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Female Masculinity of Fa Mulan and its Impact towards her Relationship with Male Characters in Disney Movie Mulan
FEMALE MASCULINITY OF FA MULAN AND ITS IMPACT TOWARDS HER RELATIONSHIP WITH MALE CHARACTERS IN DISNEY MOVIE MULAN
Retno Sulistia English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Surabaya [email protected]
Abstract
This study is aims at revealing the female masculinity or masculine character reflected in the character of Fa Mulan as depicted in Disney Movie Mulan and how the masculinity of her influences her idea in the relationship with the opposite gender. This literary study employs the concept of masculinity and female masculinity, the concept of gender role and those theories are used to analyze Fa Mulan’s masculinity and its impact on her relationship with male characters. The main data of this study is taken from Disney Movie Mulan in the form of captured scenes that represent the problems of the study. Based on the analysis, this study reveals that: Fa Mulan has more masculine character than feminine. She almost has the entire masculine characteristic in gender stereotypes. Her masculinity also gives impact towards her idea of relationship with her opposite gender. Keywords: gender stereotype, masculinity, femininity, female masculinity, the concept of masculinity
Abstrak Tujuan ditulisnya skripsi ini adalah untuk membongkar apakah Fa Mulan yang notabenenya seorang gadis, memiliki karakteristik seorang pria dan dia memiliki sikap dan sifat yang kepria-prian. Sangat diketahui bahwa yang memiliki kemaskulinan ialah mereka yang berjender pria dan mereka yang memiliki kefeminitasan ialah mereka yang berjender wanita. Tujuan kedua ialah untuk mengungkapkan bahwa kemaskulinan yang ia miliki juga memiliki andil besar terhadap perkembangan perasaan dan pandangannya terhadap hubungan yang melibatkan asmara terhadap lawan jenisnya. Beberapa teori dan konsep telah disajikan untuk membantu dan mempermudah analisa terhadap karakter Mulan, seperti konsep maskulinitas oleh Peter Lehman dan wanita maskulin oleh Judith Halberstam, selain itu pandangan tentang stereotype terhadap jender juga dihadirkan untuk mempermudah analisa. Sedangkan data data di peroleh dari film animasi garapan Disney dalam bentuk tangkapan per scene dalam film. Dari hasil analisa didapatkan hasil bahwa Mulan memiliki karakteristik seorang pria dalam dirinya lebih banyak daripada kewanitaannya. Dia hampir memiliki semua karakteristik pria yang disebutkan dalam stereotype jender. Dan, diketahui pula bahwa kemaskulinannya memberikan dampak terhadap prkembangan perasaan dan pandangannya terhadap hubugan berbau asmara dengan lawan jenisnya. Kata Kunci: jender, maskulin, feminism, wanita masculine, konsep kemaskulinan.
stand, and willing to take a risks. Feminine characteristics INTRODUCTION are: affectionate, cheerful, childlike, compassionate, does When the word ‘masculine’ is mentioned, the first not use harsh language, eager to soothe hurt feelings, thing that will be pooping out of everyone’s thought is a feminine, flatter able, gentle, gullible, loves children, characteristic of man with a handsome face, strong body, loyal, sensitive to the needs of others, shy, soft spoken, brave and macho. Similarly, when the word ‘feminine’ is sympathetic, tender, understanding, warm and yielding. mentioned, the characteristic of a beautiful and charming In fact, feminine is not always identically with woman woman will pooped out in thought. It is stressed in and masculine is not always identically with man. In Pretince and Carranza (Pretince and Carranza) work that Female Masculinity, Halberstam stated that: quoted criteria which is yielded the 20 feminine and “It is crucial that masculinity does not belong to men, masculine characteristics that appear on the Bem Sex Role has not produced only by men and does not properly Inventory (BSRI). Masculine characteristics are: acts as a expressed male heterosexuality… what we call leader, aggressive, ambitious, analytical, assertive, ‘masculinity’ has also been produced by masculine athletic, competitive, defends own beliefs, dominant, women, gender deviants, and often lesbians. “(7-24) forceful, has leadership abilities, independent, Based on the theory above we can see that masculine individualistic, makes decision easily, masculine, self- characteristic is not only owned by a man but also by a reliant, self-sufficient, strong personality, willing to take a
