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One Million Years of Cultural Evolution in a Stable Environment at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain)

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One Million Years of Cultural Evolution in a Stable Environment at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) Quaternary Science Reviews 30 (2011) 1396e1412 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev One million years of cultural evolution in a stable environment at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) J. Rodríguez a,*, F. Burjachs b, G. Cuenca-Bescós c, N. García d,e, J. Van der Made f, A. Pérez González a, H.-A. Blain g, I. Expósito g, J.M. López-García g, M. García Antón h, E. Allué g, I. Cáceres g, R. Huguet g, M. Mosquera g, A. Ollé g, J. Rosell g, J.M. Parés a, X.P. Rodríguez g, C. Díez i, J. Rofes d, R. Sala g, P. Saladié g, J. Vallverdú g, M.L. Bennasar g, R. Blasco g, J.M. Bermúdez de Castro a, E. Carbonell g,j,1 a Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Avenida de la Paz 28, 09004 Burgos, Spain b ICREA Research Professor at Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Plaça Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain c Area de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain d Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain e Centro de Investigación (UCM-ISCIII) de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, c/Sinesio Delgado, 4 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain f Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, C.S.I.C., José G. Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain g IPHES (Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social). Área de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Plaça Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain h Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain i Dpto. CC. Históricas. Laboratorio de Prehistoria. IþDþI, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos, Spain j IPHES. Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain article info abstract Article history: The present paper analyses the evidence provided by three sites (Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina, and Received 16 June 2009 Galería) located in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril of the Sierra de Atapuerca. These three sites are cave Received in revised form fi 16 February 2010 in llings that contain sediments deposited from approximately 1.2 Ma to 200 kyr. Pollen, herpeto- Accepted 16 February 2010 fauna, and small and large mammal remains are used as proxies to obtain a general picture of the Available online 23 March 2010 environmental changes that occurred at the Sierra de Atapuerca throughout the one million-year period represented at these sites. Similarly, cultural changes are tracked analyzing the evidence of human behavior obtained from the study of several bone and lithic assemblages from these three sites. At least three periods with different cultural features, involving technology, subsistence and behavior, are determined from the available evidence. The first two periods correspond to the Mode 1 tech- nology and Homo antecessor: the first is dated around 1.2 to 1.0 Ma and reflects opportunistic behavior both in technology and subsistence. The second period is around 800 kyr BP. Mode 1 technology is still maintained, but subsistence strategies include systematic hunting and the use of base camps. The third period is dated between 500 ka and 200 ka and corresponds to the Mode 2 technology and the acquisition of directional hunting and other organizational strategies by Homo heidelbergensis. A transition from Mode 2 to Mode 3 seems to appear at the end of this time-range, and may reflect the early phases of a fourth cultural change. With regard to the environment, our main conclusion is that there was an absence of extremely harsh conditions at Atapuerca throughout this time period. The presence of Mediterranean taxa was constant and the dominant landscape was a savannah-like open environment, probably with small forest patches. An alternation of Mediterranean and mesic species * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ34 947 255006. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J. Rodríguez), [email protected] (F. Burjachs), [email protected] (G. Cuenca-Bescós), [email protected] (N. García), [email protected] (J. Van der Made), [email protected] (A. Pérez González), [email protected] (I. Blain), [email protected] (I. Expósito), [email protected] (J.M. López-García), [email protected] (M. García Antón), [email protected] (E. Allué), [email protected] (I. Cáceres), [email protected] (R. Huguet), [email protected] (M. Mosquera), [email protected] (A. Ollé), [email protected] (J. Rosell), [email protected] (J.M. Parés), [email protected] (X.P. Rodríguez), [email protected] (C. Díez), [email protected] (J. Rofes), [email protected] (R. Sala), [email protected] (P. Saladié), [email protected] (J. Vallverdú), [email protected] (M.L. Bennasar), [email protected] (R. Blasco), [email protected] (J.M. Bermúdez de Castro), [email protected] (E. Carbonell). 