DOCSLIB.ORG

In the Core Cape Subregion of South Africa Meshack Nkosinathi Dludlu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In the Core Cape Subregion of South Africa Meshack Nkosinathi Dludlu Edaphic Factors and Rhizobia influence the Distribution of Legumes (Fabaceae) in the Core Cape Subregion of South Africa Town Meshack Nkosinathi Dludlu Cape Thesis presented for the Degree of of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Biological Sciences UniversityUNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN February 2018 Supervisors: A/Prof. A. Muthama Muasya & Dr Samson B.M. Chimphango The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derivedTown from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes Capeonly. of Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Declaration I, Meshack Nkosinathi Dludlu know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all of the work in the thesis, save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. I hereby, a) grant the University free licence to reproduce the above thesis in whole or in part for the purpose of research; b) declare that: i. the above thesis is my own unaided work, both in conception and execution, and that apart from the normal guidance from my supervisors, I have received no assistance except as stated below; ii. neither the substance nor any part of the thesis has been submitted in the past, or is being, or is to be submitted for a degree at this University or any other University, except as stated below. I am now presenting the thesis for examination for the degree of PhD. The thesis contains three papers, which were published in collaboration with my supervisors and research associates, A. Muthama Muasya, Samson B.M. Chimphango; Gemma Walker and Charles H. Stirton: 1. Dludlu, M.N., Chimphango, S.B.M., Stirton, C.H., Muasya, A.M., 2017. Distinct edaphic habitats are occupied by discrete legume assemblages with unique indicator species in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. Journal of Plant Ecology rtx027. doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtx027. 2. Dludlu, M.N., Chimphango, S.B.M., Stirton, C.H., Muasya, A.M., 2018. Differential preference of Burkholderia and Mesorhizobium to pH and soil types in the Core Cape Subregion, South Africa. Genes 9, 2. doi: 10.3390/genes9010002. ii 3. Dludlu, M.N., Chimphango, S.B.M., Walker, G., Stirton, C.H., Muasya, A.M., (accepted). Horizontal gene transfer among rhizobia of the Core Cape Subregion of southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany. My supervisors have testified that I made substantial contributions to the conceptualization and design of the published papers and that I independently ran experiments and wrote the manuscripts, with their support in the form of comments and suggestions (see Appendix D). Signature: Date: February 2018 iii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my family, whose unrelenting love and support made this possible. iv Acknowledgements I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, A/Prof. Muthama Muasya and Dr Samson Chimphango for their instrumental guidance, motivation and support from the inception of this project throughout the PhD journey. Likewise, I am indebted to Prof. Charles Stirton for his mentorship, which he has been providing cheerfully from the early days of my Master’s degree studies to the present day. I cannot imagine having better supervisors and a better mentor for my thesis. The technicians of the Biological Sciences Department are gratefully acknowledged for their assistance with the sourcing of equipment and reagents and providing access to the relevant laboratory facilities. I am also thankful to Edward Chirwa for his assistance with fieldwork and some of the laboratory work. Dr Benny Lemaire’s enthusiastic guidance on some laboratory techniques is gratefully appreciated. Thanks to Terry Trinder-Smith, the Curator of the Bolus Herbarium, for providing access to datasets on legume occurrence records for the Cape Peninsula. In the same vein, I would like to acknowledge the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) for providing access to their database (PRECIS), particularly, data on legume occurrence records for the entire Southern Africa region. I acknowledge the Table Mountain National Parks for providing permits to conduct fieldwork in areas under their management. In the same way, I recognize Mr Giorgio Lombardi, the Warden of the Vogelgat Private Nature Reserve, for granting permission to conduct research on the legumes that occur in their reserve. The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Additional financial support towards this study was provided by the University of Cape Town, the University of Swaziland and the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN); to whom I am very grateful. v Abstract Fabaceae is the second most speciose