Scottish Yetts and Window-Grilles
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Proc SocAntiq Scot, 124 (1994), 433-454 Scottish yett window-grilled san s Alastai Maxwell-IrvingT rM * ABSTRACT More than a century has passed since Christison made his study of Scottish yetts. Since then further yetts have come to light. This paper is a summary of the research carried out by the writer into Scottish yetts and window-grilles: when they first appeared, how they were constructed, and where theyfound.are After citing some early references yettswindow-grilles,to and paperthe discusses their distribution, especiallyand factthe thatsamethe method constructionof alsois found Tyrol Venicethe in but,and withexception,one apparently nowhere else.questionThe of where this method travelled,it originated, how discussed.is and Three yetts knownnot to Christison described.are This followedis detailsvariousby the of methods construction,of with some comments on the draw-bars used to reinforce yetts in use. Finally, there is a metallurgical analysis ofyetta made schedule a 1501c yettsand the ofdescribedall Christison.by INTRODUCTION David Christison' papero tw sn 'Tho s e Grated Iron Door f Scottiso s h Castle Towers'd an s , published by the Society in 1883 (Christison 1883) and 1888 (Christison 1888), are still, after more than a hundred years, the standard works on that subject. He described in great detail the construction of 46 examples of 'grated iron doors', or 'yetts' as they are known in Scotland (Appendix 2), and amplified the descriptions with many fine line-drawings, which are often clearer than modern photographs. He also pointed out that the method of construction used in Scotland is not found across the Border in England, or apparently in France,1 but it is found - albeit only in window-grille northern i s- notd Tyrole ndi , th e Italhoweverd H . yan , touch upo subjece nth f o t window-grille suchs a s . It is not the purpose of this paper to cover the same ground again, but to look further into the historical background, including some details of the window-grilles to be found in northern Italy Tyrole th investigatd o t ; an e certain aspect subjece th f o sf yett o tirod san n grille morn si e detail; and to raise some questions for which there do not appear at present to be definitive answers. EARLY EXAMPLES e earliesTh t known referenc yeta o et appear 1377n i s , whe fabricatee iten na r th 'iro m r fo nfo d iron gate' at Edinburgh Castle appears in the Exchequer Rolls (Exch Rolls II, 554). This formed Telfor* d House, Blairlogie,X Stirlin5P 9 gFK 434 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1994 part of the defences for David's Tower, a new L-plan tower-house built by David II between 136c 137d 8an 9 (RCAHMS 1951 , 15-18) 3 ,abou s wa t . I this time that Archibal e Grim'dTh e th , powerfu Eard f 3r Douglaslo l , buil greae th t t tower-castl f Threaveo Gallowayn ei . Threavs ewa earliese th f o te tower-houseson perhaps i t i d san , significant tha windows it t s were still provided with stone mullions and transoms, rather than iron grilles. s generalli t I y accepted thas introducee yetth twa t simplea s da mord an r e practical alternativ cumbersome th o et tower-houses.ew portculline e th r sfo 2 Ther sais ei havo dt e beena yet t Craigmillara t Johr , builSi ny b tPresto n soon after 1374, while Doune Castle, whic buils hwa t by the Duke of Albany in 1380, still retains its double-leaved yett at the entrance. Balvenie has a double-leaved yet similaf to rdats typeit less t ei sbu , certain. References to yetts at this time are almost exclusively found in Scottish records. An interesting exception is found in an English report of 1416 concerning the defences at Roxburgh Castle t thaa , t tim Englisn ei h hands. Having been commissione surveo dt conditioe yth e th f no castle r JohSi , n Claveryn Roberd gan t Harbotell recommended that 'the castle should hav iroe2 n dungeoe th t a entrance e nth on callet gatesa d e ean d on ,Douglas e tower alsod an ' , Ther2 e ear postern Teviotsidn so e which should have iron gates' 953)(Baio N , .nV During the 15th century, references to the use of iron for the 'fabric' and yetts of castles and towers become increasingly common. In 1416 'stones, iron and wood' were supplied for 'the fabric of the tower of Invernys' (Exch Rolls IV, 225); in 1438 Spanish iron was supplied 'for the iron