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woman. Essentially, masculinity and femininity are The writer methods for this literary analysis were to images which are constructed by society not based on sex. first read and analyzed the issues that deal with Chinese Gender is socially constructed definition of woman Ballad Ode Mulan which is adapted into Disney Movie and man; it is not the same as sex – biological Mulan. After determining the character’s description, characteristic of women and men. Women are born female masculinity will be analyzed at the major through feminine and men are born masculine, these gender the way the major characters occupy her roles in the categories are constructed by society (Tyson). Each family and in the society. The analysis on the phase is individual should have two qualities, feminine or employed the theories of related literature, that are female masculine, only later, which attitude is more dominant of masculinity in the society and masculinity stain paradigm those individual that will shape the identity. Somehow, in order to give a vivid portrait of the major character’s woman also needs masculinity in their life, so she can problem on her masculinity. Moreover, the female have the spirit of leadership and independency. character will be analyzed in a detailed way by using There are some of the literary works that contain the gender study approach. issue of female masculinity such as; Chinese Ballad Mulan which also well-known after Disney adopted it into the cinema. The literary work begins with a young lady – THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK teenager that sacrifices herself to save her beloved ones. In accordance with statement of the problems, several Fa Mulan is a young lady, not a feminine one, she has a theories are arranged to support the analysis. The theories trouble in finding a future husband because of it, and the presented here are; theories of masculinity, concept of one that makes them similar is their bravery to sacrifice female masculinity by Peter Lehman, and also gender role their selves in fighting arenas. Mulan pretends to act like a and gender stereotype. man, dressed like a man, and come to a real war as a The study will review definition and types of soldier to safe her father. She became a heroine not just characters. This study is going to facilitating mainly for her father but also her kingdom. Mulan also gifted by gender theories related to the conventional concept of the god to have the qualities that usually given to boys. masculinity. The theories of masculinity will be used to Mulan is the obvious examples of the fictional character analyze Fa Mulan as the major character. that represent the female masculinity as well depicted in Meanwhile, the concept of female masculinity and two literary works they are in. gender role and gender stereotype will consist of the According to the background study above, the goal of definitions, the qualifications, and how gender constructs this literary analysis is to analyze Mulan’s female masculinity will be discussed in this chapter. The theories masculinity and its impact towards her relationship with will be used to analyze Fa Mulan’s masculinity. male characters in the story. There are some theories that The Concept of Masculinity and Female are used in this literary analysis is such as; genders Masculinity studies, the concept of masculinity by Peter Lehman and According to Little John as quoted in Mediana Female Masculinity by Judith Halberstam and other Anggarwati’s thesis Jo March’s Masculinity and Its additional theories to support the main theories. Impact on Her idea of Marriage as Depicted in Lousia May Alcott’s Good Wives (15) gender and sex are two METHOD different things, gender is constructed by society – means Regarding the organization of this study, this study it is not only about the physical appearance, but it is falls under the umbrella of literacy criticism. Therefore, actually undergone for every human, including language, textual analysis a literary work is used for this study and is job, role in the family and so on, while sex is the elaborated as follows: biological or genetic component if you are born man so The source of the data mainly from Chinese Ballad you are man and if you are born woman so you are Ode Mulan which is adapted into Disney Movie Mulan. woman. According to Tyson gender and sex are different; From the source of the data, the writer gains the data in sex refers to biological constitution as a female or a male, form captured scenes from the movie. Those data used as while gender refers to the cultural programming as the main data to run the research. feminine or masculine (Tyson 85). In other word we can Secondary data which can take from many kinds of conclude that not all sexes reflect their gender, it means books, journals, and previous study about the topic. The that not all women born feminine or not all men born references are support the theoretical foundation of masculine. Gender is constructed by society but sexes are analysis. The discourse of female masculinity is added to biological component of human. comprehend Chinese Ballad Ode Mulan which is adapted Moreover, according to a book entitled A New into Disney Movie Mulan. Psychological of Women (Lips 19) defines gender as