plant family in the Core Cape Subregion (CCR) of South Africa, a Mediterranean type ecosystem, with mostly nutrient-poor soils. A majority of the legumes occurring in this region belong to the predominantly nitrogen-fixing subfamily Papilionoideae and they employ a variety of strategies for nutrient acquisition. However, legumes are neither uniformly nor randomly distributed in the CCR landscape. Instead, distinct legume species assemblages tend to occupy particular habitats within the landscape. The drivers of this distribution pattern are yet to be determined. In this thesis, it was hypothesized that edaphic factors (soil chemical and physical characteristics) and the distribution of rhizobia have influenced legume distributions in the CCR landscape. The influence of edaphic factors on the distribution of legume species assemblages in the Cape Peninsula (a microcosm of the CCR) is the subject of the second chapter of the thesis. It was hypothesized that the composition of legume species assemblages is correlated with soil physical and chemical properties and that the interaction of Phosphorus (P) and the three cations that often bind P, i.e. Aluminium, Calcium and Iron, making it unavailable to plants, drive legume species assemblages in the landscape. Soils from 27 legume sites, spanning all major soil types of the Cape Peninsula, were analysed for 31 chemical and physical properties. Surveys of legume species present at each site were conducted to generate a presence/absence matrix. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to test for a correlation between legume species composition and edaphic factors. The strength of the association between legume species composition and site groupings based on edaphic properties was assessed using indicator species analysis. A significant correlation between edaphic factors and species composition was found and the key edaphic parameters driving the relationship were clay content, iron (Fe), potassium (K), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn). Indicator species, characteristic of the various edaphic habitats were also identified. These findings indicate that distinct edaphic habitats are occupied by discrete legume species assemblages, implying a significant influence of edaphic factors on the legume distributions. Chapter three of the thesis sought to determine if the ecological parameters; altitude, pH and soil type influence the distribution of the two main rhizobial genera (Burkholderia and Mesorhizobium) that nodulate various legumes of the CCR, and to determine the diversity and phylogenetic position of rhizobia that associate with the narrowly distributed and rare Indigofera superba in the CCR. The first objective was pursued through molecular characterisation of rhizobial strains isolated from nodules of legume species collected in the field across the Cape Peninsula. DNA sequences for 16S vi rRNA, recA and nodA were combined with data from a previous study that sampled broadly within the CCR and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Tests for phylogenetic signals for the three ecological parameters were conducted, using the D statistic for soil type and Pagel’s λ for altitude and pH. These analyses were used to test the hypothesis that closely related species occupy similar habitats with respect to each of the three ecological parameters. For the study of rhizobial symbionts of Indigofera superba, field nodules were sampled from multiple populations across its distribution range and a phylogeny of its symbionts was reconstructed in a matrix that included symbionts of diverse legumes from different habitats within the CCR. The results showed that Burkholderia is restricted to acidic habitats, while Mesorhizobium occurs in both acidic and alkaline habitats. Additionally, both rhizobial genera showed significant phylogenetic clustering for pH and most soil types. However, none of the genera showed a phylogenetic structure with respect to altitude. These findings indicate that pH and soil type influence the distribution of rhizobia in the CCR. Implications of these findings for the distribution of legumes in the landscape are discussed. For the narrowly distributed I. superba, the results showed that it associates with diverse strains within the genus Burkholderia and such strains are not phylogenetically distinct from strains isolated from localities outside its distribution range. These findings lead to the hypothesis that I. superba does not exhibit rhizobia specificity at the intrageneric level. Testing of this hypothesis through analysis of its nodulation capability on soils from outside its distribution range is recommended. The fourth chapter of the thesis determined the extent of horizontal gene transfer among rhizobial genera in the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Synopsis of Phaseoleae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) James Andrew Lackey Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1977 A synopsis of Phaseoleae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) James Andrew Lackey Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Lackey, James Andrew, "A synopsis of Phaseoleae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) " (1977). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5832. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5832 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Conservation Practical Year 2014
