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Learn About Plant Diversity, with Focus on the Angiosperm Flora of Washington State

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Learn About Plant Diversity, with Focus on the Angiosperm Flora of Washington State Biol 317: Plant Classification & Identification Spring 2014 Instructor: Dr. Pat Lu-Irving Office: 408 Hitchcock Office hours: Tue & Wed, 10-11am (or by appointment) Email: [email protected] Grad TA: John Chau Peer TAs: Adrienne Cohen Sam Frankel Kate Nowell Veanna Willard Class website: http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/ Course objectives Learn about plant diversity, with focus on the angiosperm flora of Washington state. Most land plants are flowering plants Incl. grasses, roses, lilies, daisies; producing both flowers and fruits WA natives There are approximately 300,000 species of angiosperms, with 3,000 occurring in WA Compare with mammals: only 5,500 on Earth Course objectives Understand the principles and philosophy of plant classification. In modern classification, our goal is to recognize monophyletic groups Monocots Eudicots Knowledge of phylogeny is vital to plant classification Course objectives Identify 40 important plant families by sight. Key unknown plants to species using published floras. Orchidaceae Araceae Knowledge of morphology is vital to plant identification sepal corolla Corallorhiza maculata Lysichiton americanus stem Ericaceae Boraginaceae stamen leaf ovary Elliottia pyroliflora Myosotis sylvatica Course objectives Gain a greater appreciation for nature, and your connection Triticum aestivum with it. Hevea brasiliensis Wheat flour Natural rubber Coffea arabica Erythroxylum coca Coffee Course objectives Gain a greater appreciation for nature, and your connection with it. Today’s lecture Nomenclature and classification Nomenclature “potato” “spud” ziemniaki البطاطس papas 감자 πατάτα viazi patate Solanum tuberosum kartoffel aardappel картофель आल# pomme de terre Nomenclature “potato” potato = Solanum tuberosum, Dioscorea bulbifera, Apios americana, Dioscorea batatas, Solanopteris bifrons, Plectranthus rotundifolius, Allium cepa, Gastrodia sesamoides, Ipomoea batatas, Solanum macranthum, Ipomoea pandurata, Solanum jasminoides, Dioscorea esculenta (Mabberley, 1997 – The Plant Book) Solanum tuberosum Ipomoea batatas Nomenclature India “cedar” Washington Cedrus deodara Thuja plicata Latin binomial nomenclature Carl von Linné, AKA Carolus Linnaeus Species Plantarum (1753) Binomial nomenclature Genus + species epithet = scientific name Corallorhiza maculata Hevea brasiliensis Lysichiton americanus Erythroxylum coca Elliottia pyroliflora Solanum tuberosum Myosotis sylvatica Ipomoea batatas Homo sapiens Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait Triticum aestivum Cedrus deodara by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Svenska Porträttarkivet, Stockholm. Saccharum officinarum Thuja plicata Latin binomial nomenclature Carl von Linné, AKA Carolus Linnaeus Species Plantarum (1753) Binomial nomenclature Genus + species epithet = scientific name Corallorhiza maculata Hevea brasiliensis Lysichiton americanus Erythroxylum coca Elliottia pyroliflora Solanum tuberosum Myosotis sylvatica Ipomoea batatas Homo sapiens Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait Triticum aestivum Cedrus deodara by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Svenska Porträttarkivet, Stockholm. Saccharum officinarum Thuja plicata Genus = a group of species Latin binomial nomenclature Carl von Linné, AKA Carolus Linnaeus Species Plantarum (1753) Binomial nomenclature Genus + species epithet = scientific name Corallorhiza maculata Hevea brasiliensis Lysichiton americanus Erythroxylum coca Elliottia pyroliflora Solanum tuberosum Myosotis sylvatica Ipomoea batatas Homo sapiens Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait Triticum aestivum Cedrus deodara by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Svenska Porträttarkivet, Stockholm. Saccharum officinarum Thuja plicata Species epithet = an identifier that is unique within a genus Latin binomial nomenclature: species name Carl von Linné, AKA Carolus Linnaeus Species Plantarum (1753) Binomial nomenclature Genus + species epithet = scientific name C. maculata H. brasiliensis L. americanus E. coca E. pyroliflora S. tuberosum M. sylvatica I. batatas H. sapiens Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait T. aestivum C. deodara by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Svenska Porträttarkivet, Stockholm. S. officinarum T. plicata The genus in a binomial name is sometimes abbreviated Classification What is Classification? The sorting of things into groups and the assigning of names to those groups. As an area of Biology: Taxonomy, defining groups of organisms based on shared characteristics. A taxon (plural: taxa) is any group thus named. Classification (taxonomy) may be considered a sub- discipline of Systematics Linnean taxonomy Carl von Linné, AKA Carolus Linnaeus Systema Naturae (1735) Heirarchical system of ranks Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae H. sapiens Genus Homo Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Species H. sapiens Svenska Porträttarkivet, Stockholm. Allows us to organize and communicate about biodiversity Linnean taxonomy Define and name sets of nested groups Kingdom Plantae Phylum (Division) Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum Genus Solanum Species Solanum tuberosum L. Kingdom Plantae Phylum (Division) Pinophyta Class Pinopsida Order Pinales Family Cupressaceae Genus Thuja Thuja plicata Species Thuja plicata Donn Linnean taxonomy Define and name sets of nested groups Kingdom Plantae Phylum (Division) Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum Genus Solanum Species Solanum tuberosum L. Kingdom Plantae Phylum (Division) Pinophyta Class Pinopsida Order Pinales Family Cupressaceae Genus Thuja Thuja plicata Species Thuja plicata Donn Linnean taxonomy Ranks can be subdivided, allowing for some flexibility Kingdom Plantae Solanum tuberosum Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Subclass Asteridae Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Subfamily Solanoideae Tribe Solaneae Genus Solanum Species Solanum tuberosum L. Subspecies S. tuberosum ssp. andigena Linnean taxonomy Species Plantarum (1753): sexual system Used floral sex organs as the basis for classification Genera were grouped into classes according to number of stamens Classes were grouped into orders according to number of styles Artificial classification: Does not correspond with evolutionary relationship Natural vs. artificial classification Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species (1859) “all true classification is genealogical” Charles Darwin photo by Leonard Darwin, 1874. From Woodall, 1884: Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society 1837 notebook On the Origin of Species, 1859 What is phylogeny? Phylogeny = the pattern of evolutionary relationships among species, their descent from common ancestors “… the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever-branching and beautiful ramifications.” Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859) Augustin Augier, 1801 Heinrich Bronn, 1858 Haeckel, 1866 Haeckel, 1874 Natural vs. artificial classification Artificial classification: Does not correspond with evolutionary relationship Natural classification: Representative of evolutionary relationship Allows comparison of equivalent units Invests names with predictive power History of plant classification Bessey, 1915 Giseke, 1792 Linnaeus, 1753 History of plant classification Takhtajan, 1967 History of plant classification Cronquist, 1981 Heirarchical grouping of taxa according to authority Natural or artificial, subjective Phylogenetic classification Chase et al., 1993; APG II, III – classification based on phylogeny inferred from DNA sequences (rbcL) Heirarchical grouping of taxa according to phylogenetic relationships Natural, objective, and transparent .
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