Exual Ssault

EXUAL SSAULT LAW 1 PREVENTION PROTECTION 1 ENFORCEMENT 1 TREATMENT HEALTH Volume 14 Number 4 ISSN 1096-0155 March/April 2011 Pages49-64 Understanding the Predatory Nature of Sexual Violence by David Lisak, Ph.D.*

There is no domain of crime and vio offenses in our criminal code was lence as fraught with misunderstanding and considered. The severity of the sen misconception as that of sexual violence. tences in comparison to other crimes Perhaps the most telling indication of the was intentional (Alaska State Legis degree to which sexual violence is viewed lature, 2006). through multiple veils of myth is the fol Such sentencing structures serve as ames lowing paradox: In the hierarchy of violent sage from the community: "We view sexual crimes, as measured by public discourse, assault as an extremely serious crime." At state sentencing guidelines, and the FBI's the same time, however, the number of sex Uniform Crime Reports, sexual assault ual assaults that are actually prosecuted is a typically ranks only second to homicide, tiny fraction of the number committed in any and in some cases it ranks even higher. year. Between two-thirds and three-quarters Consider the following statement by the of all sexual assaults are never reported to Alaska legislature in its justification of new the criminal justice system, and among those sentencing guidelines passed in 2006: that are reported, attrition at various levels In Senate Bill 218, the low end of dramatically reduces the number of actual the range for the most serious sex prosecutions. Ultimately, only a tiny handful offenses is higher than the mandatory of rapists ever serve time for sexual assault, • minimum or low end of presumptive a shocking outcome given that we view sex sentences for some crimes that result ual assault as close kin to murder in the tax in death. This is intentional and not onomy of violent crime (Fisher, Cullen, & anomalous. Sex offenses cause great Turner, 2000; Frazier & Haney, 1996; harm to victims, their families and National Victim Center, 1992; Spears & to the entire community. Death has Spohn, 1997). always been seen as the greatest Underlying this paradox are numerous, harm that could be inflicted by an intersecting mythologies about sexual offender. But death can be caused by assault. There are the "classic" myths about reckless conduct. Sex offenses are victims: "women secretly harbor a desire to not reckless-they are at the very be raped;" women "cry rape" only when it least knowing, and often intentional. suits them; and men are never the victims The proportionality of the sentences imposed by Senate Bill218 to other See SEXUAL VIOLENCE, next page

AlSO IN THIS ISSUE Two Critical Decisions on Medical Forensic Examinations ...... 51 Excellent Book Weaves Together Narratives of Multiple Victims of the Same Serial Rapist...... 53 Recent Court Decisions ...... 54 Changes on the SAR Editorial Board: Thank you to Mary Koss, r Welcome to Shirley Paceley ...... 58 \, New DVD Poignantly Documents Female Survivors' Healing From. Incest and Child Sexual Abuse ...... 60

SEXUAL VIOLENCE, from page 49 "rape lite." Victims of"date rape" are typi in the larger community, the majority ~· cally viewed as less harmed than victims of this violence is committed by preda I J of "stranger rape"; and "date rapists" are tory individuals who tend to be serial and of sexual assault. There are also "classic" typically viewed as less serious offenders, multi-faceted offenders. myths about rapists: they wear ski masks, and frankly less culpable than stranger In the larger community there has been hide in ambush, attack strangers, and inflict rapists. Date rape is often viewed more a gradual reckoning with the predatory brutal injuries on their victims (Burt, 1980; in traditionally civil than in traditionally nature of sexual violence. This reckoning Field, 1978). criminal terms; that is, as an unfortunate has led to concerted efforts to find effec There is also a set of newer myths encounter in which the two parties share tive treatment and management strategies about sexual assault, myths that have been culpability because of too much alcohol for sex offenders and, simultaneously, to spawned by the new generation of victim and too little clear communication. When a realistic assessment of the efficacy of ization studies that have emerged since jurors in a criminal case adopt this view, those strategies. In the university commu the 1980s. These studies documented that they are likely to apportion blame to both nity a similar reckoning would influence sexual assault was both far more