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Female Masculinity of Fa Mulan and its Impact towards her Relationship with Male Characters in Disney Movie Mulan cultural expectations for women and men. It means that warmth and relaxed feeling, and also difficult to response gender is a concept used in identifying the differences the things that are associated with emotions and feelings. between women and men through lens of socio culture. Peter Lehman’s Masculinity Concept Femininity and masculinity refers to the way society’s Masculinity comprises culturally of traits assigned to perspective in how a man be a man and how woman be a the male in various contexts. The words masculine can woman. Society will decide in how someone can be called refer to the property of being biologically male, more as a man or woman. Males will generally see themselves precisely expressed in biology as “sex” or in other words, as masculine figure while females see themselves as masculinity is a traditional gender roles associated with feminine figure. But it is also possible for one to be sexually male humans. Masculinity is the major feature female and choose herself as masculine or to be male and that makes someone considered as a man. In the society, choose himself as feminine (Burke and Stats 100). masculinity is worthy and important thing since According to Katz, at the beginning of the person’s masculinity is a means to differ male and female. birth, stemming from ongoing interaction with significant Masculinity is a shifting concept time by time. Peter others such as parents and family, a person may label her Lehman states in his book, Masculinity: Bodies, Movies, selves or labeled by others as female, but instead of seeing and Culture. This thing happens because masculinity, as herself in female manner such as being communicative, well as femininity is so much related to time and culture. wholehearted, and passive, she may view herself in However, Lehman reveals that traditional masculinity somewhat masculine fashion such as being rational and concept in the society also has some universal feature dominant (Burke and Stats 197) which is being identify building elements. The elements Furthermore, according to Judith Halberstam in her are courage, heroism, sagacity and leadership. All these book entitled: Female Masculinity, stated that: are the most criteria to judge whether one is becoming a “It is crucial that masculinity does not belong to men, real man or not. Society insists every man has masculinity has not produced only by men and does not properly standards so that he will achieve a prestige called as ‘a expressed male heterosexuality… what we call real man’. ‘masculinity’ has also been produced by masculine Peter Lehman in his book, Masculinity: Bodies, women, gender deviants, and often lesbians” (241). Movies, and Culture(7-24), defines masculinity concepts Masculinity does not always belong to a man, because stand on some important aspects, there are: female also can have them in their self. As the explanation a) Power: in masculinity, power always is a major about gender above that masculinity or femininity are aspect in all cultures, becoming masculine is always constructed by society and supported by environment, related to have power to other people, other sex, other culture, family and experiences. A woman can have the race, and other different things. masculine character in their selves because of certain b) Courage: courage is the ability to confront fear, things. A female can have attitude like a man, she can pain, risk or danger, uncertainty, and intimidation. It can have eight characteristics of masculine man. be seen as physical bravery if it is in the face of physical In western culture, men is defined as creatures that are pain, hardship, or treat of death and it can be well aggressive, competitive and instrumentally oriented while portrayed in morality whenever the person acts rightly in women is defined as creatures that are passive, the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, or cooperative and expressive. In another context, measures discouragement. Courage is one of the important of femininity or masculinity often used as a media to construction elements behind masculinity. Bravery or diagnose feminine males or masculine females (Terman courage can be defined as ability to control fear from and Miles 133) danger, illness, and other uncomforted circumstances and Characteristic of masculine can be described as a feelings. strong individual figure, firm, and brave. Individual that c) Heroism: this element of masculinity may have identified as masculine creature have an independent similarity with the previous masculinity element, courage, nature, steadfast, strong spirit of curiosity, self-confidence since a hero should show his courage that other people and also the courage to take a risk (Berry, 1999) as quoted may not dare to do as he does. Nevertheless, the in Fidyanni (14). There are more details characteristic of difference between bravery and heroism is how the masculine which is stated by Raven and Rubin, masculine braveness is transformed. Society presents a hero label for creature are aggressive, independent, dominant, objective, someone who has worthy meritorious service for him or unemotional, active, competitive, ambitious, rational, her. Therefore, becoming a hero should have some curious, and also impulsive. Beside it, individual that qualities, courage and helpful, especially for those who identified as masculine creature usually unable to express really need help for the sake of good goal. Strictly speaking, a hero should avoid his selfishness.