    Polhillia on the brink: Taxonomy, ecophysiology and conservation assessment of a highly threatened Cape legume genus by Brian du Preez Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Botany) in the Faculty of Science at Stellenbosch University Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. Supervisors: Prof. L.L. Dreyer, Prof. A.J. Valentine, Prof. M. Muasya April 2019 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third-party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: ……15 February 2019……… Copyright ©2019 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved. i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION....................................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dipogon Lignosus (L.) Verde, DOLICHOS PEA, AUSTRALIAN PEA
    Dipogon lignosus (L.) Verde, DOLICHOS PEA, AUSTRALIAN PEA. Perennial herbaceous vine, somewhat twining, sprawling and climbing over itself and other plants; shoots in range ± strigose, glaucous. Stems: strongly ridged aging cylindric, to 3 mm diameter, with 3 or 5 ridges descending from each leaf (at least 2 from stipules), tough, flexible, green-striped, sparsely strigose with downward-pointing hairs, glaucous with wax persistent at nodes. Leaves: helically alternate, pinnately 3-foliolate, with terminal leaflet on rachis, petiolate with pulvinus, with stipules; stipules 2, attached to stem at nodes, triangular-ovate with bulbous base, 4−5 mm long, on young leaf typically spreading, with colorless margins, acute at tip, parallel-veined, upper surface glabrous, lower surface and margins strigose with upward-pointing hairs, ± persistent; petiole 37−55 mm long, pulvinus conspicuously swollen, 2−5 mm long, sparsely strigose, glaucous, above deeply channeled, sparsely strigose with mostly upward-pointing hairs, glaucous; stipels 1 subtending each lateral leaflet and 2 subtending terminal leaflet, linear-lanceolate, 1.8−3 mm long, short-ciliate on curved margin (sometimes purple), glaucous; petiolule = pulvinus and as long as stipel, sparsely short-strigose; rachis deeply channeled, 10−20 mm long, glaucous, sparsely short-hairy; blades of leaflets rhombic-ovate to ovate, lateral leaflets asymmetric, 16−57 × 10−37 mm, terminal leaflet symmetric, 20−60 × 12−45 mm, rounded to broadly tapered at base, entire and strigose short-ciliate on margins, acute to acuminate at tip, conspicuously 3-veined at base with principal veins raised on both surfaces to midblade, glabrous but sparsely strigose along principal veins, lower surface conspicuously gray-glaucous.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Marker Resources for Application in Cyclopia Species
    Genetic marker resources for application in Cyclopia species by Marioné Niemandt Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of AgriSciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisors: Prof Rouvay Roodt-Wilding and Dr Cecilia Bester Co-supervisor: Mr Kenneth Tobutt December 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. December 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Cyclopia species are endemic to the Fynbos Biome of South Africa and have been utilised for many years as a health drink known as honeybush tea. Despite the commercial importance of Cyclopia, no molecular resources are available to characterise this genus. The polyploid nature furthermore limits the use of molecular markers as some species exhibit up to 14 sets of chromosomes (Cyclopia intermedia and Cyclopia meyeriana: 2n = 14x = 126). This study optimised a DNA extraction protocol for various Cyclopia species in order to obtain high quality DNA as the first crucial step during molecular genetic studies. The use of young, fresh leaves as starting material for DNA extraction presents a challenge when sampling from distant locations; therefore, a CTAB/NaCl buffer was optimised to preserve the leaves for up to two weeks prior to DNA extraction under laboratory conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 7. Nitrogen-Fixing Clade1
    Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 7. Nitrogen-Fixing Clade1 Authors: Jiang, Wei, He, Hua-Jie, Lu, Lu, Burgess, Kevin S., Wang, Hong, et. al. Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 104(2) : 171-229 Published By: Missouri Botanical Garden Press URL: https://doi.org/10.3417/2019337 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden on 01 Apr 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS Volume 104 Annals Number 2 of the R 2019 Missouri Botanical Garden EVOLUTION OF ANGIOSPERM Wei Jiang,2,3,7 Hua-Jie He,4,7 Lu Lu,2,5 POLLEN. 7. NITROGEN-FIXING Kevin S. Burgess,6 Hong Wang,2* and 2,4 CLADE1 De-Zhu Li * ABSTRACT Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in root nodules is known in only 10 families, which are distributed among a clade of four orders and delimited as the nitrogen-fixing clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Oberholzeria (Fabaceae Subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume Genus from Namibia
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Oberholzeria (Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume Genus from Namibia Wessel Swanepoel1,2*, M. Marianne le Roux3¤, Martin F. Wojciechowski4, Abraham E. van Wyk2 1 Independent Researcher, Windhoek, Namibia, 2 H. G. W. J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 3 Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4 School of Life Sciences, Arizona a11111 State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America ¤ Current address: South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Oberholzeria etendekaensis, a succulent biennial or short-lived perennial shrublet is de- Citation: Swanepoel W, le Roux MM, Wojciechowski scribed as a new species, and a new monotypic genus. Discovered in 2012, it is a rare spe- MF, van Wyk AE (2015) Oberholzeria (Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume cies known only from a single locality in the Kaokoveld Centre of Plant Endemism, north- Genus from Namibia. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0122080. western Namibia. Phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data from the plastid matK doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122080 gene resolves Oberholzeria as the sister group to the Genisteae clade while data from the Academic Editor: Maharaj K Pandit, University of nuclear rDNA ITS region showed that it is sister to a clade comprising both the Crotalarieae Delhi, INDIA and Genisteae clades. Morphological characters diagnostic of the new genus include: 1) Received: October 3, 2014 succulent stems with woody remains; 2) pinnately trifoliolate, fleshy leaves; 3) monadel- Accepted: February 2, 2015 phous stamens in a sheath that is fused above; 4) dimorphic anthers with five long, basifixed anthers alternating with five short, dorsifixed anthers, and 5) pendent, membranous, one- Published: March 27, 2015 seeded, laterally flattened, slightly inflated but indehiscent fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2008 for the Yilgarn District Threatened Flora And
    1 YILGARN DISTRICT THREATENED FLORA AND COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Annual Report 2008 For the Yilgarn District Threatened Flora and Communities Recovery Team Ben Lullfitz Conservation Officer (Flora) Daviesia microcarpa seedling (Photo: Hayden Cannon) Property and copyright of this document is vested jointly in the Director, Threatened Species and Communities Section, Environment Australia and the Executive Director, Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation The Commonwealth disclaims responsibility for the views expressed Department of Environment and Conservation PO Box 332 Merredin WA 6415 Yilgarn District Threatened Flora and Communities Management Program 2008 Annual Report 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY OF KEY RECOVERY ACTIONS COMPLETED IN 2008 3 2. THREATENED FLORA AND COMMUNITIES RECOVERY TEAM 4 2.1. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 4 2.2. MEMBERS 4 2.3. RECOVERY TEAM MEETING 5 3. FUNDING 6 4. SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES BRANCH – INTERIM RECOVERY PLANS 6 4.1. IRPs OUTSTANDING 6 5. YILGARN DISTRICT THREATENED FLORA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 6 5.1. YILGARN DISTRICT THREATENED FLORA SCHEDULE 6 6. IMPLIMENTATION OF RECOVERY ACTIONS 7 6.1. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED 7 6.2. ENDNGERED 8 6.3. VULNERABLE 8 6.4. PRIORITY ONE 9 6.5. PRIORITY TWO 9 6.6. PRIORITY THREE 9 6.7. PRIORITY FOUR 10 7. TRANSLOCATIONS 10 8. INDUCED RECRUITMENT BURNS 10 9. APPLICATIONS TO TAKE RARE FLORA 11 10. EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY 11 11. DISTRICT THREATENED FLORA HERBARIUM 11 12. PRIORITY ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES 11 13. CONCLUSION 12 APPENDIX 1: YILGARN DISTRICT THREATENED FLORA LIST 2008 13 Yilgarn District Threatened Flora and Communities Management Program 2008 Annual Report 3 1. SUMMARY OF KEY RECOVERY ACTIONS COMPLETED IN 2008 • Flora survey works in 2008 resulted in the discovery of 11 new populations of declared rare and priority flora in the Yilgarn district (2 endangered, 4 vulnerable and 5 priority species).