prevalent parties, and are thereby less likely to find strategies for the prevention of sexual than traditional crime surveys indicated, the defendant guilty (Estrich, 1987). violence, as well as for the adjudication and that most sexual assault victims did One of the consequences of this of cases that fall within an institution's not report their victimization. These stud new mythology of date rape is that jurisdiction. ies also clearly revealed that most sexual there has been very little, if any, cross assaults are not committed by strangers in communication between the study of Sexual Predators in the ski masks, but rather by "acquaintances" date rape-a literature typically based Community or "non-strangers" (Koss, Gidycz, & in, and focused on, college campuses Research on sex offenders spans many Wisniewski, 1987; Tjaden & Thoennes, and the long-established literature on decades and has contributed much to our 2000). sex offenders and sexual predators. In understanding of the behavior and charac These realizations led to the gener fact, in the author's personal experience, teristics of rapists, their underlying motiva al adoption of new language and new there is typically considerable resistance tions, and the developmental antecedents categories of sexual assault. Terms such within civilian universities to the use of of sex offending. Historically, one of the as "acquaintance rape" and "date rape" the term "sex offender" when referring to failings of this research literature is that emerged and took hold. Unfortunately, the students who perpetrate acts of sexual it has been based exclusively on the study these new terms have created a new mythol violence on campuses. This resistance of captured and, typically, incarcerated ogy about sexual assault. The term "date is one of the legacies of the term, "date ·.~ offenders. This is understandable as it is .. r l rape," which has become woven into the rape," and it has served to obscure one of difficult to study sex offenders who have fabric of public discourse about sexual the unpleasant facts about sexual violence violence, carries with it the connotation of in the college environment: that just as See SEXUAL VIOLENCE, page 55

.---~-~sexual Assault Reporf~~~~ Co-Editors: Sgt. Joanne Archambault (Ret.) Editorial Board Kimberly A. Lonsway, Ph.D. Karen Baker, Director, National Sexual Violence Mary P. Koss, Ph.D., Regents Professor. University of Associate Editor: Anne L. Perry, Esq. Resource Center, Enola, PA Arizona, Tucson, AZ David Lisak, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Psychology, Contributing Editor: Wendy J. Murphy, Esq. Victoria Banyard, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA Managing Editor: Lisa R. Lipman Elizabeth Barnhill, Executive Director, Iowa Coalition Jennifer G. Long, J.D., Director, AEqnitas: The Against Sexual Assault, Des Moines, lA Prosecutors' Resource on Violence Against Women, Editorial Director: Deborah J. Launer Washington, DC Susan Bazilli, LL.B., Director, International Women's Founding Editor: Joan Zorza, Esq. Rights .Project, Centre for Global Studies, Jenifer Markowitz, ND, RN, WHNP-BC, SANE-A, University of Victoria, B.C. Canada Medical Advisor, AEqnitas: The Prosecutors' Resource Publisher: Mark E. Peel on Violence Against Women, Washington, DC Rebecca Campbell, Ph.D., Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Jessica Mindlin, J.D., Victim Rights Law Center, Sexual Assault Report is published bimonthly by Civic Research Institute, Inc., Portland, OR 4478 U.S. Route Z7, P. 0. Box 585, Kingston, NJ 08528. Periodicals postage Juley Fulcber, J.D., Ph.D., Director of Policy Programs, Lynn Hecht Schafran, Esq., Director, National Judicial paid at Kingston, NJ and at additional mailing office. (USPS# 016-794) Su~ Break the Cycle, Washington, DC scriptions: $165 per year plus postage and handling in 1lle United States and Education Program, Legal Momentum, New York, NY canada. $30 additional per year elsewhere. >1:>1. 