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d) Leadership: leadership is the ability to affect Traditional Gender Characteristic human behavior so as to accomplish a mission and Feminine: Masculine: influencing a group of people to move towards its goal Submissive Dominant setting or goal achievement. Leadership is described as an Dependent Independent ability to lead, influence, and organize people so they can Emotional Rational reach the same purpose as the leader command. This sort Receptive Assertive of leadership contains the richness of friendship, belief, Intuitive Analytical respect, and warmth relation between the leader and the Timid Brave subordinate. Passive Active It can be concluded that as masculine figure, someone Sensitive Insensitive need to have power, courage, heroism and leadership. Every female and male can have those qualities, it Gender stereotype are highly prescriptive. The depends on how those qualities develop in their lives. All qualities they ascribe to women and men tend also to be those characteristic can be related and identified as the ones that are required of women and men. For example, aspect of masculinity construction in society. the stereotypes of women are warm and caring is matched by a societal prescription that they should be warm and Gender Role and Gender Stereotype caring. Similarly, the stereotypic belief that men are Gender roles are “socially and culturally defined strong and agentic is matched by societal perscription that prescriptions and beliefs about the behavior and emotions they should be strong and agentic. It is stressed in Pretince of men and women” (Anselmi and Law) as stated in and Carranza work, that quoted criteria which is yielded Anggarwati(19). Gender role consist of different the some feminine and masculine characteristics that frequencies of activities that women and men are engage appear on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Masculine in (Williams and Best 28). Therefore, the male gender role characteristics are: acts as a leader, forceful, striving, or female gender role is like a rule that should be obeyed logical, confident, sporty, competitive, defends own by men and women to fulfill their parts in acting beliefs, dominant, influential, has leadership abilities, masculine or feminine (Brannon 168). liberated, individualistic, makes decision easily, There are some activities that are related only to one masculine, strong personality, willing to take a stand, and gender, such as repairing cars associated only to a man, willing to take a risks. Feminine characteristics are: meanwhile sewing associated only to a woman. These caring, joyful, naïve, kindhearted, does not use harsh gender related behaviors thus become part of system that language, eager to soothe hurt feelings, feminine, flatter accepted as masculine and feminine, not because of any able, gentle, innocent, loves children, loyal, sensitive to innate born reason for these difference but because they the needs of others, shy, soft spoken, sympathetic, tender, are associated with women and men (Brannon 168). understanding, warm and yielding (19). Brannon also stated that gender roles are defined by As we know that femininity and masculinity are not behavior, but gender stereotypes are beliefs and attitudes innate but are based upon social and cultural condition, about masculinity and femininity. Gender stereotype itself according to Berry (1999) as stated in Fidyanni (14) the consists of beliefs about the psychological traits and characterization of masculine gender role can be described characteristics as well as the activities appropriate to as strong individual figure, firm brave and similarity. women or men. Individual who has masculine gender not only has an As stated in Anggarwati (19) Stereotypes are beliefs independent nature, self-confidence but also the courage that been generalized about people based on their to take a risk. membership in one of many social categories (Anselmi Characteristic of existing properties on masculine and Law). Gender stereotypes vary on four dimensions: gender roles that stressed by Sahrah (1996) in Fidyanni trait, role behavior, physical characteristics, and (15) are is the following: 1) leader capability, 2) the nature occupations (Deaux and Lewis). As a result of the gender of masculinity, 3) rationality. Leadership skills are construction by society, there is a norm called as reflected into active, strong-willed, consistent, the ability traditional gender role, this norm cast or force a men to lead, optimistic, courageous and fair. The nature of supposed to be masculine and women supposed to be masculinity is translated in protective, independent, feminine. Gender is divided into two main characters mature and confident. Rationally component consists of a which are feminine and masculine, so here are the thought to look for new experiences, and calm when characteristic of feminine and masculine that is facing a problem. In conclusion, masculinity constructed by society: characteristics are dominant, independent, rational, assertive, analytical, brave, active, and insensitive.
