DOCSLIB.ORG

The Geography of Government Geography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Geography of Government Geography Research Note The Geography of Government Geography Old Dominion University Center for Real Estate and Economic Development http://www.odu.edu/creed 1 The Geography of Government Geography In glancing over articles in journals, magazines, or newspapers, the reader quite often encounters terms that make sense within the article’s context, but are seemingly hard to compare with other expressions; a few examples would include phrases such as Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Planning Districts, Labor Market Areas, and, even, Hampton Roads (what or where is that?). Definitions don’t stay static; they occasionally change. For instance, in June 2004 the United States General Accounting Office (GAO) published new standards for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (GAO report, GAO-04-758). To provide some illumination on this topic, the following examines the basic definitions and how they apply to the Hampton Roads region. Terminology, Old and New Let’s review a few basic definitions1: Metropolitan Statistical Area – To be considered a Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area must have at least one urbanized grouping of 50,000 or more people. The phrase “Metropolitan Statistical Area” has been traditionally referred to as “MSA”. The Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the central county or counties or independent cities containing the core area, as well as adjoining counties. 1 The definitions are derived from several sources included in the “For Further Reading and Reference” section of this article. 2 Micropolitan Statistical Area – This is a relatively new term and was introduced in 2000. A Micropolitan Statistical Area is a locale with a central county or counties or independent cities with, at a minimum, an urban grouping having no less than 10,000 people, but no more than 50,000. Unfortunately, the initials of this new term conflict with the very common use of “MSA” and may lead to some confusion in general conversation. Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) – The term CBSA became effective in 2000 and refers collectively to Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas. The area must have an urban cluster or urbanized area with at least 10,000 people. Urban cluster – An urban cluster is described by the Census Bureau as consisting of a central place (and adjoining locations) that contain no fewer than 2,500 people and has an overall density of 1,000 people per square mile. Urbanized area – The Census Bureau classifies an urbanized area as a central place (and adjoining locations) that have no fewer than 50,000 inhabitants with no less than 1,000 people per square mile. Principal city – Within a CBSA, the principal city is the largest city; nevertheless, additional cities in the CBSA can be designated as “principal” if they meet certain population and employment standards. 3 Prior to 2000, the principal city/cities would have been called the “central city/cities”.2 Independent City – There are a number of definitions, but the Census Bureau explanation is pretty succinct: “An incorporated place that is a primary division of a state and legally not part of any county.” When the Census Bureau accumulates data, independent cities are looked at as a county equivalent. Labor Market Areas – Labor Market Areas (LMAs) are the basic units of geography used for the estimation of local area unemployment statistics. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics at the U.S. Department of Labor, a LMA is "…an economically integrated geographic area within which individuals can reside and find employment within a reasonable distance or can readily change employment without changing their place of residence." The LMAs do not overlap and may cross state borders. LMAs are re-chosen after each census cycle (e.g., every 10 years). There are roughly 2,400 LMAs and they cover the complete national area. Planning District – As indicated by the Code of Virginia (§ 15.2-4202), a Planning District (PD) is “…a contiguous area within the boundaries established by the Department of Housing and Community Development.” Once the geographical confines are set, the localities within the PD may 2 Readers may be interested in the standard for the principal city or cities: “Principal cities include the largest incorporated place with a population of 10,000 or more or, if no incorporated place of at least 10,000 is present, the largest incorporated place or census designated place in the CBSA AND each place of at least 250,000 population or in which at least 100,000 persons work AND each place with a population of at least 50,000, but less than 250,000 in which employment meets or exceeds the number of employed residents AND each place with a population that is at least 10,000 and 1/3 the size of the largest place, and in which employment meets or exceeds the number of employed residents.” 