3 Use the charts below and map of Maine (to the right) to learn about Maine’s state seal is pictured below. In the center, there is a moose sitting in front of a Maine’s 16 counties. -
County Government in Mississippi Fifth Edition
County Government in Mississippi FIFTH EDITION County Government in Mississippi Fifth Edition Sumner Davis and Janet P. Baird, Editors Contributors Michael T. Allen Roberto Gallardo Kenneth M. Murphree Janet Baird Heath Hillman James L. Roberts, Jr. Tim Barnard Tom Hood Jonathan M. Shook David Brinton Samuel W. Keyes, Jr. W. Edward Smith Michael Caples Michael Keys Derrick Surrette Brad Davis Michael Lanford H. Carey Webb Sumner Davis Frank McCain Randall B. Wall Gary E. Friedman Jerry L. Mills Joe B. Young Judy Mooney With forewords by Gary Jackson, PhD, and Derrick Surrette © 2015 Center for Government & Community Development Mississippi State University Extension Service Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 © 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the Center for Government & Community Development, Mississippi State University Extension Service. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information regarding the organization and operation of county government in Mississippi. It is distributed with the understanding that the editors, the individual authors, and the Center for Government & Community Development in the Mississippi State University Extension Service are not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required by the readers, the services of the Office of the Attorney General of Mississippi, the Office of the State Auditor of Mississippi, a county attorney, or some other competent professional should be sought. FOREWORD FROM THE MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERVICE The Mississippi State University Extension Service is a vital, unbiased, research-based, client- driven organization. -
2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems
NCES 2019 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE) Program 2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE) Program 2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems JUNE 2019 Doug Geverdt National Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education ii U.S. Department of Education Betsy DeVos Secretary Institute of Education Sciences Mark Schneider Director National Center for Education Statistics James L. Woodworth Commissioner Administrative Data Division Ross Santy Associate Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, Congress, states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. -
A Technical Note on Spatial Aggregation for Independent Cities and Counties in Virginia Jing Chen West Virginia University, [email protected]
Regional Research Institute Technical Documents Regional Research Institute 8-8-2017 A Technical Note on Spatial Aggregation for Independent Cities and Counties in Virginia Jing Chen West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri_tech_docs Part of the Regional Economics Commons Digital Commons Citation Chen, Jing, "A Technical Note on Spatial Aggregation for Independent Cities and Counties in Virginia" (2017). Regional Research Institute Technical Documents. 1. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri_tech_docs/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Regional Research Institute at The Research Repository @ WVU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Regional Research Institute Technical Documents by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Regional Research Institute West Virginia University Technical Document Series A Technical Note on Spatial Aggregation for Independent Cities and Counties in Virginia Jing Chen, Graduate Research Assistant, Regional Research Institute and Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University RRI TechDoc 2017-03 Date submitted: August 8, 2017 Key words/Codes: Spatial Aggregation, Virginia, Independent Cities, Python; R00, Y10 A Technical Note on Spatial Aggregation for Independent Cities and Counties in Virginia Jing Chen∗ August 8, 2017 Abstract This document provides an overview of two approaches to treat Virginia's independent cites in county-level data sets. Then, issues of spatial aggregation and geographical division change are introdu- ced respectively. A Python function for spatial aggregation is also provided. Although this document focuses on independent cities and counties in Virginia, it can be extended into other regions for spatial aggregation. -
Where Immigrants Settle in the United States
IZA DP No. 1231 Where Immigrants Settle in the United States Barry R. Chiswick Paul W. Miller DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES DISCUSSION PAPER August 2004 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Where Immigrants Settle in the United States Barry R. Chiswick University of Illinois at Chicago and IZA Bonn Paul W. Miller University of Western Australia Discussion Paper No. 1231 August 2004 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 Email: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1231 August 2004 ABSTRACT ∗ Where Immigrants Settle in the United States This paper is concerned with the location of immigrants in the United States, as reported in the 1990 Census. -
Government in Missouri by David Stokes with Research Assistance by Justin Hauke
policy study NUMBER 18 FEBRUARY 5, 2009 government in missouri By David Stokes With research assistance by Justin Hauke executive This study particularly focuses on the theories of public choice economics, summary a branch that studies the institutional This policy study undertakes a incentives of government and politics. broad review of Missouri’s state and The analysis considers several prevailing local governmental structure, as public choice theories and gauges their viewed from the perspective of public applicability to the specific cases present choice economics. It applies various in Missouri: whether larger legislatures economic theories, as well as insights lead to increased spending; whether at- from the broader world of political large legislative bodies spend less than science, to Missouri’s present system districted bodies; and, whether a given of government and politics. Throughout jurisdiction can have both too many and the study, the term “government” too few elected officials. refers to the exact bodies and officials The resulting data is compared that compose it, rather than to more to observed spending levels within theoretical ideas regarding the role it Missouri governments. This study’s should have in our lives. findings include proof of the economies In order to facilitate an analysis of scale that occur when measuring of Missouri government, this study spending within smaller Missouri David Stokes is a first provides a detailed outline of how counties. They also describe the lack of policy analyst for the the state’s many government units any hard proof of relative overspending Show-Me Institute. are structured, including legislative in the city of Saint Louis, despite strong Justin Hauke is a former bodies and elected officials at the theoretical indications that such proof policy analyst for the state, county, township, and municipal might be found. -