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Female Masculinity of Fa Mulan and its Impact towards her Relationship with Male Characters in Disney Movie Mulan
Gender role are, unlike sex, mutable, means that they woman is a woman who can act “quiet and demure, can change. Gender is not as a simple as choosing a role graceful, polite, delicate, refined, poised, and punctual” to play, but it also influenced by parents, experiences, (Disney Movie Mulan, (00:03:08 – 00:03:21)). But Mulan peers, culture and society. According to Terman and is not a girl like that, she is not only cannot act like that Miles, in western culture, stereotypically, men are active, but she also cannot remember those things. competent, rational, independent, and adventurous; while women are passive, less competent, irrational, dependent, and unadventurous. In this older context, measures of femininity or masculinity were often used to diagnose what were understood as problems of basic gender The scene above shows that Mulan is trying to identification, for example feminine-males or masculine- memorize how is to be a good woman, it proves that females (Burke and Stats 100). actually she does not used to act feminine. It is also proving Spence’s thought that stated by Burke and Stats ANALYSIS that societal members might decide what being male and This chapter presents broad analysis as the answer of being female means, and males will generally respond by two problem statements as reflected in the first chapter. defining themselves as masculine while females will This chapter will analyze female masculinity of Fa Mulan generally define themselves as feminine, but it still in Disney Movie Mulan. This chapter is divided into two possible for one to be female and see herself as masculine sections in accordance with two problems that have been or male and see himself as feminine (997). stated in the statement of the problems. The first section Mulan as a daughter has responsibility to fulfill her would try to find out how major female character in duty and give honor for her family by preparing herself as literary work act in masculinity stereotype that portrays in a good wife. In Chinese tradition, a daughter who is the literary work. And the second section discusses how successful in satisfy the matchmaker and getting a man as the female major character’s masculinity influenced her his husband as soon as possible will bring honor to her relationship with the male character in their masculinity. family. Female Masculinity of Fa Mulan “A girl can bring her family Mulan is one of many princesses in Disney. What Great honor in one way makes her different from other princesses is her By striking a good match courageous as a young lady. The story is adapted from the And this could be that day old Chinese Ballad entitled Ode Mulan. Mulan is the only Men want girls with good taste daughter of the Fa family. In the very first scene of the Calm, obedient, who work fast paced movie, Mulan is illustrated as a girl that failed in fulfilling With good breeding and a tiny waist her responsibility to her family. As a young girl in China You'll bring honor to us all” (Honor to Us lyric, that day, she should have to be ready for being a wife, but Disney Movie Mulan) unfortunately, her masculinity drives her into a failure and The song lyric above is sung in the movie to give disgraces her family. understanding to the audience about how traditional The story is taken place in China under the Han Chinese people stereotypically define how girls can gives Dynasty emperor, at that time according to the movie, honor to her family. To serve the Emperor people in there was tradition about the subordinate of women, and China should have to do something, men by bearing their woman is placed in a very low position. When a woman is arms and women by bearing sons. a daughter she should have to serve her father and her brother, when she is a wife she should have to serve her husband, and when she is a mother she should have to serve her husband and her son – if she has a son. As a daughter, Mulan not only serves her father, she has a (00:06:11–00:07:49) responsibility to prepare herself to be an acceptable bride. So it is the reason why should Mulan finds a man to be She will bring honor to her family if she can attract a man her husband as soon as possible because it her to choose her as a bride. responsibility to marry and bear a son for the Emperor. Unfortunately, Mulan is not a feminine girl. She got But actually Mulan is not prepared yet to be a wife. When disinterested in how women are supposed to act. She is she was brought to the matchmaker by her mother, she careless girl, she cannot be feminine as a girl should have messed up her preparation. to act. The first scene of the movie shows how Mulan cannot perform herself as a good woman. In China, good
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family’s safety, to save her father’s life, she braces herself to replace her father’s place. She is not only brave, her bravery develops into something heroic. She saves her father and family, it