    [Show full text]
  • Applied Phylogeography of Cyclopia Intermedia (Fabaceae) Highlights the Need for ‘Duty of Care’ When Cultivating Honeybush
    Applied phylogeography of Cyclopia intermedia (Fabaceae) highlights the need for `duty of care' when cultivating honeybush Nicholas C. Galuszynski and Alastair J. Potts Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa ABSTRACT Background. The current cultivation and plant breeding of Honeybush tea (produced from members of Cyclopia Vent.) do not consider the genetic diversity nor structuring of wild populations. Thus, wild populations may be at risk of genetic contamination if cultivated plants are grown in the same landscape. Here, we investigate the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey.—this species is widespread and endemic in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) and used in the production of Honeybush tea. Methods. We applied High Resolution Melt analysis (HRM), with confirmation Sanger sequencing, to screen two non-coding chloroplast DNA regions (two fragments from the atpI-aptH intergenic spacer and one from the ndhA intron) in wild C. intermedia populations. A total of 156 individuals from 17 populations were analyzed for phylogeographic structuring. Statistical tests included analyses of molecular variance and isolation-by-distance, while relationships among haplotypes were ascertained using a statistical parsimony network. Results. Populations were found to exhibit high levels of genetic structuring, with 62.8% of genetic variation partitioned within mountain ranges. An additional 9% of genetic variation was located amongst populations within mountains, suggesting limited seed exchange among neighboring populations. Despite this phylogeographic Submitted 17 April 2020 structuring, no isolation-by-distance was detected (p > 0:05) as nucleotide variation Accepted 5 August 2020 among haplotypes did not increase linearly with geographic distance; this is not Published 2 September 2020 surprising given that the configuration of mountain ranges dictates available habitats Corresponding author and, we assume, seed dispersal kernels.
    [Show full text]
  • Endangered but Genetically Stable—Erythrophleum Fordii Within Feng Shui Woodlands in Suburbanized Villages
    Received: 22 February 2019 | Revised: 6 July 2019 | Accepted: 12 July 2019 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5513 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Endangered but genetically stable—Erythrophleum fordii within Feng Shui woodlands in suburbanized villages Zheng‐Feng Wang1,2 | Hai‐Lin Liu3,4,5 | Se‐Ping Dai6 | Hong‐Lin Cao2 | Rui‐Jiang Wang2 | Zhang‐Ming Wang2 1Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Abstract Guangzhou, China Feng Shui woodlands are naturally or artificially formed green areas in southern 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory China. They are precious for maintaining ecosystem balance in modern semiurban of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, environments. However, they are generally small and geographically isolated from Guangzhou, China each other, and the status of genetic diversity of the plant species within them has 3Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of been almost neglected. Therefore, we studied the genetic diversity of the endan‐ Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China gered Erythrophleum fordii in eight Feng Shui woodlands (a total of 1,061 individuals) 4 Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm in Guangzhou, a large city in southern China, using microsatellites. For comparison, Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China one population with 33 individuals sampled in a nature reserve was also studied. 5University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Although our results indicate that significant demographic declines occurred histori‐ Beijing, China cally in E. fordii, such declines have not resulted in consistent reductions in genetic 6Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou, China variation over generations in Feng Shui populations in the recent past, and the lev‐ els of genetic variation in these populations were higher than or comparable to the Correspondence Se‐Ping Dai, Guangzhou Institute of genetic variation of the population in the nature reserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Rooibos Nutraceutical: Optimisation of Hot Water Extraction and Spray-Drying by Quality-By-Design Methodology
    GREEN ROOIBOS NUTRACEUTICAL: OPTIMISATION OF HOT WATER EXTRACTION AND SPRAY-DRYING BY QUALITY-BY-DESIGN METHODOLOGY Neil Miller Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Food Science Department of Food Science Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. E. Joubert Co-supervisor: Prof. D. de Beer December 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis/dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: December 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT Unfermented Aspalathus linearis, otherwise known as green rooibos (GR), contains high levels of aspalathin, a potent C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone antioxidant with antidiabetic bioactivity, unique to rooibos. Inherent variation in the phenolic composition of rooibos is likely to cause significant variability in the aspalathin content of different GR production batches and thus also the batch-to-batch quality of a nutraceutical green rooibos extract (GRE). The aim of this study was to optimise hot water extraction and spray-drying for the production of a shelf-stable GRE. A quality-by-design (QbD) approach was applied, entailing a preliminary risk assessment step, one-factor-at-a-time analysis, and analyses according to a central composite design (CCD) to determine the effects of process parameters on responses.