1 Visiting Professor IVPP (Beijing). 0277-3791/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.021 J. Rodríguez et al. / Quaternary Science Reviews 30 (2011) 1396e1412 1397 as the dominant component of the tree storey was induced by the climatic cycles, and steppes spread across the landscape during the drier periods. In any case, it is not possible to establish clear cut-off points separating entirely different environmental episodes. Our results show no evidence of any relationship between environmental change and cultural change at the Sierra de Atapuerca. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction evaluate the possible existence of correlations between cultural and environmental changes. The time period from the late Early Pleistocene to the end of the Middle Pleistocene was an era of cyclic climatic changes (Berger, 2. The Trinchera del Ferrocarril sites 1988; Rial, 1999). This period also saw the human settlement of Europe by Homo antecessor,(Carbonell et al., 2008a) and its even- The Sierra de Atapuerca is situated 15 km east of Burgos (Spain) tual substitution in the fossil record by Homo heidelbergensis and contains several archaeological and palaeontological sites (Arsuaga et al., 1997). From a cultural point of view, this period also dating from the Early Pleistocene to the Holocene (Arsuaga et al., records the appearance in Europe of Mode 1 and Mode 2 techno- 1997; Carbonell et al., 1999b,c, 2008a, Carretero et al., 2008; logical complexes, and even the transition to Mode 3. Vergés et al., 2008; García and Arsuaga, 2011). Within the Sierra de Technological Modes were defined by Clark in 1968 (Clarke, Atapuerca, the Trinchera del Ferrocarril includes three sites: Sima 1968). They provide a general framework to define the similarities del Elefante, Gran Dolina and Galería (Fig. 1). These sites are Pleis- among the stone tool assemblages, grouping them into different tocene karstic deposits that were cut by a railway trench, outcrop- production techniques. As a summarized by Foley and Mirazon Lahr ping their entire stratigraphic sequences at Gran Dolina and Galería, (2003, pp 114) “Mode 1, comprising the Oldowan and Asian Pebble Tool and Chopping Tool Traditions, constituted the simplest mode of production, the striking of a flake off a core. The number of flakes could vary, but what held this system of production together was . the simple platforms and lack of preparation involved. ( ). Mode 2 Atapuerca . fi saw the development of two elements ( ). The rst of these was the Burgos ability to strike off relatively large flakes (.) suitable for a greater amount of invasive retouch. (.). The result was the bifacial tradition Madrid that is represented by the Acheulean and its variants. Mode 3 Portugal represents a major shift in the output of lithic production, although Spain it shares with Mode 2 elements of the way tools are produced. The key difference is that the core is prepared (.). The outcome is a much more diverse set of finished tools, and hence a greater potential for variability and a greater emphasis on smaller items.” (For an extensive explanation, see Foley and Mirazon Lahr, 2003). We should clarify that preparation of cores already occurred during Mode 2, but it was during Mode 3 that this preparation developed, acquired complexity and became generalized. The Sierra de Atapuerca includes several archaeological and Gran Dolina T paleontological sites with a record of all these environmental r in c and cultural events at a local scale. Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina h Galería e r and Galería, three sites located in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril a d (Railway Trench), provide evidence of both environmental (macro e l and microvertebrates and/or pollen remains) and cultural (stone F e tools and/or modified bones) changes for the 1.2 to 0.2 Ma period. r r o In addition, these three sites have yielded human fossils (Bermúdez c a r de Castro and Rosas, 1992; Carbonell et al., 1995, 2008a). Conse- r i l quently, the sites in the Atapuerca Trinchera del Ferrocarril provide Sima del Elefante a unique opportunity to track the environmental and cultural changes in an European locality over a one million-year period covering several climatic cycles, and recording different techno- logical complexes from Mode 1 to the transition to Mode 3. A traditional premise states that environmental changes drive faunal and cultural evolution, suggesting that the emergence of technology is a result of environmental changes that led the African 42º 21’N 1025102 m. forest landscapes to contract and the savannas to develop between 100010 2.8 and 2.5 Ma (De Menocal, 1995; Vrba et al., 1995). The opposite 00 5 m. view highlights the importance of social and demographic factors m.
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