The picture above shows how Mulan is not ready to be means that she got kindness in herself. As stated by Peter a bride. Mulan is a girl with no quality of feminine Lehman that heroism is different with courageous or woman. In the movie she is messed up with the bravery, someone might be brave but it does not mean that matchmaker, she is unqualified. she is or him can be a hero. A villain is also need bravery, “Men want girls with good taste everyone can be brave but to have a good heart and have a Calm, obedient, who work fast paced good goals it is only have by a hero (7 - 24). With good breeding and a tiny waist Other heroic acts by Mulan also can be seen in some You'll bring honor to us all” (Honor to Us lyric) scenes in the movie, when she is already in the army and Mulan cannot act calm, obedient, and work fast paced. in a war, Mulan who is known as Ping – Ping is her name Mulan is careless girl, she might be look like a bride but when she becomes a man, has big contribution in she cannot bring honor to her family. protecting the Emperor. Mulan with her bravery and her She is not only far from what is called feminine, but good strategy is successful in defeating their enemies. Mulan also got some qualities that should have been given to a man. Mulan is a brave young girl. When her father forced to be a soldier and fight in the war, Mulan wants to volunteer herself to replace her father place. Bravery is Even though she is only a girl, and she is in the war always associated to a man, women might be having it in only for replacing her father place, Mulan proves that she their selves, but it is only few of them that have it. is a real warrior, she carry out her responsibility as a part of the army and conscript every breathe of her to save the Emperor and the country.
(a) (b) The first picture shows how a son braces his self to replace her father place in army to fight in the war, it is common thing that will be doing by a man to keep her Mulan also has a skill to think like a man, her velocity family save, because it is his responsibility as a son. But to think and organize the right strategy proves that she got for woman, like Mulan, it is not common thing to do, it quality of a man. Mulan is successful in saving the needs big bravery to volunteer herself. In the second country by shooting the last cannon to the top of the picture, Mulan proves herself that she has a big mountain that gives impact to the snow and their enemies courageous to replace her father’s place in the army. Even killed by the snow slide. she knows that it is forbidden for her to do that. She will get punishment or warning for only speaks her thought loudly in a man presence, but with her bravery she comes and wants to replace her father. She proves that she got bravery in herself not only when she committed to prevent her father to go to the war, Her bravery leads her into another heroic action, she but also when she commit to go to the war for her father. saves her captain. She knows if she does it, she might be She not only goes to the war, but she also alters herself to killed, she will be in dangerous, but she still help him. A be a man. She changes her appearance to a man. hero is someone who can avoid her or his selfishness for the sake of other’s need. When her real identity is revealed and when everybody does not want to trust her anymore, she is still (a) (b) trying to save the country and the Emperor. The leader of The first picture shows when she cut her hair and the their enemies is still alive, he and his friend are arranging second picture shows when she is already changing her a revenge for their loss. Mulan knows it, she has a plan to appearance to a man. She knows that what she did will inform it to Shang – the captain of the army. kill her if someone knows her identity. But for her
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Female Masculinity of Fa Mulan and its Impact towards her Relationship with Male Characters in Disney Movie Mulan
characters in female appearance but she got masculinity in herself, Mulan develops herself in a form of man figure and got masculinity in herself. Mulan sacrifices herself and replaces her father’s place in the army, ant that’s why she changes her appearance She understands that she might be ignored by Shang, into a man figure. So her relationship with men characters not only because she was lying about her identity, but also in literary works can be seen as a friendship. because she is a girl, nobody will listen to her, but it does not stop her. It proves that she is brave, responsible and she has a kind heart to become a hero for her country. Her bravery, her responsibility and her heroic action can be considered as man characteristic. She proves that a female can have the qualities of man and see herself as Mulan is a man in her friends’ perspective that is why masculine figure. Mulan also proves it by having another her friends do not involve any romantic feeling in their quality of man. She is strong girl and she is also a girl who friendship. will never give up easily. Even though Mulan is also hide her feelings, not only because her masculinity but it is also forbidden for her to show her feeling. Her appearance forced her to keep her feeling only for herself.
