Contents
Publisher’s Note...... vii From Savage Tales to Heavy Metal: How Introduction...... ix Magazines for Mature Audiences Influenced Contributor List...... xi the Rise of the Graphic Novel...... 91 Gender Evolution in Graphic Novels...... 95 History...... 1 The Historical Impact of Film...... 99 Ancient Times to 1920: The Evolution of History and Uses of the Term Sequentially Imaged Narratives...... 3 “Graphic Novel”...... 102 1920’s-1950’s: Early Storytelling Attempts a Latino Identity: An Account of Otherness ...... 105 Format Similar to the Modern Graphic Novel ������7 Library Collection Development and 1960’s: The Foundations of Today’s Graphic Novels...... 110 Graphic Novels...... 10 Literacy and the Graphic Novel: Prejudice, 1970’s: Social Justice, Self-Discovery, and the Promise, and Pedagogy...... 113 Birth of the Graphic Novel...... 14 Online Graphic Novels: Boundless 1980’s: The Graphic Novel Grows Up...... 18 Beginnings...... 117 1990’s: Comics as Literature...... 22 Pornography in Graphic Novels: 2000’s: From Novelty to Canon...... 25 Criticism and Censorship ...... 120 African American Portrayal: The Depiction of A Postmodern Art Form: Graphic Novels Black History, Culture, and Experience as Postmodern “Texts” ...... 125 Through Sequential Art and Text...... 28 Propaganda in Graphic Novels: Sex, War, African Graphic Novels: Affirmations and Politics! ...... 128 of National Identity...... 32 Revising Superhero History: Comics, Awards for Graphic Novels: Recognizing Characters, and Multimedia...... 132 Excellence...... 37 Superheroes as Twentieth Century American Censorship and the Graphic Novel...... 41 Mythology: New Gods for a New World ...... 137 Classical Comics: Graphic Novel Adaptations Underground Comix Movement: Words of Classical Literature...... 45 and Pictures out of the Mainstream...... 141 Cold War and Graphic Novels, The...... 48 Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art...... 145 Comic Book Ages: A History as Organized Women as Readers...... 149 by Readers...... 51 Comic Book Conventions and Theme...... 153 Cultural Practice...... 55 Action and Adventure: Decline of the The Comics Code: Its Origin and Effects on the Possible Impossible...... 155 Comics Industry...... 59 Animal Instincts: Diverse Depictions of “Comics” vs. “Graphic Novels”: Is It All Anthropomorphism...... 158 in the Binding? ...... 61 The Bible: Graphic Revelations of an Distribution of Graphic Novels: History Old Medium...... 162 and Practice...... 65 Comedy, Satire, and the Codes of Educational Comics...... 69 Graphic Humor...... 165 European Graphic Novels: The Rich Diversity Crime Pays: The Crime and of the European Continent Since 1960...... 73 Mystery Genre...... 169 Feminism in Graphic Novels...... 77 Espionage, Spies, and Skullduggery: Film Adaptations: From Printed Page to Comic Book Counterintelligence...... 173 Silver Screen ...... 82 Fantasy: An Old Genre in a New Medium...... 177 Folklore, Mythology, and the Comic Book Funny Animals: Whimsy and Worry in Format: A Contemporary Tradition...... 86 the World of Animal Narratives...... 181
v History and Historical Fiction: The Many Basic Visual Trends in Comics, Manga, Faces of Graphic History...... 186 and Graphic Novels...... 241 Horror Comics: The Birth, Death, and Script, Pencils, Color, Comic! The Reanimation of a Genre...... 190 Collaborative Process of Graphic Manga and Its Impact on Novel Production...... 245 the Graphic Novel...... 194 Drawing the Graphic Novel...... 248 Manhwa: South Korean Comics...... 198 Penciling as Process and Narrative Tool...... 251 Nonfiction Graphic Novels: The Limits Inking: Adding Depth and Definition...... 254 of Perspective...... 200 Embellishing: Creating Effects with Ink...... 257 Satire and Parody in Graphic Novels...... 204 The Application of Color to Sequential Art...... 260 Science Fiction: Expanding the Genre...... 207 Lettering in Comics: Giving Sound to a Seeing How Comics Work: Defining and Silent Medium...... 263 Legitimizing Comics as Visual Storytelling.....210 Scripting a Unique Medium...... 266 Superheroes: Archetypes for the Modern Myth.....213 Violence in Graphic Novels: Historical and Appendixes...... 271 Cultural Necessity ...... 218 Glossary of Terms and Techniques...... 273 The War Genre in Graphic Novels...... 222 Bibliography...... 280 Western Genre in Graphic Novels: The Guide to Online Resources...... 292 Transformation of the Cowboy, and Timeline...... 294 His Frontier ...... 226 Major Awards...... 301 Women in Graphic Novels: Evolution Recommended Readings: and Representation ...... 230 Heroes and Superheroes...... 364 Independents and Underground Classics...... 398 Technique...... 235 Manga...... 439 The Art of Designing the Graphic Novel...... 237 Index...... 459