14 No. 4,MarcJVAPti12011. Michelle M. Garcia, Director, Stalking Resource Lacey M. Sloan, Ph.D., MSSW, Associate Professor Copyright © 2011 by Civic Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Center, National Center for Victims of Crime, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar Unauthorized copying expressly prohibited. POSTMASTER: Send address Washington, DC changes to Civic Resean:h Institute, Inc., P.O. Box 585, Kingston, NJ 08528. Cassandra Thomas, Senior Vice President, Houston Sexual Assault Report is a registered trademark owned by Civic Research William M. Green, M.D., FACEP, Director, Sexual Area Women's Center, Houston, TX Institute, Inc., and may not be used without express permission. Assault Forensic Medical Education Program, California Michael Weaver, M.D., FACEP, Medical Director, The information in this publication is not intended to replace the services of Clinical Forensic Medical Training Center, UC Davis Forensic Care Program & V.P., Clinical Diversity, a trained legal or health professional. Neither the editor, nor the contributors, Health System, Sacramento, CA nor Civic Research Institute, Inc. is engaged in rendering legal, psychologi St. Luke's Health System, Kansas City, MO cal, health or other professional services. The editors, the contributors and Trudy M. Gregorie, Senior Director, Justice Solutions, Joan Zorza, &q., Founding Editor, Sexual Assault Report; Civic Research Institute, Inc. specifically disclaim any liability, loss or risk, Washington, DC personal or otherwise, which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indi Editor, Domestic Vwleru:e Report, Washington, DC rectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this publication. Ellen Halbert, Director, Victim Witness Division, Travis County District Attorney's Office; Affiliations shown fur identification pmposes only. Opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of a For information on subscribing or other service questions contact Founding Editor, Crime Vu:tims Report, Austin, TX customer service: (609) 683-4450 or civres2@aoLcom writer's agency or association.

SEXUAL VIOLENCE, from page 50 assault has endured, and has become the have been grouped into categories dictated r\ basis for attempts at defining more refined by their apparent choice of victim: ( 1) rap taxonomies of sexual assault. These efforts ists, who attack adults; (2) child molesters, not been identified by the criminal justice have largely yielded modest results, and who attack children, and; (3) incest offend system, but it carries with it potentially sig have focused on identifying blends of power ers, who attack children within their own nificant limitations. Since the vast majority and anger motivations, and on distinguish family. These categorizations have rested of sexual assaults are never reported, and ing developmental antecedents for the vari on the assumption that these choices of the majority of rapists are never pros ous types. Not surprisingly, among those victims were stable, even fixed charac ecuted, the largest population of rapists, developmental antecedents, one of the most teristics of the offenders. However, the i.e., those responsible for the vast majority prominent is a history of childhood abuse. labeling of an offender as either a rapist, of sexual assault, were historically left out Sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect a child molester, or an incest offender has of the research literature. This limitation of are all significantly more prevalent in the typically been based on nothing more than the literature has been partially corrected backgrounds of rapists than in the back what the offender was convicted of. in recent years with the study of "non grounds of non-offending men (Knight & The reality turns out to be far murkier. incarcerated" rapists (see below), which Prentky, 1987;Lisak&Miller, 2003; Prent There is now substantial evidence for tends to show a convergence of findings ky, Cohen, & Seghorn, 1985; Weeks & considerable "crossover" among these with the older literature on incarcerated Widom, 1998). categories. So much so, in fact, that it is offenders. Despite such limitations, the Serial Offending and Recidivism. Per questionable whether it is advisable to study of incarcerated rapists has produced haps the most sobering data that have emerged apply specific victim-category labels to notable and enduring findings about the from the study of incarcerated rapists are the an offender. Multiple studies have now perpetrators of sexual violence. sheer numbers of victims attacked by the aver documented that between 33% and 66% Motivations and Taxonomies. One of age rapist. Most rapists who are prosecuted are of rapists have also sexually attacked the most important contributions made convicted on a single count of sexual assault. children; that up to 82% of child molesters by the study of incarcerated sex offenders However, when researchers have granted have also sexually attacked adults; and was the clarification of the role of sexuality confidentiality to offenders in exchange for that between 50% and 66% of incest in the perpetration of sexual assault. Since sexual assault involves sexual behavior, it was long believed to be primarily motivated Perhaps the most sobering data are the sheer numbers by sexual impulse; deviant sexual impulse, but sexual impulse nonetheless. This confu of victims attacked by the average rapist. In one study, sion of context with motivation was clari fied mainly by the work of Nicholas Groth, the average number of victims for each rapist was who published a typology of rapists in the seven, and in another study it was 11. 