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Animated Stereotypes – Animated Stereotypes – An Analysis of Disney’s Contemporary Portrayals of Race and Ethnicity Alexander Lindgren, 36761 Pro gradu-avhandling i engelska språket och litteraturen Handledare: Jason Finch Fakulteten för humaniora, psykologi och teologi Åbo Akademi 2020 ÅBO AKADEMI – FACULTY OF ARTS, PSYCHOLOGY AND THEOLOGY Abstract for Master’s Thesis Subject: English Language and Literature Author: Alexander Lindgren Title: Animated Stereotypes – An Analysis of Disney’s Contemporary Portrayals of Race and Ethnicity Supervisor: Jason Finch Abstract: Walt Disney Animation Studios is currently one of the world’s largest producers of animated content aimed at children. However, while Disney often has been associated with themes such as childhood, magic, and innocence, many of the company’s animated films have simultaneously been criticized for their offensive and quite problematic take on race and ethnicity, as well their heavy reliance on cultural stereotypes. This study aims to evaluate Disney’s portrayals of racial and ethnic minorities, as well as determine whether or not the nature of the company’s portrayals have become more culturally sensitive with time. To accomplish this, seven animated feature films produced by Disney were analyzed. These analyses are of a qualitative nature, with a focus on imagology and postcolonial literary theory, and the results have simultaneously been compared to corresponding criticism and analyses by other authors and scholars. Based on the overall results of the analyses, it does seem as if Disney is becoming more progressive and culturally sensitive with time. However, while most of the recent films are free from the clearly racist elements found in the company’s earlier productions, it is quite evident that Disney still tends to rely heavily on certain cultural stereotypes. Furthermore, it seems as if the Disney films that could be regarded as musicals, as well as films based on other culturally specific material (e.g. legends or folk stories), frequently include more problematic portrayals of racial and ethnic minorities. This study provides an overview of Disney’s contemporary portrayals of race and ethnicity, and the findings presented here could consequently be used to further explore Disney’s approach towards this issue. Keywords: Disney, race, ethnicity, minority, representation, stereotype, imagology, postcolonialism, animated films Date: 20.3.2020 Pages: 90 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Historical perspective ........................................................................................ 2 1.2 Aims, scope and justification ............................................................................. 4 2. Theoretical framework .............................................................................................. 7 2.1 Previous research ............................................................................................... 7 2.2 Research questions and hypothesis .................................................................... 9 2.3 Source material ................................................................................................ 11 2.3.1 The Disney Renaissance ........................................................................... 14 2.3.2 The Disney Post-Renaissance ................................................................... 15 2.3.3 The Disney Revival Era ............................................................................ 16 2.4 Concepts and theory ......................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Disney ....................................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 Race, ethnicity, and minority .................................................................... 19 2.4.3 Imagology ................................................................................................. 21 2.4.4 Postcolonialism and orientalism ............................................................... 22 2.4.5 Disneyfication ........................................................................................... 23 3. Results ..................................................................................................................... 25 3.1 Aladdin ............................................................................................................. 25 3.1.1 The Disney Orient .................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 The Disney Arab ....................................................................................... 27 3.2 The Lion King .................................................................................................. 29 3.2.1 Disney’s Africa ......................................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Stereotypical animals ................................................................................ 30 3.3 Mulan ............................................................................................................... 31 3.3.1 When West meets East ............................................................................. 32 3.3.2 The American, the Chinese, and the African American ........................... 33 3.4 Lilo & Stitch .................................................................................................... 35 3.4.1 Welcome to paradise ................................................................................ 35 3.4.2 Natives, locals, tourists, and aliens ........................................................... 37 3.5 The Princess and the Frog ................................................................................ 38 3.5.1 The African-American frog and a Maldonian prince ............................... 39 3.5.2 Colorblindness, blackness, and whiteness ................................................ 40 3.6 Big Hero 6 ........................................................................................................ 42 3.6.1 San Fransokyo .......................................................................................... 42 3.6.2 Ethnic minorities in a multiracial setting .................................................. 44 3.7 Moana .............................................................................................................. 45 3.7.1 History vs. mystery ................................................................................... 46 3.7.2 Polynesian representation ......................................................................... 48 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................... 49 4.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 49 4.2 Different ethnicities – different portrayals? ..................................................... 52 4.2.1 Polynesians ............................................................................................... 52 4.2.2 East Asians ............................................................................................... 53 4.2.3 African Americans .................................................................................... 55 4.2.4 Arabs ......................................................................................................... 57 4.2.5 Concluding remarks on the different ethnicities in Disney films ............. 57 4.3 The effect of style and popularity .................................................................... 58 4.3.1 Problematic musicals ................................................................................ 59 4.3.2 Cultural stories disneyfied ........................................................................ 60 4.3.3 Concluding remarks on style and popularity ............................................ 62 4.4 Making a culturally sensitive Disney feature .................................................. 62 4.4.1 The directors’ impact ................................................................................ 63 4.4.2 Preparatory research and focus groups ..................................................... 64 4.4.3 Concluding remarks on the making of a Disney feature .......................... 66 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 68 6. Summary in Swedish – svensk sammanfattning ..................................................... 71 6.1 Introduktion ..................................................................................................... 71 6.2 Material, metod och teori ................................................................................. 72 6.3 Filmanalys ........................................................................................................ 73 6.4 Diskussion ........................................................................................................ 76 6.5 Sammanfattning ............................................................................................... 78 References ...................................................................................................................... 80 Filmography ..................................................................................................................
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