DOCSLIB.ORG

A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change Author(S): Candice Bradley, Carmella C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change Author(S): Candice Bradley, Carmella C UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title A Cross‐Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pb182x1 Journal American Anthropologist, 92(2) ISSN 0002-7294 Authors Bradley, C Moore, CC Burton, ML et al. Publication Date 1990 DOI 10.1525/aa.1990.92.2.02a00120 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change Author(s): Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Michael L. Burton and Douglas R. White Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Jun., 1990), pp. 447-457 Published by: Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/680155 Accessed: 15-02-2017 22:12 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms American Anthropological Association, Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Anthropologist This content downloaded from 128.200.102.71 on Wed, 15 Feb 2017 22:12:43 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Research Reports A Cross-Cultural Historical was designed to explore the political, eco- Analysis of Subsistence nomic, social, and ecological impact of the world economic system on small-scale Change societies, as well as to describe trade net- CANDICE BRADLEY works and political and economic rela- tionships between small- and large-scale University of Nairobi and societies. Department of Anthropology University of California, Irvine Subsistence Economy in CARMELLA C. MOORE Anthropological Research MICHAEL L. BURTON DOUGLAS R. WHITE Subsistence economy has formed the Department of Anthropology cornerstone of much anthropological re- University of California, Irvine search, particularly in studies using holo- cultural methods. Anthropological theo- This paper reports on a comparative ries about the relationship between sub- study of changes in subsistence patterns sistence and other aspects of culture tend in small-scale communities resulting to have one of two emphases. They focus from contact with global economic forces. either on the adaptations of individual so- The local communities are represented cieties to their environments, or on the by 87 Standard Cross-Cultural Sample constraints that subsistence economies Societies ("Standard Sample") (Mur- place on other elements of society or cul- dock and White 1969) distributed across ture. four major world geographic areas. This Subsistence economy has been shown study describes the patterns and general to have good predictive power in studies characteristics of the societies on a new of socialization (Barry, Child, and Bacon set of coded variables representing 1959), the sexual division of labor (Bose- change processes. The variable set in- rup 1970; Bradley 1987; Burton and cludes agricultural and nonagricultural White 1984; Ember 1983; Martin and intensification, the addition of new crops Voorhies 1975; Nerlove 1974; Sanday and animals, changes in settlement pat- 1973), and features of social structure terns and expansion, catastrophic loss, (Goody 1976). Psychological anthropol- changes in trade and wage labor, and the ogists, such as Whiting and Whiting date of ethnographic observation. The (1975) for example, formulate a model for findings of the study are both method- psychological research that begins with ological and substantive. The method- the culture's "maintenance systems." ological results focus on sampling prob- Cultural materialists and traditional lems for comparative studies as well as Marxists include subsistence within in- the dates of observation set for sample so- frastructure. In the cultural-materialist cieties. The substantive findings indicate perspective, infrastructure "probabilisti- that variables are regionally clustered, cally determines" other aspects of the with two basic patterns emerging for the economy as well as behavior and mental- way subsistence systems are affected and ity (Harris 1979:55). Because of the im- changed in different world regions. portance of subsistence to materialist the- The research reported here is part of a ory, types of food-getting activities con- larger project, the University of Califor- stitute a major organizing principle nia-Irvine "World-Systems and Ethno- within anthropology texts (e.g., Martin logical Theory" project. The larger study and Voorhies 1975). 447 This content downloaded from 128.200.102.71 on Wed, 15 Feb 2017 22:12:43 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 448 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [92, 1990] Some comparativists have ory" project,used a studysubsis- of societies from the tence economy as a part Standardof social Sample. evolu-The Standard Sample tionary theory building, particularly consists of 186 societies for and includes creating scales with which many to predictof the best-documented cul- and widely tural complexity or cultural known cultures evolution. in the anthropological lit- Subsistence economy was erature. a popular Each Standard in- Sample society dex of cultural evolution around has a locational the turn pinpoint focusing on a of the century (e.g., Steinmetz particular 1899; society Nie-or unit within a society. boer 1910; and Hobhouse, Each Wheeler, culture also has aand focal date. These Ginsberg 1915). More recently, range from 2,000Lomax years ago to 20 years and Arensberg (1977) used ago.type of subsis- tence economy as a measure The 87of societies cultural included in the current evolution. However, comparativists study were selected gen-from the larger group erally do not consider subsistence of 186 via stratified type random to sampling and be an especially precise measure have pinpoint ofdates cul- of ethnographic ob- tural evolution (Levinson servation and rangingMalone from 1750 to 1965.' 