For being called as a man, a man should have two qualities – the first is discipline and strength, and Mulan proves that she can have it, So when she asked by Mushu about her feeling towards her captain she tell him that she does not have any feeling for him. Mulan is forced to not have and keep her feeling because of her appearance, her appearance
makes her and her male friend cannot have a special by practicing a lot and never give up. She proves that romantic relationship, her friend sees her as a man. even though she is a woman she also can have the strength and defeat the man itself. CONCLUSION Masculinity is a common thing that given to a man, there are some characteristic of masculine man. But it
Those scenes above prove that a woman or a female does not mean that woman cannot have masculine can have the qualities of a man. Mulan successful in qualities of a man in herself. It is proved by Mulan, she is performing as a man, she is gaining the ability to fight and a girl but she is not traditionally feminine. She is failed in fit in with the other man. Like what is already stated by performing her roles as traditional Chinese girl. Halberstam, masculinity is also can be produced by Mulan approves herself that she got qualities of a man, masculine women (241). after she sacrifice herself to replace her father pace in the Female Characters’ Relationship with Man army and change her appearance into a man, she proves Characters in a Term of Female Masculinity that she is better in performing herself as a man figure. As a girl in her age, actually it is the time for her to She is strong, brave, heroic, independence, rational, and have a feeling towards her opposite gender. The major responsible. Not only that, she also approves herself that character in literary work is having relationship with men; she can mastering man’s stuff like arrows, bow and she lives around men. But the things that makes her sword. different with the other girl is her masculinity that But, her masculinity gives an impact towards her influence the developing of her feeling towards her feeling development towards man and it also influences opposite gender. her relationship with male characters. After she changes Almost the same with Katniss, Mulan also develops herself into a man figure, the male characters around her herself in male environment in masculine figure. But what see her as a ‘man’. So it is forbidden for her to show her make them different are their appearances when they are feeling especially romantic feeling. with male characters. If Katniss being close with the men
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REFFERENCES
Anggarwati, Mediana. Jo March’s Masculinity and Its Impact on Her Idea of Marriage as Depicted in Lousia May Alcott’s Good Wives. FBS: UNESA, 2011. Print. Brannon, Linda. Gender: Psychological Perspective. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1976. Print. Burke, P.J, and Jan. E Stats. Femininity/Masculinity. Department of Sociology, Washington State University. 1985. Print. Fidyanni, Rizsha. Jo March's Female Masculinity and the Impact on Shaping Her Writing Career in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women. FBS: UNESA2010. Print. Halberstam, J. Female Masculinity. London: Duke University, 1998. Print. Lehman, Peter. Masculinity: Bodies, Movies, and Culture. New York: Routledge, 2001. Print. Lips, Hillary M. A New Psychology of Women: Gender, Culture and Ethnicity. New York: The McGrew-Hill Companies, Inc, 2003. Print. Pretince, Deborah A., and Erica Carranza. "What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn’t Be, Are Allowed to Be, and Don’t Have to Be: The Contents of Perspective Gender Stereotypes." (2002). Print. Terman, L. M, and C.C Miles. Sex and Personality. 2nd Edition. New York: McGrew Hill, 1936. Print. Tyson, L. Critical Theory Today Third Edition. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2006. Print. Williams, J. E., and D. L. Best. Measuring Sex Stereotypes: A Multi Nation Study. Newbury Park: Sage Publication, 1990. Print.
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