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Evolutionary Relationships in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae (Fabaceae) Based on Morphological, Cytological, and Chemical Evidence

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Evolutionary Relationships in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae (Fabaceae) Based on Morphological, Cytological, and Chemical Evidence Plant P1. Syst. Evol. 209:1-31 (1998) Systematics and Evolution © Springer-Verlag 1998 Printed in Austria Evolutionary relationships in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae (Fabaceae) based on morphological, cytological, and chemical evidence ANNE LISE SCHUTTE and B.-E. VAN WYK Received May 21, 1996; in revised version December 11, 1996 Key words: Fabaceae, Podalyrieae, Liparieae. - Morphology, chromosome numbers, chemical compounds, taxonomy, genetic relationships. Abstract: Taxonomic relationships amongst the genera of the southern African tribes Podalyrieae and Liparieae are discussed. Data gained from morphological, cytological and chemical investigations are analyzed cladisfically to determine relationships. The genus Cadia (tribe Sophoreae) is included in the investigation to establish whether it should be transferred to the Podalyrieae. The results clearly indicate that the Podalyrieae and Liparieae are monophyletic and that they should be united, but that Hypocalyptus and Cadia should be excluded. Within the monophyletic group, there are two distinct subcladeg each supported by three apomorphies. The results also show that there is a strong sister relationship between Amphithalea and CoeIidium. In the taxonomic treatment the Liparieae are placed into synonymy under the Podalyrieae and two subtribes are recognized. A key to the genera in the tribe is given, followed by a synopsis of the genera. When POLHILL (1976, 1981a, c-f) proposed a biogeographic classification for the Podalyrieae and Genisteae sensu BENTHAM (1837, 1839), he divorced the African Podalyrieae, Liparieae and Crotalarieae from the northern temperate Thermo- psideae and Genisteae, and the Australian Mirbelieae and Bossiaeeae. He placed the genera Cyclopia VENT., Podalyria LAM. and Virgilia POIR. in the Podalyrieae on account of the more or less free stamens. Amphithalea Ec~. & ZEYH., Coelidium VOGEL ex WALP., Hypocalyptus THtrNB., Liparia L. and Priestleya DC. were allocated to the Liparieae, based on the fused stamens. POLHILL (1981d, e), however, surmised that it might be sensible to amalgamate the two tribes, but added that a detailed study is needed to clarify the uncertainty regarding relationships between them. Over the last four years, the taxonomy of the Podalyrieae and Liparieae has been the subject of intensive research (SCHUTTE 1995). A series of studies was conducted in which the morphological variation, chromosome numbers and chemical constituents in each of the genera were scrutinized to determine generic delimitations. Some fascinating results were obtained, which emanated in several 2 A.L. SCHUTr~ & B.-E. VAN WYK: substantial changes at generic level: (1) it was established that Priestleya is paraphyletic, resulting in Priestleya sect. Aneisothea being raised to generic level under the reinstated name Xiphotheca Ec~. & ZEYI~. (ScHtn'~ & VAN WYK 1993); (2) Priestleya sect. Priestleya was found to be congeneric with Liparia and included therein (ScHua'TE & VAN WYK 1994); (3) Podalyria also proved to be paraphyletic, which led to the description of a new genus, Stirtonanthus B.-E. VAN WY~: & A. L. ScritJrrE (VAN WYI,: & SCrlUra'E 1994, 1995a); (4) the genus Calpurnia E. MEY. (tribe Sophoreae) was found to be a sister group of Virgilia and subsequently transferred to the Podalyrieae (VAN WYK & Scrltn'a'E 1995b). An earlier preliminary survey of phylogenetic relationships in the tribes Podalyrieae, Liparieae and Crotalarieae (VAN WYI,: & Sclqm'a'E 1995b), indicated that both the Podalyrieae and Liparieae are monophyletic taxa, which originated from a common ancestor. Hypocalyptus, however, dropped to a basal position, thereby reflecting its incongruous taxonomic position. More information has since then come to light. In the tribe Sophoreae, recent anatomical, chemical and DNA studies have indicated that the genus Cadia FORSSI,:. deviates from other members of the Cadia group (PoIJqmL 1981b) in various characters, e.g. wood anatomy (GASSON 1994), alkaloids (VAt< WYK & al. 1993), chloroplast DNA (DOYLE 1987, 1995). POLnmL (1994) subsequently abandoned the Cadia group and transferred Cadia to the Sophora group. He, however, reiterated the suggestion by VAN WYK & al. (1993), that the genus should possibly be transferred to the Podalyrieae. The objectives of this paper are (1) to discuss the morphological, cytological and chemical variation in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae, (2) to re-examine evolutionary affinities amongst the genera, (3) to provide a predictive classification for the tribes, based on sound empirical evidence, and (4) to investigate the possible inclusion of Cadia in the