1980:33; Naroll 1978:421). The Most geographic recent distribution of the sam- cross-cultural investigations ple includesinto cultural38 societies from Africa and evolution do not rely on subsistence Eurasia, 17 from Oceania,types 18 from North- (e.g., Carneiro 1970) or use east them Asia and only North pe-America, and 14 ripherally (Freeman 1957; from Tatje Central and South Na- America. roll 1970). In economic anthropology, subsistence Coding economy is often distinguished from mar- Coding of the subsistence variables be- ket-oriented activity. In contrast, most cross-culturalists tend to include market- gan as part of the larger project, then de- veloped into a separate study as it became oriented food production under the sub- sistence rubric. Barry, Child, and Bacon apparent that changes in subsistence sys- (1959:53) defined subsistence as "what tems due to world-system contact were widespread. A separate codebook was de- general types of food-getting are predom- inant." This broad definition includes veloped by Moore and Bradley (1986), both production for use and production which focused specifically on changes in for exchange. Murdock and Morrow's subsistence systems. Ethnographers' (1970) definition of subsistence economy statements about the nature of change in includes not only the acquisition (or "der- indigenous forms of subsistence, as well ivation") of food, but also its transport, as the causes and consequences of such preservation, and storage. Subsistence changes, were recorded in narrative form. economy is defined in this report as the A codebook was then developed that en- acquisition, transport, and storage of all compassed a majority of the categories products of agriculture, herding, hunting, that had emerged through the reading. fishing, and gathering, for use or ex- Variable Definitions and Frequencies change, and also includes wage labor and trade. Fourteen variables were coded as indi- Past analyses have tended to empha- cators of change processes. They are dis- size change in subsistence through local cussed here along with their frequencies. evolutionary adaptation. In contrast, the The sample, the codebook for the varia- current study looks at changes in subsis- bles, and the codes for societies are pre- tence economy as a consequence of larger sented in the Appendix. systems of trade and political economy. Whether change had occurred within 100 years prior to the designated date ofethnographic Description of the Project observation. The most important piece of information coded is whether or not The Sample changes in subsistence patterns occurred The data were collected as part of the in the society within 100 years before the "World-Systems and Ethnological The- date of observation. Changes earlier than This content downloaded from 128.200.102.71 on Wed, 15 Feb 2017 22:12:43 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms RESEARCH REPORTS 449 100 years were noted New animals includes but the introduction not coded for the present study. of new domesticatedIf change animals or the intro-occurred, it was noted whether it was due to world- duction of herding. New animals were in- system contact. Seventy-three societies, troduced in 15 of 73 societies. or 84%, had experienced
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Subsistence Agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe: How to Break the Vicious Circle?
    Studies on the Agricultural and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe Subsistence Agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe: How to Break the Vicious Circle? edited by Steffen Abele and Klaus Frohberg Subsistence Agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe: How to Break the Vicious Circle? Studies on the Agricultural and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe Edited by Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe IAMO Volume 22 Subsistence Agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe: How to Break the Vicious Circle? Edited by Steffen Abele and Klaus Frohberg IAMO 2003 Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists the publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at: http://dnb.ddb.de. © 2003 Institut für Agrarentwicklung in Mittel- und Osteuropa (IAMO) Theodor-Lieser-Straße 2 062120 Halle (Saale) Tel. 49 (345) 2928-0 Fax 49 (345) 2928-199 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.iamo.de ISSN 1436-221X ISBN 3-9809270-2-4 INTRODUCTION STEFFEN ABELE, KLAUS FROHBERG Subsistence agriculture is probably the least understood and the most neglected type of agriculture. In a globalised, market-driven world, it remains at the same time a myth and a marginal phenomenon. Empirically, subsistence agriculture for a long time seemed to be restricted to developing countries, with only a few cases reported in Western Europe (CAILLAVET and NICHELE 1999; THIEDE 1994). Governmental support offered to subsistence agriculture was mainly done through agricultural development policies, the main objective being to have subsistence farmers participate in markets.