    [Show full text]
  • Legumes of Wallace Desert Gardens
    Bulletin of The Desert Legume Program of The Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum and The University of Arizona Volume 18, Number 2 August 2006 Legumes of Wallace Desert Gardens Pamela Slate standing relationship between our Desert Gardens reviews and Botanic Coordinator organizations, one I see growing ever approves appropriate on-site Wallace Desert Gardens stronger year after year.” projects of mutual benefit. Wallace Desert Gardens is a Matthew B. Johnson non-profit foundation [(502(c)(3) In the mid-1980’s, the Program Manager and Curator under IRS rules] that was created in Wallace’s moved, complete with their Desert Legume Program 1993, well after much of the garden plant collection, from a Paradise was established. Its mission was Valley acre to a Scottsdale The virtues of desert legumes written by HB, as he was fondly subdivision where they purchased captured the attention of H.B. and known, to reflect the original intent of numerous acre-plus lots. At the time, Jocelyn M. Wallace when they first the foundation: HB had “no idea it would be bigger learned of the Desert Legume than a two-acre garden.” Although Program (DELEP) in 1989, about a Wallace Desert Gardens is a he “knew nothing of desert plants year after the program was founded collection of the world’s deserts when he moved to Arizona” in the at the University of Arizona. They plants located at an elevation of early 1980’s, they quickly became his understood the importance of some 2400 feet. Founded by passion. Today the garden legumes’ potential applications H.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendation of Native Species for the Reforestation of Degraded Land Using Live Staking in Antioquia and Caldas’ Departments (Colombia)
    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA Department of Land, Environment Agriculture and Forestry Second Cycle Degree (MSc) in Forest Science Recommendation of native species for the reforestation of degraded land using live staking in Antioquia and Caldas’ Departments (Colombia) Supervisor Prof. Lorenzo Marini Co-supervisor Prof. Jaime Polanía Vorenberg Submitted by Alicia Pardo Moy Student N. 1218558 2019/2020 Summary Although Colombia is one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity in the world, it has many degraded areas due to agricultural and mining practices that have been carried out in recent decades. The high Andean forests are especially vulnerable to this type of soil erosion. The corporate purpose of ‘Reforestadora El Guásimo S.A.S.’ is to use wood from its plantations, but it also follows the parameters of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). For this reason, it carries out reforestation activities and programs and, very particularly, it is interested in carrying out ecological restoration processes in some critical sites. The study area is located between 2000 and 2750 masl and is considered a low Andean humid forest (bmh-MB). The average annual precipitation rate is 2057 mm and the average temperature is around 11 ºC. The soil has a sandy loam texture with low pH, which limits the amount of nutrients it can absorb. FAO (2014) suggests that around 10 genera are enough for a proper restoration. After a bibliographic revision, the genera chosen were Alchornea, Billia, Ficus, Inga, Meriania, Miconia, Ocotea, Protium, Prunus, Psidium, Symplocos, Tibouchina, and Weinmannia. Two inventories from 2013 and 2019, helped to determine different biodiversity indexes to check the survival of different species and to suggest the adequate characteristics of the individuals for a successful vegetative stakes reforestation.
    [Show full text]