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Acacia Saligna (Labill.) H 204 AcaciaSearch Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Wendl. Figure 33. Acacia saligna ‘cyanophylla’variant Common Names Coojong, Golden-wreath Wattle, Orange Wattle, Blue-leafed Wattle, Port Jackson Willow. Habit Variable shrubs or trees 2–10 m tall, either single- or multi- B – Branched stem base. stemmed, mature trunks 5–40 cm (Photo: B.R. Maslin) dbh and straight to rather crooked, often suckering and sometimes forming thickets, in sand the main root may grow to 16 m deep (Knight et al. 2002) Map 67. Distribution of A. saligna. but sub-surface lateral roots are also developed (Messines 1952). See below under Taxonomy for further habit details. Botanical descriptions and illustrations/photographs of A. saligna are provided in Maslin (1974), Costermans (1981), Simmons (1988), Tame (1992), Whibley & Symon (1992), Doran & Turnbull C – Un-branched stems. A – Large plant near Muchea, W.A. (Photo: B.R. Maslin) (1997), Maslin (2001 & 2001a) and Kodela (2002). The characteristics and uses of the species are (Photo: B.R. Maslin) described more fully in Hall & Turnbull (1976a), Michaelides (1979), Crompton (1992), Fox (1995) and Doran & Turnbull (1997). Taxonomy Acacia saligna is referable to Acacia section Phyllodineae, a diverse, and probably artificial, group of about 408 species (Maslin 2001) which are characterized by having ‘1-nerved’ phyllodes and flowers arranged in globular heads (see Maslin & Stirton 1998 and Maslin 2001 for discussion). As currently defined A. saligna is a very variable species, not only in morphological characters such as phyllodes, bark and growth form, but also in ecological and biological attributes. Understanding the complex patterns of variation and reflecting these in a taxonomic classification is considered crucial for the effective management and development of this widely-utilized species. To this end a study of E – Coppice regrowth following cutting of main the native Western Australian populations of A. saligna was recently commenced by the first author stem. (Photo: B.R. Maslin) and others. While preliminary results indicate that most of the variation can be accommodated within four main ‘variants’ these have not yet D – 22 month old plants in trial at Coorow. (Photo: J. Carslake) been adequately characterized or their taxonomic status resolved. Indicative distributions of the four variants are shown in Map 69 and synoptic details concerning F– Phyllode base with characteristic, disk-like them are as follows. gland (arrowed) close to pulvinus. (Photo: comm. M. Brooker) The ‘typical’ variant is widespread in inland regions (predominantly the wheatbelt) where it extends from east of Esperance to the Murchison River (extending inland to north of Yalgoo). It grows mainly along seasonally dry water courses and around the base of granite Map 68. Predicted area (blue) where rocks but also occurs on coastal sand A. saligna (all variants combined) G (above) – Branch with large, golden heads in racemes. (Photo: B.R. Maslin) is climatically suited for cultivation; dunes around Esperance (which is where H (right) – Stem section showing pale-coloured, low density wood. this area is derived from a bioclimatic (Photo: W. O’Sullivan) analysis of the natural distribution (red circles, Map 67), see also Table 5. Target area shown in yellow. Acacia saligna 205 Figure 33. Acacia saligna ‘cyanophylla’variant B – Branched stem base. (Photo: B.R. Maslin) C – Un-branched stems. A – Large plant near Muchea, W.A. (Photo: B.R. Maslin) (Photo: B.R. Maslin) E – Coppice regrowth following cutting of main stem. (Photo: B.R. Maslin) D – 22 month old plants in trial at Coorow. (Photo: J. Carslake) F– Phyllode base with characteristic, disk-like gland (arrowed) close to pulvinus. (Photo: comm. M. Brooker) G (above) – Branch with large, golden heads in racemes. (Photo: B.R. Maslin) H (right) – Stem section showing pale-coloured, low density wood. (Photo: W. O’Sullivan) 206 AcaciaSearch the original specimens of the species were collected in 1792). In places this variant extends to saline Figure 34. Acacia saligna variants drainage systems such as the human-induced salt-affected, upper catchment of the Avon River (e.g. east of Brookton). The ‘typical’ variant is commonly a shrub 2–4 (–5) m tall with stout, straight to sub-straight main stems about 5–10 cm dbh, however, around granite rocks it may reach 10 m tall with stems to 20 cm dbh. The bark is smooth (longitudinally fissured towards base of main stems on oldest plants) and the phyllodes green. This variant suckers vigorously. The ‘cyanophylla’ variant appears to have a restricted natural distribution in the vicinity of Perth where it occurs on the Swan Coastal Plain from near Yanchep to Mandurah, a distance of around 150 km. It is this variant to which the name A. cyanophylla was originally applied and it is the one that C – ‘typical’, dry site near Mingenew, W.A., is probably most commonly planted around the world. The ‘cyanophylla’ variant is typically found more shrubby than A & B. on deep sandy soil, often near swamps. Because it has been so commonly used as an ornamental, in roadside and on-farm plantings, and in various revegetation programs, it is somewhat difficult to be certain of its true natural distribution (especially on the Swan Coastal Plain south of Mandurah). The ‘cyanophylla’ variant grows to a shrub or tree 3–10 m tall, it is either single-stemmed or has a short main stem which branches near the base, the stems are robust, straight to sub-straight and reach about 20–40 cm dbh. The crown is dense and bushy (phyllodes commonly sub-glaucous) and the bark is smooth (but longitudinally fissured towards the base of main stems on oldest plants). This variant does sucker but seemingly not as aggressively so as the other three variants; it coppices well. A – ‘typical’, Muntadgin Rock, W.A., multi- B – ‘typical’, Muntadgin Rock, stemmed. W.A., single-stemmed. D – ‘typical’ showing vigorous root suckering The ‘forest’ variant is geographically located between the above two. It grows in the Jarrah–Marri forest from near Mount Barker to Augusta and north to New Norcia but extends to the Swan Coastal Plain south of Mandurah. It occurs on a variety of soils (sand to clay, but not laterite) and is most commonly found along water courses , but does extend to the coastal dunes in places. This variant grows as a shrub or tree 3–8 (–10) m tall (spindly forms occur in places), it is single-stemmed or has a few main stems from the base, the stems are commonly sub-straight to rather crooked (sometimes straight) and reach 10–20 cm dbh. This variant seems to be most readily identified by its bark which is G – ‘forest’ variant, vigorous root friable (crumbly) and breaks with a rectangular fracture. It appears to sucker very aggressively. suckering The ‘Tweed River’ variant is seemingly uncommon with a scattered distribution in the Bridgetown– Manjimup–Kojonup area. It grows to a tree 3–10 m tall with either a single-stem or with a few main stems from the base, the stems have an erect aspect, are straight to rather crooked and reach 35 cm dbh on the oldest plants. The bark is similar to that found on the ‘forest’ variant. This variant is most readily identified by the white pruinose stems and distinctly glaucous phyllodes that are found on juvenile plants. It suckers aggressively. Given the current inadequate knowledge of these variants it is not possible to confidently ascribe E – ‘forest’, crooked stems. F – ‘forest’, crooked stems. H – ‘forest’, vigorous root suckering the large body of previously published information concerning A. saligna to one or other of them. Therefore, the information presented below refers to A. saligna in the broad sense. At present it is not possible to ascertain with certainty any close relatives for A. saligna. There are, however, some indications that the species may not be too far removed taxonomically from certain members of the A. bivenosa group (see Chapman & Maslin 1992 for review of this group) or to A. blakelyi and A. scirpifolia. It may superficially resemble, and is sometimes confused with, A. pycnantha (see profile above) but these two species are not particularly closely related (Maslin 2001). Distribution and habitat Acacia saligna is widespread and often locally abundant in southwest Western Australia where it extends from near Kalbarri southeast to near Mount Ragged; there are outlying populations about 200 km east-northeast of Kalbarri on Meka, Murgoo and Jingemarra Stations. Much of this distribution I – ‘Tweed River’, falls within the target area. See above under Taxonomy for discussion of the distribution of the four mature tree (right) & adolescent plant variants currently recognized within this species (indicative distributions of these variants are shown in (left). Map 67). Acacia saligna is naturalized (and often weedy) in parts of eastern Australia and also in some (All photos: countries abroad (see below under Weed potential). This species has been introduced to Chile, Libya, B.R. Maslin) Acacia saligna 207 Figure 34. Acacia saligna variants C – ‘typical’, dry site near Mingenew, W.A., more shrubby than A & B. A – ‘typical’, Muntadgin Rock, W.A., multi- B – ‘typical’, Muntadgin Rock, stemmed. W.A., single-stemmed. D – ‘typical’ showing vigorous root suckering G – ‘forest’ variant, vigorous root suckering E – ‘forest’, crooked stems. F – ‘forest’, crooked stems. H – ‘forest’, vigorous root suckering I – ‘Tweed River’, mature tree (right) & adolescent plant (left). (All photos: B.R. Maslin) 208 AcaciaSearch Map 69. Indicative distribution of A. saligna variants: ‘typical’ – green ‘cyanophylla’ – red ‘forest’ – orange ‘Tweed River’ – yellow Tunisia, Iran, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt and elsewhere (see CAB International 2000 for details). Maslin (2001) provides maps of both the native and naturalized distributions of A. saligna within Australia. As noted by Doran & Turnbull (1997) A.
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