    [Show full text]
  • A General Equilibrium Model for Analyzing African Rural Subsistence Economies and an African Green Revolution
    AFRICA GROWTH INITIATIVE WORKING PAPER 12 | JUNE 2013 A GenerAl equilibrium model for AnAlyzinG AfricAn rurAl subsistence economies And An AfricAn Green revolution John W. McArthur and Jeffrey D. Sachs John W. McArthur is a senior fellow with the U.N. Foundation and the Fung Global Institute, and a nonresident senior fellow in Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution. Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University. Abstract: How can foreign aid support economic growth in Africa? This paper presents a geographically indexed general equilibrium model that enables green revolution—focused macroeconomic analysis in low-income African settings. The model is flexible to parameterization and highlights the role of farmers’ constraints to self-financing of inputs alongside minimum subsistence consumption requirements. It includes particular attention to the challenge of soil productivity and to the effects of official development assistance (ODA) for agricultural inputs and road building. Uganda is used as an illustrative case. The economy’s labor force is predominantly still located in rural areas and remains overwhelmingly focused on staple food production. Under plausible economy-wide parameters, a foreign- financed green revolution package shows a clear anti-Dutch disease result, in which the temporary boost in tar- geted ODA yields permanent productivity and welfare effects at relatively low cost. Acknowledgements: The corresponding author is John W. McArthur who can be reached at [email protected]. The authors thank Christopher Adam, Mwangi Kimenyi, Oliver Morrissey, John Page, Francis Teal, participants in the Brookings Africa Growth Initiative seminar, and participants in the Oxford Centre for the Study of African Economies annual conference for helpful comments and discussions during various stages of this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”* (1954)
    W.A.Lewis on Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor 1 Space for Notes W.A. Lewis, ↓ “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”* (1954) 1. This essay is written in the classical tradition, making the classical assumption, and asking the classical question. The classics, from Smith to Marx, all assumed, or argued, that an unlimited supply of labour was available at subsistence wages. They then enquired how production grows through time. They found the answer in capital accumulation, which they explained in terms of their analysis of the distribution of income. Classical systems stems thus determined simultaneously income distribution and income growth, with the relative prices of commodities as a minor bye-product. Interest in prices and in income distribution survived into the neo-classical era, but labour ceased to be unlimited in supply, and the formal model of economic analysis was no longer expected to explain the expansion of the system through time. These changes of assumption and of interest served well enough in the European parts of the world, where labour was indeed limited in supply, and where for the next half century it looked as if economic expansion could indeed be assumed to be automatic. On the other hand over the greater part of Asia labour is unlimited in supply, and economic expansion certainly cannot be taken for granted. Asia’s problems, however, attracted very few economists during the neo-classical era (even the Asian economists themselves absorbed the assumptions and preoccupations of European economics) and hardly any progress has been made for nearly a century with the kind of economics which would throw light upon the problems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Subsistence to Commercial Transition in Agricultural Development
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1969 The ubs sistence to commercial transition in agricultural development Elisha Walter Coward Jr. Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Coward, Elisha Walter Jr., "The ubsis stence to commercial transition in agricultural development" (1969). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 3566. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/3566 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-20,632 COWARD, Jr., Elisha Walter, 1937- THE SUBSISTENCE TO COMMERCIAL TRANSITION IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOP­ MENT. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1969 Sociology, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE SUBSISTENCE TO COMMERCIAL TRANSITION # A i m /\ ; rMr»#rri/> # M r*\ui\iwwi wi>r\b. L/w w lu j.w i I'tw i by Elisha Walter Coward, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Sociology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature
    [Show full text]
  • Subsistence in Samoa: Influences of the Capitalist Global Economy on Conceptions of Wealth and Well-Being
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2019 Subsistence in Samoa: influences of the capitalist global economy on conceptions of wealth and well-being Tess Hosman SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Growth and Development Commons, Pacific Islands Languages and Societies Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Hosman, Tess, "Subsistence in Samoa: influences of the capitalist global economy on conceptions of wealth and well-being" (2019). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 3045. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3045 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Subsistence in Samoa: influences of the capitalist global economy on conceptions of wealth and well-being Tess Hosman Advisor Mika Maiava Dr. Fetaomi Tapu-Qiliho S.I.T. Samoa, Spring 2019 Hosman 1 Abstract This paper studies Samoa’s position in the global economy as an informal agricultural economy. A country’s access to the global economy reflects a level of socio-economic development and political power. It is also reflective of the country’s history of globalization. This research uses an analysis of past and current forms of colonization that continue to influence cultural and ideological practices, specifically practices regarding food.