1970s. Groth labeled each type based on the principle motivation manifested by the rapists in that group (Groth, 1979). The two primary and numerically largest a truthful accounting of their sex offending offenders have also sexually attacked types identified by Groth were the "power" history, the reality of sexual assault emerges. children outside their families (Abel et rapist and the "anger" rapist. The power In one study, the average number of victims al., 1988; Heil, Ahlmeyer, & Simons, rapist is motivated by his need to control for each rapist was seven, and in another 2003; Weinrott& Saylor, 1991; Wilcox & and dominate his victim, and inversely, to study it was 11 (Abeletal., 1988; Weinrott& Sosnowski, 2005). avoid being controlled by her. The anger Saylor, 1991). rapist is motivated by resentment and a A similar picture has emerged from Sexual Predators on Campus general hostility towards women, and was research emanating from intensive sex Beginning in the 1980s, social science more prone to inflicting gratuitous violence offender management programs. Offenders researchers began to systematically expose in the course of a sexual assault. Not surpris tend to have very lengthy offending careers, the reality of interpersonal violence in ingly, these types are rarely found in pure beginning in adolescence and often span America. The first step in this process was form. Most rapists are actually blends of ning several decades. By the time they are the onset of a new generation of victim power and anger motivations; however, a captured-if they are captured-they have ization research that documented the true predominance of one or the other is often often victimized scores or even hundreds prevalence of both sexual and domes discernible (Groth, 1979). of individuals (Abel et al., 1988; Nis tic violence. Shunning the traditional The third and, thankfully, numerically far bet, Wilson, & Smallbone, 2004; Prentky data collection methods of the Federal smaller type is the sadistic rapist. This rapist et al., 1997). Bureau oflnvestigation, these researchers is motivated by the sexual gratification he Crossover Offending. There is increas revealed three fundamental realities: ( 1) experiences when he inflicts pain on his vic ing attention being paid to another promi most interpersonal violence is perpetrated tim. The sadistic rapist has become a staple nent phenomenon associated with sex by individuals who in some way are known ofthe American media, but these, once again, offending: the tendency of these offenders to the victim; (2) most of this violence is are extremely rare cases (Groth, 1979). to be non-specialists; to offend against never reported to authorities; and (3) most Groth's identification of anger and power different age groups and different "class as the primary motivations behind sexual es" of victims. Historically, sex offenders See SEXUAL VIOLENCE, next page

SEXUAL VIOLENCE, from page 55 • Plan and premeditate their attacks, using recruit study also determined that men who sophisticated strategies to groom their had committed sexual assaults prior to victims for attack, and to isolate them entering the military were 10 times more perpetrators of this violence are never physically; likely to commit a sexual assault during prosecuted (Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, • Use "instrumental" not gratuitous vio their first year in the service (McWhorter 1987; Koss, 1996). Much ofthis research lence; and they exhibit strong impulse et al., 2009). was focused on college populations, not control and use only as much violence only because of their convenience, but Implications for University as is needed to terrify and coerce their because college students fall within the Communities victims into submission; age range of maximum vulnerability to The implications of the research on unde • Use psychological weapons-power, sexual violence-IS to 24 years (Tjaden & tected rapists-research that has largely control, manipulation, and threats Thoennes, 2000). focused on men in college environments backed up by physical force, and almost As this new generation of victimization point to the