4 opt to create a Planning District Commission, which is charged (Code of Virginia, § 15.2-4207) to address regional issues and advance the development of the physical, social and economic components. Why Statistical Areas? Here’s a reasonable question: why are “statistical areas” important? Answer: certain federal statutes determine eligibility for the allocation of federal funds by the use of defined geographic areas. These federal statutes include funding for items such as base closure initiatives, locality pay, urban community service grants, empowerment zones, mortgage bonds, various Medicare payment/fee rates, community development block grants, and many others. In June 2000, there were 362 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, while there were 560 Micropolitan Statistical Areas nationwide (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003). What’s important in terms of recognition for potential federal funding is that 83 percent of the U.S. population live in a Metropolitan Statistical Area and 10 percent live in a Micropolitan Statistical Area3. How do nearby counties or independent cities become lumped into a Metropolitan (or Micropolitan) Statistical Area? By the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definition, those outlying areas can be included if they have “…a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county as measured through commuting” (Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs - Office of Management and Budget, December 27, 2000). 3 The other 7% of the population are located in rural areas that do not meet the definitions for inclusion with a Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Areas. Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Areas are not all inclusive of the geographic area of the U.S, unlike Labor Market Areas. 5 There’s a very interesting nuance in OMB’s new classification for the outlying areas in their CBSAs: the convention of employment-based commuting as the single criterion. Previously, there were six factors (population density, urban percentage, commuting, and others). The concept of using job location and daily commuting has been debated as a gauge because of economic considerations, the presence of retired populations or telecommuting work-place substitutions; however, inter-city/inter-county commuting has increased over the last 40 years and the majority of comments to OMB have been supportive of using commuting, at least for the present, as a straight-forward measure. OMB establishes that an area is an outlier if no fewer than 25 percent of their employed inhabitants commute to the central area(s) or no fewer than 25 percent of the jobs within the (outlying) area are accounted for by workers who live in the central area(s); this measure is referred to as an employment interchange measure. Where Does Our Region Stand? In 1999, the major cities or counties in the Hampton Roads region were part of the “Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area”. With the population shift towards Virginia Beach, the name was changed to the “Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area”.4 Also, prior to the change in standard (and the population update), the Norfolk- Virginia Beach-Newport News area consisted of the three named cities, plus Portsmouth, 4 Note that Chesapeake is not included in this list of cities. The U.S. Census Bureau only includes up to three (3) named cities or counties, based on their standards: “The largest city in each metropolitan or micropolitan statistical area is designated a ‘principal city’. Additional cities qualify if specified requirements are met concerning population size and employment. The title of each metropolitan or micropolitan statistical area consists of the names of up to three of its principal cities and the name of each state…” 6 Chesapeake, Hampton, Poquoson, Suffolk, Williamsburg, Gloucester County, Isle of Wight County, James City County, Mathews County, York County, and Currituck County (NC). However, the combined effect of change in population and classification has changed the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area slightly; Surry County is now part of the statistical area.5 There are no Micropolitan Statistical Areas in the Hampton Roads region. Although the name has changed (actually, the names have been moved around), Norfolk, Virginia Beach, and Newport News are still the principal cities. Chesapeake is not included in the named principal cities, as a result of the definition (based on commuting patterns in and out of the city). In contrast, the Metropolitan Statistical Area for the greater Richmond vicinity was changed from “Richmond-Petersburg, VA” to “Richmond, VA”, as a result in a change of demographics. Independent Cities In the Hampton Roads area, the independent cities are Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Newport News, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, Hampton, Poquoson, Suffolk, Williamsburg, and Franklin.6 As a reference, other independent cities (relatively nearby) are Richmond, Petersburg, Hopewell, and Charlottesville. 5 Franklin (city) and Southampton County are not classified in a Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area. Sussex County is part of the Richmond, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area. On the Eastern Shore of Virginia, neither Northampton County nor Accomack County is classified within a statistical area in Virginia or Maryland.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution*
    Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution* J. Bradford De Long NBER and Harvard University Andrei Shleifer Harvard University and NBER March 1992; revised December 1992 Abstract As measured by the pace of city growth in western Europe from 1000 to 1800, absolutist monarchs stunted the growth of commerce and industry. A region ruled by an absolutist prince saw its total urban population shrink by one hundred thousand people per century relative to a region without absolutist government. This might be explained by higher rates of taxation under revenue-maximizing absolutist governments than under non- absolutist governments, which care more about general economic prosperity and less about State revenue. *We thank Alberto Alesina, Marco Becht, Claudia Goldin, Carol Heim, Larry Katz, Paul Krugman, Michael Kremer, Robert Putnam, and Robert Waldmann for helpful discussions. We also wish to thank the National Bureau of Economic Research, and the National Science Foundation for support. 1. Introduction One of the oldest themes in economics is the incompatibility of despotism and development. Economies in which security of property is lacking—either because of the possibility of arrest, ruin, or execution at the command of the ruling prince, or the possibility of ruinous taxation— should, according to economists, see relative stagnation. By contrast, economies in which property is secure—either because of strong constitutional restrictions on the prince, or because the ruling élite is made up of merchants rather
    [Show full text]
  • GAO-04-758 Metropolitan Statistical Areas
    United States General Accounting Office Report to the Subcommittee on GAO Technology, Information Policy, Intergovernmental Relations and the Census, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives June 2004 METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS New Standards and Their Impact on Selected Federal Programs a GAO-04-758 June 2004 METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS New Standards and Their Impact on Highlights of GAO-04-758, a report to the Selected Federal Programs Subcommittee on Technology, Information Policy, Intergovernmental Relations and the Census, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives For the past 50 years, the federal The new standards for federal statistical recognition of metropolitan areas government has had a metropolitan issued by OMB in 2000 differ from the 1990 standards in many ways. One of the area program designed to provide a most notable differences is the introduction of a new designation for less nationally consistent set of populated areas—micropolitan statistical areas. These are areas comprised of a standards for collecting, tabulating, central county or counties with at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but and publishing federal statistics for geographic areas in the United fewer than 50,000 people, plus adjacent outlying counties if commuting criteria States and Puerto Rico. Before is met. each decennial census, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) The 2000 standards and the latest population update have resulted in five reviews the standards to ensure counties being dropped from metropolitan statistical areas, while another their continued usefulness and 41counties that had been a part of a metropolitan statistical area have had their relevance and, if warranted, revises statistical status changed and are now components of micropolitan statistical them.
    [Show full text]
  • Richmond Region
    SCANDINAVIA Home to more More than Fortune 500 than 60,000 200 foreign company businesses affiliated firms 8 headquarters More than 1,700 More than 70 international More than 20 international students from international clubs and over 115 festivals each year organizations countries Richmond Region, USA A proven location for international business BUSINESS CLUSTERS The Richmond Region is home to more than 60,000 businesses, with everything from Fortune 1000 companies to two-person startups. Our strongest business clusters include: Corporate Information Finance & Advanced Food & BioScience Supply Chain Services Technology Insurance Manufacturing Beverage SCANDINAVIAN OWNED FIRMS IN RICHMOND More than 200 foreign affiliated firms have 210+ facilities in the Richmond Region representing nearly 30 countries. These firms employ over 19,000 workers and provide a wide range of products and services. There are six Scandinavian companies in the region: Alfa Laval AB (Sweden) Plate heat exchanger & high purity pump & valve production Kone Corporation (Finland) Elevator and escalator service and manufacturing MarkBric AB (Sweden) Portable displays; size marking indicators, labels, rack dividers Scandinavian Tobacco Group (Denmark) Manufacturing and distribution of premium cigars Securitas AB (Sweden) Security and related services Swedish Match AB (Sweden) Chewing and smoking tobacco TRANSPORTATION & INFRASTRUCTURE n Richmond is strategically located at the mid-point of the East Coast, less than 160 km (100 mi) from Washington, D.C. 1 Hanover n Three interstate highways converge in the region. 95 n More than 45% of the nation’s consumers are within a one-day drive R R of Richmond. Hanover 301 Airport n Two of the nation’s largest operators, CSX and Norfolk Southern, 64 provide rail freight service and AMTRAK provides passenger rail 295 service.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography Variables
    The 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health reports four geographic variables on the public use file: FIPSST (State of Residence), CBSAFP_YN (Core-Based Statistical Area Status), METRO_YN (Metropolitan Statistical Area Status), and MPC_YN (Metropolitan Principal City Status). The intersection of CBSAFP_YN and METRO_YN allows users to also identify children in Micropolitan Statistical Areas. Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) are defined as a county or counties with at least one urbanized area or urban cluster (a core) of at least 10,000 population, plus adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration with the core (as measured through commuting ties). There are two types of CBSAs: Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs). The differentiating factor between these types is that MSAs have a larger core, with a population of at least 50,000. A principal city – the largest incorporated place with a population of at least 50,000 – is identified in every MSA. The intersection of FIPSST, CBSAFP_YN, METRO_YN, and MPC_YN allows a user to identify four geographic areas: - Not in a Core-Based Statistical Area (CBSAFP_YN = 2) - Micropolitan Statistical Area (CBSAFP_YN = 1 and METRO_YN = 2) - Metropolitan Statistical Area, not Principal City (METRO_YN = 1 and MPC_YN = 2) - Metropolitan Principal City (MPC_YN = 1) To protect respondent confidentiality, CBSAFP_YN, METRO_YN, and MPC_YN could not be reported for children in some states. If a variable or intersection of variables could be used to identify a geographic area within a state with a child population under 100,000, reported values for that variable were replaced with ".D", indicating "Suppressed for Confidentiality", for all children in that state.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems
    NCES 2019 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE) Program 2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE) Program 2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems JUNE 2019 Doug Geverdt National Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education ii U.S. Department of Education Betsy DeVos Secretary Institute of Education Sciences Mark Schneider Director National Center for Education Statistics James L. Woodworth Commissioner Administrative Data Division Ross Santy Associate Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, Congress, states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Nelson County Comprehensive Plan
    Nelson County Comprehensive Plan As Approved by the Nelson County Board of Supervisors and Nelson County Planning Commission Adopted _______, 2012 Prepared by The Nelson County Planning Commission with the assistance of The Citizens of Nelson County at the request of The Nelson County Board of Supervisors Staff support from the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission Design Resources Center, University of Virginia Nelson County Department of Planning Nelson County Comprehensive Plan Table of Contents Executive Summary i Chapter One-Portrait of Nelson County 1 A Brief History of Nelson County 1 Nelson County Today 2 Chapter Two-Purpose of the Plan 4 Chapter Three-Goals and Principles 5 Economic Development 5 Transportation 7 Education 8 Public and Human Services 9 Natural, Scenic, and Historic Resources 10 Recreation 11 Development Areas 13 Rural Conservation 14 Chapter Four-Land Use Plan 16 Introduction 16 Land Use Planning Data 17 Existing Land Use 17 Areas Served by Water and/or Sewer 19 Environmental Constraints: Steep Slopes, Soil Potential for Agricultural Use 21 Land Use Plan for Designated Development Areas 25 Rural Small Town Development Model 26 Rural Village Development Model 28 Neighborhood Mixed Use Development Model 30 Mixed Commercial Development Model 32 Light Industrial Development Model 34 Land Use Plan for Rural Conservation Areas 36 Future Land Use Plan and Map 38 Chapter Five – Transportation Plan 41 Introduction 41 Purpose 41 Background 42 Existing Plans and Studies 42 Existing Roadway Inventory 48 Interstate
