CONTENTS Publisher’s Note ........................................................vii From Savage Tales to Heavy Metal: How Introduction ................................................................ix Magazines for Mature Audiences Influenced Contributor List ..........................................................xi the Rise of the Graphic Novel .............................91 Gender Evolution in Graphic Novels ........................95 History ......................................................... 1 The Historical Impact of Film ...................................99 Ancient Times to 1920: The Evolution of History and Uses of the Term Sequentially Imaged Narratives ............................3 “Graphic Novel” ................................................102 1920’s-1950’s: Early Storytelling Attempts a Latino Identity: An Account of Otherness .............105 Format Similar to the Modern Graphic Novel ......7 Library Collection Development and 1960’s: The Foundations of Today’s Graphic Novels .................................................. 110 Graphic Novels ....................................................10 Literacy and the Graphic Novel: Prejudice, 1970’s: Social Justice, Self-Discovery, and the Promise, and Pedagogy ..................................... 113 Birth of the Graphic Novel ..................................14 Online Graphic Novels: Boundless 1980’s: The Graphic Novel Grows Up .....................18 Beginnings ......................................................... 117 1990’s: Comics as Literature ....................................22 Pornography in Graphic Novels: 2000’s: From Novelty to Canon ................................25 Criticism and Censorship .................................120 African American Portrayal: The Depiction of A Postmodern Art Form: Graphic Novels Black History, Culture, and Experience as Postmodern “Texts” ......................................125 Through Sequential Art and Text .........................28 Propaganda in Graphic Novels: Sex, War, African Graphic Novels: Affirmations and Politics! ......................................................128 of National Identity ..............................................32 Revising Superhero History: Comics, Awards for Graphic Novels: Recognizing Characters, and Multimedia ...............................132 Excellence ............................................................37 Superheroes as Twentieth Century American Censorship and the Graphic Novel ...........................41 Mythology: New Gods for a New World .........137 Classical Comics: Graphic Novel Adaptations Underground Comix Movement: Words of Classical Literature ..........................................45 and Pictures out of the Mainstream ...................141 Cold War and Graphic Novels, The ..........................48 Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art ..............145 Comic Book Ages: A History as Organized Women as Readers ..................................................149 by Readers ...........................................................51 Comic Book Conventions and Theme ...................................................... 153 Cultural Practice ..................................................55 Action and Adventure: Decline of the The Comics Code: Its Origin and Effects on the Possible Impossible ...........................................155 Comics Industry ...................................................59 Animal Instincts: Diverse Depictions of “Comics” vs. “Graphic Novels”: Is It All Anthropomorphism ............................................158 in the Binding? ...................................................61 The Bible: Graphic Revelations of an Distribution of Graphic Novels: History Old Medium .......................................................162 and Practice .........................................................65 Comedy, Satire, and the Codes of Educational Comics ..................................................69 Graphic Humor ..................................................165 European Graphic Novels: The Rich Diversity Crime Pays: The Crime and of the European Continent Since 1960 ................73 Mystery Genre ...................................................169 Feminism in Graphic Novels ....................................77 Espionage, Spies, and Skullduggery: Film Adaptations: From Printed Page to Comic Book Counterintelligence ......................173 Silver Screen .......................................................82 Fantasy: An Old Genre in a New Medium ..............177 Folklore, Mythology, and the Comic Book Funny Animals: Whimsy and Worry in Format: A Contemporary Tradition .....................86 the World of Animal Narratives .........................181 v History and Historical Fiction: The Many Basic Visual Trends in Comics, Manga, Faces of Graphic History .................................186 and Graphic Novels .........................................241 Horror Comics: The Birth, Death, and Script, Pencils, Color, Comic! The Reanimation of a Genre ...................................190 Collaborative Process of Graphic Manga and Its Impact on Novel Production .............................................245 the Graphic Novel ............................................194 Drawing the Graphic Novel ..................................248 Manhwa: South Korean Comics ...........................198 Penciling as Process and Narrative Tool ...............251 Nonfiction Graphic Novels: The Limits Inking: Adding Depth and Definition ...................254 of Perspective ..................................................200 Embellishing: Creating Effects with Ink ...............257 Satire and Parody in Graphic Novels ....................204 The Application of Color to Sequential Art ..........260 Science Fiction: Expanding the Genre ..................207 Lettering in Comics: Giving Sound to a Seeing How Comics Work: Defining and Silent Medium .................................................263 Legitimizing Comics as Visual Storytelling ....210 Scripting a Unique Medium ..................................266 Superheroes: Archetypes for the Modern Myth ....213 Violence in Graphic Novels: Historical and Appendixes ...........................................................271 Cultural Necessity ..........................................218 Glossary of Terms and Techniques .......................273 The War Genre in Graphic Novels ........................222 Bibliography .........................................................280 Western Genre in Graphic Novels: The Guide to Online Resources ...................................292 Transformation of the Cowboy, and Timeline ................................................................294 His Frontier .....................................................226 Major Awards ........................................................301 Women in Graphic Novels: Evolution Recommended Readings: and Representation .........................................230 Heroes and Superheroes ..................................364 Independents and Underground Classics .........398 Technique ................................................235 Manga ..............................................................439 The Art of Designing the Graphic Novel ..............237 Index .....................................................................459.