similarity of these offenders to never resort to weapons such as knives research was disseminated, it revealed incarcerated rapists. They share the same or guns; with increasing clarity an enormous gap in motivational matrix of hostility, anger, the research on sex offenders. There were • Use alcohol deliberately to render vic dominance, hyper-masculinity, impulsive studies of incarcerated rapists, but there was tims more vulnerable to attack, or com ness, and antisocial attitudes. They have almost no research on the men who were pletely unconscious. many of the same developmental anteced actually committing the vast majority of Serial and Crossover Offending. ents. They tend to be serial offenders, and sexual assaults, that is, non-stranger rapists The data most emphatically contradicts the most of them commit a variety of different whose victims rarely report, and who were mythology about date rapists, namely, the interpersonal offenses. These data indicate almost never subject to prosecution (Lisak & misconception that they are somehow less that they are accurately and appropriately Roth, 1988, 1990). serious offenders than their counterparts labeled as predators. This gap began to close with research who attack strangers. In fact, the findings This picture conflicts sharply with the that began in the mid-1980s and focused from recent studies indicate that these men widely-held view that sexual assaults com on non-incarcerated rapists. Researchers are as likely to be serial and multi-faceted mitted on university campuses are typically discovered that it was possible to gather offenders as are incarcerated rapists. the result of a basically "decent" young man accurate data from these men because they To illustrate, in a study of 1,882 uni who, were it not for too much alcohol and did not view themselves as rapists. They versity men conducted in the Boston area, too little communication, would never do shared the very widespread belief that rapists 120 rapists were identified. These 120 such a thing. While some campus sexual were knife-wielding men in ski masks who undetected rapists were responsible for 483 assaults do fit this more benign view, the attacked strangers; since they did not fit that rapes. Of the 120 rapists, 44 had committed evidence points to a far more sinister real description, they were not rapists and their a single rape, while 76 (63% of them) were ity, in which the vast majority of sexual behavior was not rape. This has allowed serial rapists who accounted for 439 of the assaults are committed by serial, violent researchers to study the motivations, behav 483 rapes, averaging six rapes each. These predators. iors, and background characteristics of these 76 serial rapists had also committed more This reality has potentially significant so-called "undetected rapists." than 1,000 other crimes of violence, from implications for how universities deal with Motivations and Characteristics. Many non-penetrating acts of sexual assault, to sexual violence within their communities. of the motivational factors that were identi physical and sexual abuse of children, to Prevention efforts geared toward persuad fied in incarcerated rapists have been shown battery of domestic partners. None of these ing men not to commit sexual assault are to apply equally to undetected rapists. When undetected rapists had ever been prosecuted very unlikely to be effective. Lessons can be compared to men who do not commit sexual for these crimes (Lisak & Miller, 2002). drawn from many decades of experience in assault, these undetected rapists are measur A recent study of US Navy recruits sex offender treatment, which have demon ably more angry at women, more motivated replicated these findings. Of 1,146 men strated that it is extremely difficult to change by the need to dominate and control women, assessed, 13% acknowledged having com the behavior of a serial predator even when more impulsive and disinhibited in their mitted rapes. Of these rapists, 71% were you incarcerate him and subject him to an behavior, more hyper-masculine in their serial offenders who committed an aver intensive, multi-year treatment program. beliefs and attitudes, less empathic, and more age of six sexual assaults (MeWhorter Rather than focusing prevention efforts on antisocial (Lisak & Ivan, 1995; Lisak & et al., 2009). the rapists, it would seem far more effec Roth, 1988, 1990; Malamuth, 1986: Mal Also mirroring the findings from the tive to focus those efforts on the far more amuth et al., 1991; Ouimette & Riggs, study of incarcerated sex offenders, a numerous bystanders-men and women 