    [Show full text]
  • Inuit and Modern Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence Les Inuit Et La Subsistance Des Chasseurs-Cueilleurs À L’Époque Moderne George W
    Document generated on 09/30/2021 9:49 a.m. Études/Inuit/Studies Inuit and modern hunter-gatherer subsistence Les Inuit et la subsistance des chasseurs-cueilleurs à l’époque moderne George W. Wenzel Développement industriel et impacts miniers Article abstract Industrial development and mining impacts Some two decades ago, Asen Balikci (1989) and David Riches (1990) questioned Volume 37, Number 2, 2013 whether research on Inuit, despite production of a voluminous literature, had made any contribution to theoretical issues in anthropology. On their heels, URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1025716ar Burch (1994) asked very much the same about Hunter-Gatherer Studies. The DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1025716ar thesis of the present paper is that research on Inuit economy has, in fact, contributed importantly to a rethinking of the shape and content of subsistence. Once described as encompassing the most basic economic See table of contents activities, it is now understood as a cultural adaptation. This has import because few hunter-gatherer societies can be portrayed as they were at the time of the Man the Hunter symposium (Lee and DeVore 1968). Rather, today, Publisher(s) hunter-gatherers, from the Arctic to Australia, experience near-constant contact with market economies and a reality in which money plays a critical Association Inuksiutiit Katimajiit Inc. part in their livelihoods. It is in this regard that research on Inuit, as noted by Centre interuniversitaire d’études et de recherches autochtones (CIÉRA) Sahlins (1999), has conceptually contributed both to Hunter-Gatherer Studies and to anthropology. ISSN 0701-1008 (print) 1708-5268 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Wenzel, G.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsistence and the Social Economy of Canada's Aboriginal North
    Subsistence and the Social Economy of Canada’s Aboriginal North David C. Natcher Abstract: This paper explores the complex social, economic, and political interplay that takes place between subsistence and wage economies, sharing and reciprocity, and regulatory regimes that now mediate Aboriginal community access to wildlife resources. By focusing on subsistence, with its equally important social and economic attributes, this article argues that the harvesting, processing, and distribution of wild foods and resources continues to be a central component of Canada’s northern social economy. This article concludes by arguing that any attempt to develop effective northern policy in the future must account for the complexity and heterogeneity of northern subsistence economies, and remain open to the plurality of forms they may take. Introduction In 1931, Kalervo Oberg, then a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Chicago, conducted research with the Tlingit of southeast Alaska. Oberg’s interests, and those of his graduate advisors (Edward Sapir and A. R. Radcliff e-Brown), were on the links between economics and social organization in societies that have no organized markets or offi cial currencies. Conducted in considerable detail, Oberg’s research examined Tlingit property rights, annual production cycles, organization of labour, trade, distribution of wealth, and resource consumption. During Oberg’s research, he came to appreciate that although Tlingit economic institutions were central to the exchange of goods and services, the social aspects of those same institutions were so important that “to treat them solely as mechanisms of commodity transfer would be to miss their equally important social signifi cance in Tlingit society” (1973: 93).
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Market Economy As a Model for Sustainable Growth in Developing and Emerging Countries
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Wrobel, Ralph M. Article The social market economy as a model for sustainable growth in developing and emerging countries Economic and Environmental Studies (E&ES) Provided in Cooperation with: Opole University Suggested Citation: Wrobel, Ralph M. (2012) : The social market economy as a model for sustainable growth in developing and emerging countries, Economic and Environmental Studies (E&ES), ISSN 2081-8319, Opole University, Faculty of Economics, Opole, Vol. 12, Iss. 1, pp. 47-63 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/93193 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu www.ees.uni.opole.pl ISSN paper version 1642-2597 ISSN electronic version 2081-8319 Economic and Environmental Studies Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • From Subsistence to Market Economy: Responses of Tibetan Pastoralists to New Economic Realities
    Natural Pastures and Mobile Animal Husbandry Under Pressure: The Cases of Lapland and the Tibetan Plateau, 12-14 June 2002, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. From subsistence to market economy: Responses of Tibetan pastoralists to new economic realities Angela Manderscheid1, Arvo Naukkarinen1, Wu Ning2 & Alfred Colpaert1 1 Department of Geography, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. 