gates and other necessities' at Edinburgh Castle (Exch Rolls V, 36); and in 1466 the repair work t Dunbasa r Castle included 'an iron gate' (Exch Rolls VII ,lattee 401)th y r B .date , yettd san window-grilles had become standard features of any new tower, as the surviving examples, or the empty rebate socketd san s that once held them, amply testify. When John Dunda grantes wa f tha islane so k dIl th t f Inchgarvido Jame y 1491n eb i e V sI h , was also given the power to fortify a castle or fortalice there 'with bars of iron' (Reg Mag Sig II, No 2038). Similarly, when John Chene of Esslemont was granted a licence to build a tower on his land alss 1500n si owa empoweree h , 'mao dt k thairapo 552)o N zettisn n , nir i I ; g ' Si (Re c gSe 1501 John Murra f Cockpooyo s grantewa l dlicenca builo et towee dth f Comlongoo r d 'tonan mak apone the sammyn machcoling, corbalsalze, irnezettis and windois', etc. (Reg Sec Sig I, No 692); and in 1511/12 Robert Bruce of Auchenbowie was granted a licence to build his tower and fortalic Carnocf eo k 'wit2360)o zettisN n h, ir I .g ' Si (Re c gSe The yetts at Dunbar again feature in the accounts of the Lord High Treasurer for May 1497 (Treasurer Acct , 334-5)sI , whe waw7 1 nf iroI3 ston bo 8 d n ewerean providef o r 'tht dfo eze Dunbar' for £24 15s Id. It is no3 t clear, however, whether this was for 'iron' gates or the reinforced woode n'ze0 ones66 t s nali a dowbi,d san l byspikaris 'sem0 ruffisd 10 ed an an ' were supplier dfo 'the zettis of Dunbar' at the same time. In 1501 there is a further entry for 'iiij waw of irne to be irne windoi Dunbaro st ' (Treasurer Acct , 86)thred sII an , e 4 months later five shillings were paio dt mesure 'an th Dunbao t e k f certans smytta eo pa o t ro ht e windoi e Kinth s g commandik ma o t t thar irnef eo ' (Treasurer Acct , 107)sII . DISTRIBUTION Despite Christison's referenc face th t o that e t 'grilles constructed exactly likr Scottisou e h examples' existed in northern Italy and the Tyrol (Christison 1883, 135), most writers on Scottish castles and tower-houses still perpetuate the belief that the method of construction of the Scottish yett is peculiar to Scotland (RCAHMS 1920, Ixiv; Mackenzie 1927, 99). Certainly, Scotland is the only place where this distinctive metho f constructiodo knows ni havo nt e been use r gatedfo r so MAXWELL-IRVING: SCOTTISH YETT WINDOW-GRILLED SAN 5 43 S ILLU \ S Window grilles, Prigioni Nuove, Palazzo Ducale, Venice s heri t doorsi e d thaearliese an ,th t t known example f thio s s typ f grilleo e would see havmo t e survived. It is surprising, however, that so few visitors to Venice have apparently noticed that many of the window-grilles of the Palazzo Ducale, or Doge's Palace, one of the foremost attractions of the city, are constructed in exactly the same way (illus I).5 Thus, there is the suggestio connectiona f no , either direc r indirecto t , betwee gratee nth d window f Scotlanso d dan those of the Venetian Republic during the later Middle Ages. This type of grated window was, in fact, already traditiona Tyroe th t leasn a li l centura t y earlier t seemi o s , s likel s froy thawa m t i t there that the particular craft spread south to Venice. Not only did the Tyrol adjoin the Venetian Republic e Brenneth t bu , r Pass throug populaa Alpe s hth wa s r rout r Germaefo n merchants trading with Venice. Ther trads ewa e between Scotlan Germae th d dan nmechanis e portsth t bu , m by which the technology may have spread, and when this might have taken place, are both unclear.6 Nearer home, it is surprising how completely the method of construction of iron doors change Bordee th t a s r with England. Christison cite examplee th s f Bywelo s l Castle (Christison 1883, 132-3), in Northumberland, and Naworth Castle (Christison 1883, 134) and Burgh-on-Sands (Christison 1883, 131, 134 Cumbrian )i . Ther , howevereis notable on , e exception thacoms ha t o et 436 I SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1994 ILLU S2 Yett from Streatlam Castle, County Durham. (Copyright: Bowes Museum) writer'e th s attention yeta s i t t froI . m Streatlam Castle tha preserves i t Bowee th n di s Museut ma Barnard Castle. Streatlam, whic thres hi e miles north-eas Barnarf o t d Castle Countn i , y Durham, came inte oth possession of the Bowes family, c 1310, by the marriage of Sir Adam Bowes to the heiress of Streatlam, Alice Trayne.