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Plant Classification, Evolution and Reproduction

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Plant Classification, Evolution and Reproduction Plant Classification, Evolution, and Reproduction Plant classification, evolution and reproduction! Traditional plant classification! ! A phylogenetic perspective on classification! ! Milestones of land plant evolution! ! Overview of land plant diversity! ! Life cycle of land plants! Classification “the ordering of diversity into a meaningful hierarchical pattern” (i.e., grouping)! The Taxonomic Hierarchy! Classification of Ayahuasca, Banisteriopsis caapi! Kingdom !Plantae! Phylum !Magnoliophyta Class ! !Magnoliopsida! Order !Malpighiales! Family !Malpighiaceae Genus ! !Banisteriopsis! Species !caapi! Ranks above genus have standard endings.! Higher categories are more inclusive.! Botanical nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778)! Species Plantarum! published 1753! 7,300 species! Botanical nomenclature Polynomials versus binomials! Know the organism “The Molesting Salvinia” Salvinia auriculata (S. molesta)! hp://dnr.state.il.us/stewardship/cd/biocontrol/2floangfern.html " Taxonomy vs. classification! Assigning a name! A system ! ! ! Placement in a category! Often predictive ! because it is based on Replicable, reliable relationships! results! ! Relationships centered on genealogy ! ! ! ! Edward Hitchcock, Elementary Geology, 1940! Classification Phylogeny: Reflect hypothesized evolution. relationships! Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, 1859! Ernst Haeckel, Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, 1866! Branching tree-like diagrams representing relationships! Magnolia 1me 2 Zi m merman (1930) Lineage branching (cladogenesis or speciation) Modified from Hennig, W. (1966) Phylogenetic Systematics Trees are like mobiles A B C D F G D C F G A B E† E† monophylec taxon is defined as one that includes the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms, and all of its descendents A polyphyle)c taxon is defined as one that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon a paraphyle)c taxon as one that includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendents Plants and their relationships: the the plant tree of life! ! “Algae” and the transition to land Keeling 2004! Major milestones in land plants ~135 Myr 4 Early adaptations to land Desiccation resistant or protected spores! Cuticle (waxy outer covering) ! Stomata! Life cycle characteristics and multiple ! Internal means of water and carbohydrate transport! Embryo! Fungal association! Alternation of generations Early land plants: bryophytes Moss (a land plant-- bryophyte)! Mostly haploid; diploid stage greatly reduced and dependent on haploid! “Bryophytes” and human use Sphagnum for wounds, WWI! Toullund Man, Denmark, 2,300 yrs! And peat as a fuel Cooksonia: early vascular plant (400 Myr) Vascular Plants (Tracheophyta) 1300! 12,000! 1000! 250,000! Vascular Plants: Seedless vascular Lycophytes: Club mosses, spike Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns! mosses, quill worts! Spermatophyta (Seed Plants) Gymnosperms Cycadophyta !Gnetophyta! Ginkgophyta! Coniferophyta! The rise of flowering plants Past Species Diversity Lineages that wax and wane! The flower, a modified shoot ! “Alles ist blatt” Goethe! The number of plant species and the numbers of species used by people! Estimates of the number of flowering plants range from about 250,000 to 700,000! About 3,000 used for food, most woody plants used at one time or another for shelter, fiber, etc. Many plants have multiple uses.! 3,000 widely grown–12 of them provide 90% of world’s food: rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, millet, rye, barley, (sweet) potatoes, cassava, bananas, and coconuts.! Supplementary sources https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kY7uzeYWFc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UEpq1W9C_E .
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