Podalyrieae. Morphological characters Growth form. In the Podalyrieae and Liparieae, all the species are long-lived perennials. There is a considerable variation in growth form - from tall upright trees with a main trunk, to erect woody shrubs, to virgate, multi-stemmed shrubs, to small rounded subshrubs or sprawling shrublets. The general trend of a tree-like versus a shrub-like growth form is thus applicable as an evolutionary character. Adaptations to survive recurrent fires have, to a large extent, influenced the life forms of the taxa. The two fire-survival strategies, sprouters (able to resprout after fire) and non-sprouters (obligate reseeders after fire), are important taxonomic characters, particularly at the Specific level (ScmrrwE & al. 1995; Sclatrra~ 1997c, d). At generic level, however, there are no clear-cut discontinuities and these characters appear to have evolved independently in the different genera. Leaves. Leaves are imparipinnate in Virgilia and Calpurnia, digitately trifoliolate in Hypocalyptus and Cyclopia and simple in Amphithalea, Coelidium, Liparia, Podalyria, Stirtonanthus and Xiphotheca (Fig. 1). Petioles are invariably presen t in most genera, except in Amphithalea and Coelidium, where they are strongly reduced or absent and Liparia, where they are totally lacking. Cyclopia and Liparia have decurrent leaf bases and the leaves tend to turn black when dried. Relationships in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae 3 °~ c~ ~a °~ © °~ o e~ 4 A.L. ScrtuTa'E & B.-E. VAN WYK: Liparia has leaves with three or more primary veins arising from the base of the lamina, in contrast to the pinnately veined leaves of the other genera. Stipules are invariably present in all the genera, albeit strongly reduced in size in Amphithalea, Coelidium and Xiphotheca. It seems as if specialization in leaves occurred along the sequence of reduction as proposed by DOe,MZR (1945, 1946) and Pou-ImL (1981a): compound to simple; petioles present to absent; stipules conspicuous to strongly reduced. Infloreseenees. According to POLHILL (1976), inflorescences tend to be rather labile in the Papilionoideae. In the Podalyrieae and Liparieae inflorescence structure is a useful character at both inter- and infrageneric level. Terminal, many- flowered racemes occur in Hypocalyptus (Fig. 2). Virgilia and Calpurnia have subterminal and axillary racemes or panicles. The rest of the Podalyrieae and Liparieae have axillary, simple racemose inflorescences, with modifications in the number of flowers, length of the peduncle and length of the inflorescence axis (Fig. 2). In Liparia the flowers are borne on lateral short shoots, terminating in a small apical extension of the inflorescence axis. These brachyblasts are either contracted ) n 'D D 0, / p % ,@ q[ % ,D ,~ I~ /" HYPOCALYPTUS VIRGILIA XIPHOTHECA ~J CALPURNIA COELIDIUM AMPHITHALEA Q, ,IB 0 & O V i Z. PODALYRIA LIPARIA CYCLOPIA STIRTONANTHUS Fig. 2. Schematic representation of inflorescence structure in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae. See text for discussion Relationships in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae 5 into many-flowered heads subtended by petaloid, sterile bracts, or few-flowered units in which a decrease in the length of the axis eventually leads to decussate two- or four-flowered inflorescences (Scmn:~ & VAN WYK 1994). Xiphotheca, Coelidium and several species of Amphithalea invariably have geminate (paired) flowers. The other species of Amphithalea are either bifloral at the base of the flowering branch, becoming unifloral towards the apex, or uniformly single- flowered. Specialization appears to culminate in Cyclopia, where the inflorescences are consistently unifloral and supported by two bracts, very rarely three or four bracts (ScIatrrTE, pers. obs.), with the flower situated in the axil of the uppermost bract. The bracts are generally sheathing (i.e. with a broad point of attachment) in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae (Fig. 3). Tridentate bracts, possibly due to an extreme reduction in leaf size and subsequent fusion with the adjacent stipules, have been observed in Hypocalyptus, Virgilia, Stirtonanthus and Podalyria. The bracts are caducous at an early stage in Podalyria, Virgilia and Calpurnia. Xiphotheca and three species of Coelidium have the bracts fused with the pedicel at the base. Most genera lack bracteoles, except Hypocalyptus, Xiphotheca, Virgilia and Calpurnia, where they are either conspicuous (Hypocalyptus, Xiphotheca phylicoides A. L. SCrIUTTE & B.-E. VAN WYK, X. canescens (Tmn~.) A. L. ScI-IUTTz & B.-E. VAN WYK, X. elliptica (DC.) A. L. Scmn:TE & B.-E. VAN WYK, or strongly reduced (Virgilia oroboides ADAMSON, Calpurnia and the remainder of Xiphotheca). The structure and evolutionary tendencies of inflorescences in the Fabaceae have been discussed by WE~Er~IN6 (1989). Trends evident in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae include the following: inflorescence position terminal to axillary; inflorescence type racemose
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