1998). recent study of college rapists found that who are part of the social and cultural milieu In the course of 20 years of interviewing the most powerful predictor of committing in which rapes are spawned and who can these undetected rapists, in both research sexual assault during college was a history be mobilized to identify perpetrators and and forensic settings, it has been possible of having committed sexual assault during intervene in high-risk situations. for me to distill some of the common char high school. This same study also found a The more sinister reality of sexual vio acteristics of the modus operandi of these higher prevalence of childhood abuse in lence in the university setting also car sex offenders. These undetected rapists: the backgrounds of rapists, matching the ries implications for university judicial • Are extremely adept at identifying findings from an earlier study of undetected "likely" victims, and testing prospec rapists (Lisak, Hopper, & Song, 1996; tive victims' boundaries; White & Smith, 2004). Finally, the Navy See SEXUAL VIOLENCE, next page

SEXUAL VIOLENCE,frompage56 Legislature, 2nd session. Available at http://www. sample of college students. Journal of Consulting legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_single_joumal.asp?sess and Clinical Psychology, 59, 670--681. ion=24&date=20060216&beg_page=220 1&end_ McWhorter, S.K., Stander, V.A., Merrill, L.L., page=2227 &chamber=S&jm=2207. processes. A judicial board would hardly Thomsen, C.J., & Milner, J.S. (2009). Reports of seem the appropriate venue to deal with Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape reperpetration by newly enlisted male Navy a sexual predator. Further, cases of non rape. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, personnel. Violence and Victims, 24, 204--218. 38, 217-230. stranger sexual assault are extremely dif National Victim Center (April 1992). Rape in ficult to properly investigate and prosecute; Estrich, S. (1987). Real rape. Cambridge: Harvard America: A report to the nation. Arlington, VA: University Press. Author. they are in fact far more complex than the Field, H. S. (1978). Attitudes toward rape: A com majority of stranger sexual assaults. A proper Nisbet, LA., Wilson, P.H., & Smallbone, S.W. parative analysis of police, rapists, crisis counselors, (2004). A prospective longitudinal study of sexual investigation requires skilled and specially and citizens. Journal of Personality and Social recidivism among adolescent sex offenders. Sexual trained investigators working closely with Psychology, 36, 156-179. Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, I6, specially-trained prosecutors. Absent a prop Fisher, B.S., Cullen, F.T., & Turner, M.G. (2000). 223-234. er investigation, almost every non-stranger The sexual victimization of college women (Report Ouimette, P.C. & Riggs, D. (1998). Testing a media sexual assault case quickly devolves into the No. NCJ-182369). Washington, DC: Bureau of tional model of sexually aggressive behavior in proverbial "he-said-she-said" conundrum, Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice. nonincarcerated perpetrators. Violence and Victim~. and judicial board members are left helpless Frazier, P.A., & Haney, B. (1996). Sexual assault 13, 117-130. to discern what actually may have occurred. cases in the legal system: Police, prosecutor, and Prentky, R.A., Lee,A.F.S., Knight, R.A., & Cerce, D. victim perspectives. Law and Human Behavior, This situation increases the likelihood of ( 1997). Recidivism rates among child molesters and 20, 607--628. rapists: A methodological analysis. Law and Human inadequately or even poorly handled cases, Groth, N. A. (1979). Men who rape. New York: Behavior, 2, 635--659. thereby increasing the harm done both to the Plenum Press. Prentky, R., Cohen, M., & Seghom, T. (1985). victim and to the larger community. Heil, P.,Ahlmeyer, S., & Simons, D. (2003). Cross Development of a rational taxonomy for the clas One institution that has begun to ear over sexual offenses. Sexual Abuse: Journal of sification of rapists: The Massachusetts Treatment nestly wrestle with these implications is Research and Treatment. 15(4 ), 221-236. Center system. Bulletin of the American Academy ofPsychiatry and the Law, 13, 39-70. the United States Military. In the wake of Knight, R. A. & Prentky, R. (1987). The develop the sexual assault scandal at the Air Force mental antecedents and adult adaptations of rapist Spears, J.W. & Spohn, C.C. (1997). The effect Academy and faced with severe pres subtypes. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 14(4), of evidence factors and victim characteristics on 403-426. prosecutors' charging decisions in sexual assault sure from Congress, the military services cases. Justice Quarterly, 14, 501-524. have undertaken what is perhaps the most Koss, M.P. (1996). The measurement of rape vic timization in crime surveys. Criminal Justice and Tjaden, P. & Thoennes, N. (2000). Full report of comprehensive program to confront and Behavior. 23( 1), 55--69. the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of prevent sexual violence that has ever been Koss, M.P., Gidycz, C. A., & Wisniewski, N. violence against women (NCJ 183781). National undertaken by a major institution. Sexual (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, assault education and prevention programs of sexual aggression and victimization in a national Washington, DC. have been implemented at multiple points sample of higher education students. Journal of U.S. Department of Defense (2010). Fiscal Year during a new recruit's training, large-scale Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 162-170. 2009 Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the bystander education programs are being Lisak, D. & Miller, P.M. (2003). Childhood abuse, Military. implemented, and significant efforts are PTSD, substance abuse and violence. In P.C. Weeks, R. & Widom, C.S. (1998). Self-reports of Ouimette & P. Brown (Eds.), PTSD and Substance being made to improve the investigation early childhood victimization among incarcerated Abuse Comorbidity, pp. 73-88. Washington, DC: adult male felons. Journal ofInterpersonal Violence, of sexual assault cases (US Department of American Psychological Association. 13, 346-361. Defense, 2009). Progress has been variable, Lisak, D. & Roth, S. (1988). Motivational fac Weinrott, M.R. & Saylor, M. (1991). Self-report both within and across the services, and it is tors in nonincarcerated sexually aggressive men. of crimes committed by sex offenders. Journal of still too early to determine the overall effec Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, Interpersonal Violence, 6, 286-300. 795-802. tiveness of the new policies and prevention White, J.W. & Smith, P.H. (2004). Sexual assault efforts. However, at a minimum, the US Lisak, D. & Roth, S. (1990). Motives and psy perpetration and reperpetration: From adolescence Military has already demonstrated that it is chodynamics of self-reported, unincarcerated to young adulthood. Criminal Justice and Behavior, possible for a major institution to honestly rapists. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 31, 182-202. 268-280. confront sexual violence, and to do so with Wilcox, D.T. & Sosnowski, D.E. (2005). Polygraph Lisak, D. & Ivan, C. (1995). Deficits in intimacy the comprehensive initiatives required for examination of British sexual offenders: A pilot and empathy in sexually aggressive men. Journal study on sexual history disclosure testing. Journal a reasonable chance at success. In so doing, ofInterpersonal Violence, 10, 296-308. ofSexualAggression,ll, 3-25. it has raised the bar for other institutions in Lisak, D. & Miller, P.M. (2002). Repeat rape and the United States, and implicitly challenged multiple offending among undetected rapists. Vio colleges and universities to make a similar lence and Victims, 17, 73-84. *Dr. David Lisak is an associate professor of commitment. Lisak, D., Hopper, J., & Song, P. (1996). Factors psychology at the University of Massachusetts in the cycle of violence: Gender rigidity and emo Boston, and a forensic consultant and researcher References tional constriction. Journal of Traumatic Stress, who has studied the motives and characteristics 7, 507-523. Abel, G.G., Becker, J.V., Cunningham-Rathner, J., of rapists and murderers, as well as the long term Mittelmann, M.S., & Rouleau, J.L. (1988). Multiple Malamuth, N .M. (1986). Predictors of naturalistic impact of childhood abuse on men. He consults paraphilic diagnoses among sex offenders. Bulletin sexual aggression. Journal ofPersonality and Social widely with universities, the US Military, and other of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Psychology, 50, 953-962. institutions regarding sexual assault prevention Law, 16, 153-168. Malamuth, N.M., Sockloskie, R.J., Koss, M.P., & and policies. Dr. Lisak also serves on the Editorial Alaska State Legislature, Senate Journal, text Tanaka, J.S. (1991). Characteristics of aggressors Board for SAR, and can be reached at dlisa/ifc@ for Senate Bill 218, February 16, 2006, 24th against women: Testing a model using a national gmail.com. •