2 Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Scineces, 610041 Chengdu, China. Abstract: In many regions around the world the pastoral economy shifted from subsistence-oriented to a market- oriented production. Pastoral goods acquired monetary value and became a market commodity that entailed changes in the production system and in the attitude towards livestock. On the Tibetan plateau this shift did not follow a linear way. Until the 1950s, most consumption requirements could be satisfied with animal products. Economic exchange relations were essential to provide grain requirements, at least for those households who relied exclusively on animal husbandry. During the Mao era, animal husbandry was carried out in line with state targets and the produce was delivered according to central planning. In the late 1970s the transition towards a market-oriented production began. This paper discusses the recent reactions of pastoralists to the new realities in one specific area on the eastern Tibetan plateau. This shift from pastoral products to market commodities, the commercial network established as well as the market places for pastoral produce, are examined in this paper. These facts show that the pastoralists in question successfully market their produce. The research area, Dzoge county, is located on the eastern border area of the Tibetan plateau, where different ethnic groups live in proximity to each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Lord Peter Bauer: from Subsistence to Exchange and Other Essays: Study Guide, 2006-2011
    Scholars Crossing Faculty Publications and Presentations Helms School of Government 2011 Lord Peter Bauer: From Subsistence to Exchange and other Essays: Study Guide, 2006-2011 Steven A. Samson Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs Part of the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Samson, Steven A., "Lord Peter Bauer: From Subsistence to Exchange and other Essays: Study Guide, 2006-2011" (2011). Faculty Publications and Presentations. 391. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs/391 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Helms School of Government at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LORD PETER BAUER: FROM SUBSISTENCE TO EXCHANGE AND OTHER ESSAYS: STUDY GUIDE, 2006-2011 Steven Alan Samson I. FROM SUBSISTENCE TO EXCHANGE Outline A. INTRODUCTION (3) 1. Internal Trade Today Is Not Regarded as an Engine of Growth [obverse of the vicious circle of poverty idea, pp. 6, 16] 2. The Case Was Different Two Centuries Ago B. INTERNAL TRADE AS AN ENGINE OF GROWTH (3-4) 1. The Level of Human Capital Was Raised in the 17-18C 2. Trading Activities Are Productive in Emerging Countries Today C. NEGLECT OF TRADING ACTIVITY (4-7) 1. Trading Activities Get Little Attention a. Mistaken attitude 2. First-Hand Observation Would Have Shown the Error a. Keith Hancock b.
    [Show full text]
  • Hunter-Gatherers: Insights from a Golden Affluent
    INSPIRATION ON SUSTAINABILITY Hunter-gatherers Insights from a golden affluent age Hunter-gatherers have few possessions and are the lowest energy consumers, reports MARSHALL SAHLINS, yet they are the original affluent society with material needs easily met in a few short hours a week. Paradoxically, in the 21st century’s market economy, an era of the greatest technical power, a billion people are starving and people struggle to bridge the gap between unlimited wants and insufficient means. Scarcity and anxiety define our economy, while the hunters’ confident trust in nature’s abundance signals their success. Hunter-gatherers consume less energy per person also bourgeois ethnocentrism. The existing business yearly than any other group of human beings. Yet economy will also promote the same dim conclusions the original affluent society was none other than the about the hunting life. hunter’s, where all people’s material wants were eas- Is it so paradoxical to contend hunters have afflu- ily satisfied. To accept hunters as affluent is also to ent economies? Modern capitalist societies, however recognise the tragedy of modern times in the current richly endowed, dedicate themselves to the proposi- human condition with people slaving to bridge the tion of scarcity. Inadequacy of economic means is gap between unlimited wants and insufficient means. the first principle of the world’s wealthiest peoples. There are two possible courses to affluence. Wants The market-industrial system institutes scarcity, in a may be “easily satisfied” either by producing much or manner without parallel. Where To accept hunters desiring little. The familiar concept, the Galbraithean production and distribution are way, based on market economies, states man’s wants arranged through market prices as being affluent is are great, not to say infinite, whereas his means are and all livelihoods depend on get- also to recognise the limited, though they can be improved.
    [Show full text]
  • Homework: Chapter 11 ______
    Homework: Chapter 11 ______________________________________ Match the term with the definition. Name A) power that people do not accept as rightly exercised over them 1) subsistence economy B) an economic system in which individuals own the means of 2) conspicuous consumption production but the state regulates many economic activities for the welfare of the population 3) capitalism C) a form of democracy in which voters elect representatives who meet together to discuss issues and make decisions on their behalf 4) laissez-faire capitalism D) an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition 5) state capitalism E) a type of economy in which human groups live off the land and have little or no surplus 6) socialism F) Wright Mills’ term for the top people in United States’ corporations, military, and politics who make the major decisions 7) convergence theory G) the transfer of authority from a charismatic figure to either a traditional or rational-legal form of authority 8) authority H) a hybrid of mixed economies that combines capitalism and socialism 9) coercion I) a system of democracy in which the eligible voters meet together to discuss issues and make the decisions 10) routinization of charisma J) an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means 11) direct democracy of production, central planning, and distribution of goods without a profit motive 12) representative democracy K) the concept that birth and residence in a country impact
    [Show full text]