    [Show full text]
  • MANUFACTURING COMPANIES in HAMPTON ROADS {50+ EMPLOYEES } (NAICS 3Xx Codes) No
    MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN HAMPTON ROADS {50+ EMPLOYEES } (NAICS 3xx Codes) No. NAICS Company Name Product / Service Description Locality Emps. 336 Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc. (NN Shipbuilding ) Shipbuilding & repair 24,000 Newport News 336 Norfolk Naval Shipyard Shipbuilding & repair 9,000 Portsmouth Connectivity & sensor solutions (pressure/temperature/vibration/force) for industrial 334 TE Connectivity, Ltd. (Measurement Specialties; TRW) 2,200 Hampton & aerospace applications 311 Smithfield Packing Company Meat processing & packing 2,100 Isle of Wight 333 STIHL, Inc. Chain saws & outdoor power equipment; power drive hand tools 2,067 Virginia Beach 336 BAE Systems Norfolk Ship Repair, Inc. (NORSHIPCO) Shipbuilding & repair 2,000 Norfolk 333 Canon Virginia, Inc. Photocopiers; laser jet printers 1,500 Newport News Williamsburg / James 321 Lumber Liquidators Lumber, other building supplies; home furnishings 1,500 City County 336 General Dynamics NASSCO-Earl Industries Shipbuilding & repair 880 Portsmouth 311 Specialty Foods Group, Inc. Processed meats & meat products 850 Newport News 336 AMSEC Corporation Naval architecture & marine engineering; shipbuilding & repair 700 Virginia Beach 336 Continental Automotive Group AG (Siemens) Motor vehicle parts; fluid power equipment 600 Newport News 336 Colonna's Shipyard, Inc. Shipbuilding & repair 565 Norfolk Williamsburg / James 312 Anheuser-Busch InBev Brewery; beer products & malt beverages 508 City County 333 Liebherr Mining Equipment Co. (Liebherr America ) Heavy equipment (excavators,
    [Show full text]
  • Where Immigrants Settle in the United States
    IZA DP No. 1231 Where Immigrants Settle in the United States Barry R. Chiswick Paul W. Miller DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES DISCUSSION PAPER August 2004 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Where Immigrants Settle in the United States Barry R. Chiswick University of Illinois at Chicago and IZA Bonn Paul W. Miller University of Western Australia Discussion Paper No. 1231 August 2004 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 Email: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1231 August 2004 ABSTRACT ∗ Where Immigrants Settle in the United States This paper is concerned with the location of immigrants in the United States, as reported in the 1990 Census.
    [Show full text]
  • From Richmond to the Oceanfront the Creation of a Mega-Region
    FROM RICHMOND TO THE OCEANFRONT THE CREATION OF A MEGA-REGION AUGUST 23, 2016 Presented by: Thomas R. Frantz, Williams Mullen Tayloe N. Negus, Aon Hewitt | Nicole L. Pugar, Williams Mullen FROM RICHMOND TO THE OCEANFRONT: THE CREATION OF A MEGA-REGION > 77% of the nation’s population and 80% of the nation’s economic growth is expected to reside within 11 emerging Global Gateway regions according to the America 2050 project. 22 A NEW MAP FOR AMERICA IS NEEDED TO COMPETE > According to a recent N.Y. Times article ,“A New Map for America” by Parag Khanna, there are already seven distinct super-regions in America defined by common economics and demographics. > The super-regions were created through connections between metro regions through superior highways, railways and fiber-optic cables. > Advanced economics in Western Europe and Asia are reorienting themselves around robust urban clusters whose economies are centered on advanced industries. – Italy is centering its power within 14 “Metropolitan Cities” (ex: Rome, Turin, Milan and Florence). – The metropolitan cities have been legislatively merged with surrounding municipalities to form larger sub-regions. > China is leading the world to become a nation of 26 megacity clusters with populations of up to 100 million each. 33 WHAT IS A MEGA-REGION AND HOW IS IT CREATED? > According to planners and academics who study spatial relations, the concept of the mega-region evolved from the city-region concept – In the United States the most common and known designation of a region is a metropolitan statistical area (MSA), the official designation that the federal government uses to define regions of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Government in Missouri by David Stokes with Research Assistance by Justin Hauke