D Inwiddie C Ounty G Overnment S Ervices D Irectory
D i n w i d d i e C o u n t y G o v e r n m e n t S e r v i c e s D i r e c t o r y “Where there is Freedom, There is my Country” Scale of Justice – Government Tobacco Leaf and Pine Tree – Major Industry Indian – Indian History (In original coat-of-arms) In 1752, Dinwiddie County was created by Act of the General Assembly when Prince George County was divided. The act provided: “Be it therefore enacted, by the Lieutenant-Governor, Council, and Burgesses, of this present General Assembly, and it is herby enacted, by the authority of the same, That from and immediately after the first day of May next ensuing, the said County of Prince George be divided into two counties; that is to say: All that part thereof, lying on the upper sided of the run which falls into Appomattox river, between the town of Blandford, and Bolling’s point warehouses, to the outermost line of the glebe land and by a south course to be run from said outermost line of the glebe land, to Surry County, shall be one distinct county, and called and known by the name Dinwiddie and all that other part thereof below the said run and course, shall be one other distinct county and retain the name of Prince George. From 1702 until 1752 the history of Dinwiddie County is linked to that of Prince George County. Before 1702, both Dinwiddie and Prince George Counties were part of Charles City County created in 1634. -
Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES ECONOMICS Former colonies The power and influence of the •Ferdinand • Aung San in Southeast Asia worked to Pacific Rim nations are likely to Marcos Suu Kyi build new governments expand during the next century. • Corazón • Sukarno and economies. Aquino • Suharto SETTING THE STAGE World War II had a significant impact on the colonized groups of Southeast Asia. During the war, the Japanese seized much of Southeast Asia from the European nations that had controlled the region for many years. The Japanese conquest helped the people of Southeast Asia see that the Europeans were far from invincible. When the war ended, and the Japanese themselves had been forced out, many Southeast Asians refused to live again under European rule. They called for and won their independence, and a series of new nations emerged. TAKING NOTES The Philippines Achieves Independence Summarizing Use a chart to summarize the major The Philippines became the first of the world’s colonies to achieve independence challenges that Southeast following World War II. The United States granted the Philippines independence Asian countries faced in 1946, on the anniversary of its own Declaration of Independence, the Fourth after independence. of July. The United States and the Philippines The Filipinos’ immediate goals were Challenges Nation Following to rebuild the economy and to restore the capital of Manila. The city had been Independence badly damaged in World War II. The United States had promised the Philippines The $620 million in war damages. However, the U.S. -
The Geography of Government Geography
Research Note The Geography of Government Geography Old Dominion University Center for Real Estate and Economic Development http://www.odu.edu/creed 1 The Geography of Government Geography In glancing over articles in journals, magazines, or newspapers, the reader quite often encounters terms that make sense within the article’s context, but are seemingly hard to compare with other expressions; a few examples would include phrases such as Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Planning Districts, Labor Market Areas, and, even, Hampton Roads (what or where is that?). Definitions don’t stay static; they occasionally change. For instance, in June 2004 the United States General Accounting Office (GAO) published new standards for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (GAO report, GAO-04-758). To provide some illumination on this topic, the following examines the basic definitions and how they apply to the Hampton Roads region. Terminology, Old and New Let’s review a few basic definitions1: Metropolitan Statistical Area – To be considered a Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area must have at least one urbanized grouping of 50,000 or more people. The phrase “Metropolitan Statistical Area” has been traditionally referred to as “MSA”. The Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the central county or counties or independent cities containing the core area, as well as adjoining counties. 1 The definitions are derived from several sources included in the “For Further Reading and Reference” section of this article. 2 Micropolitan Statistical Area – This is a relatively new term and was introduced in 2000. A Micropolitan Statistical Area is a locale with a central county or counties or independent cities with, at a minimum, an urban grouping having no less than 10,000 people, but no more than 50,000. -
Twixt Ocean and Pines : the Seaside Resort at Virginia Beach, 1880-1930 Jonathan Mark Souther
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 5-1996 Twixt ocean and pines : the seaside resort at Virginia Beach, 1880-1930 Jonathan Mark Souther Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Souther, Jonathan Mark, "Twixt ocean and pines : the seaside resort at Virginia Beach, 1880-1930" (1996). Master's Theses. Paper 1037. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TWIXT OCEAN AND PINES: THE SEASIDE RESORT AT VIRGINIA BEACH, 1880-1930 Jonathan Mark Souther Master of Arts University of Richmond, 1996 Robert C. Kenzer, Thesis Director This thesis descnbes the first fifty years of the creation of Virginia Beach as a seaside resort. It demonstrates the importance of railroads in promoting the resort and suggests that Virginia Beach followed a similar developmental pattern to that of other ocean resorts, particularly those ofthe famous New Jersey shore. Virginia Beach, plagued by infrastructure deficiencies and overshadowed by nearby Ocean View, did not stabilize until its promoters shifted their attention from wealthy northerners to Tidewater area residents. After experiencing difficulties exacerbated by the Panic of 1893, the burning of its premier hotel in 1907, and the hesitation bred by the Spanish American War and World War I, Virginia Beach enjoyed robust growth during the 1920s. While Virginia Beach is often perceived as a post- World War II community, this thesis argues that its prewar foundation was critical to its subsequent rise to become the largest city in Virginia.