    policy study NUMBER 18 FEBRUARY 5, 2009 government in missouri By David Stokes With research assistance by Justin Hauke executive This study particularly focuses on the theories of public choice economics, summary a branch that studies the institutional This policy study undertakes a incentives of government and politics. broad review of Missouri’s state and The analysis considers several prevailing local governmental structure, as public choice theories and gauges their viewed from the perspective of public applicability to the specific cases present choice economics. It applies various in Missouri: whether larger legislatures economic theories, as well as insights lead to increased spending; whether at- from the broader world of political large legislative bodies spend less than science, to Missouri’s present system districted bodies; and, whether a given of government and politics. Throughout jurisdiction can have both too many and the study, the term “government” too few elected officials. refers to the exact bodies and officials The resulting data is compared that compose it, rather than to more to observed spending levels within theoretical ideas regarding the role it Missouri governments. This study’s should have in our lives. findings include proof of the economies In order to facilitate an analysis of scale that occur when measuring of Missouri government, this study spending within smaller Missouri David Stokes is a first provides a detailed outline of how counties. They also describe the lack of policy analyst for the the state’s many government units any hard proof of relative overspending Show-Me Institute. are structured, including legislative in the city of Saint Louis, despite strong Justin Hauke is a former bodies and elected officials at the theoretical indications that such proof policy analyst for the state, county, township, and municipal might be found.
    [Show full text]
  • Metropolitan Statistical Areas
    Monday, June 28, 2010 Part IV Office of Management and Budget 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas; Notice VerDate Mar<15>2010 20:27 Jun 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\28JNN3.SGM 28JNN3 srobinson on DSKHWCL6B1PROD with NOTICES3 37246 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 123 / Monday, June 28, 2010 / Notices OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND Web site at http://www.whitehouse.gov/ nonstatistical activities or for use in BUDGET omb/fedreg_default/. program funding formulas. Furthermore, the Metropolitan and FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 2010 Standards for Delineating Micropolitan Statistical Area Standards Suzann Evinger, Office of Management Metropolitan and Micropolitan do not produce an urban-rural and Budget, telephone number (202) Statistical Areas classification, and confusion of these 395–3093, fax number 202–395–7245. concepts can lead to difficulties in AGENCY: Office of Information and SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: program implementation. Counties Regulatory Affairs, Office of Outline of Notice included in Metropolitan and Management and Budget (OMB), Micropolitan Statistical Areas and many Executive Office of the President. A. Background and Review Process other counties may contain both urban ACTION: Notice of decision. B. Summary of Comments Received in and rural territory and population. For Response to the February 12, 2009 Federal instance, programs that seek to SUMMARY: This Notice announces OMB’s Register Notice adoption of 2010 Standards for C. OMB’s Decisions
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
    2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES ECONOMICS Former colonies The power and influence of the •Ferdinand • Aung San in Southeast Asia worked to Pacific Rim nations are likely to Marcos Suu Kyi build new governments expand during the next century. • Corazón • Sukarno and economies. Aquino • Suharto SETTING THE STAGE World War II had a significant impact on the colonized groups of Southeast Asia. During the war, the Japanese seized much of Southeast Asia from the European nations that had controlled the region for many years. The Japanese conquest helped the people of Southeast Asia see that the Europeans were far from invincible. When the war ended, and the Japanese themselves had been forced out, many Southeast Asians refused to live again under European rule. They called for and won their independence, and a series of new nations emerged. TAKING NOTES The Philippines Achieves Independence Summarizing Use a chart to summarize the major The Philippines became the first of the world’s colonies to achieve independence challenges that Southeast following World War II. The United States granted the Philippines independence Asian countries faced in 1946, on the anniversary of its own Declaration of Independence, the Fourth after independence. of July. The United States and the Philippines The Filipinos’ immediate goals were Challenges Nation Following to rebuild the economy and to restore the capital of Manila. The city had been Independence badly damaged in World War II. The United States had promised the Philippines The $620 million in war damages. However, the U.S.
    [Show full text]