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Calystegia Sepium Best Managementpracticesfor Hedge Bindweed in Themetro Vancouver Region Disclaimer Calystegia sepium Calystegia BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR Hedge Bindweed in the Metro Vancouver Region Disclaimer This publication is not intended to endorse or recommend Copyright to this publication is owned by the Metro any particular product material or service provider, nor is Vancouver Regional District (“Metro Vancouver”). it intended as a substitute for engineering, legal, or other Permission to reproduce this publication, or any professional advice. Such advice should be sought from substantial part of it, is granted only for personal, non- qualified professionals. commercial, educational and informational purposes, provided that the publication is not modified or altered While the information in this publication is believed to and provided that this copyright notice and disclaimer be accurate, this publication and all of the information is included in any such production or reproduction. contained in it are provided “as is” without warranty of any Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced kind, whether express or implied. All implied warranties, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright including, without limitation, implied warranties of Act, as amended or replaced from time to time. merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly disclaimed by Metro Vancouver. The material provided in this publication is intended for educational and informational purposes only. Created by: Metro Vancouver and the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver In partnership with: Diamond Head Consulting Requested by: Metro Vancouver’s Regional Planning Advisory Committee – Invasive Species Subcommittee 4730 Kingsway, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5H 0C6 metrovancouver.org March 2021 Contents Introduction __________________________________________________________________ 4 REGULATORY STATUS _____________________________________________________ 4 IMPACTS _________________________________________________________________ 4 REPRODUCTION AND SPREAD _____________________________________________ 5 HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION ______________________________________________ 5 CLIMATE ADAPTATION ____________________________________________________ 6 Identification _________________________________________________________________ 7 SIMILAR SPECIES __________________________________________________________ 9 Tracking ____________________________________________________________________ 11 Reporting ___________________________________________________________________ 11 Prevention and Control Strategies______________________________________________ 12 Prevention: IMPERATIVE ______________________________________________________ 12 MANUAL/MECHANICAL: RECOMMENDED _________________________________ 13 CHEMICAL: CAUTION ____________________________________________________ 15 CULTURAL: CAUTION_____________________________________________________ 19 BIOLOGICAL: NOT AVAILABLE ____________________________________________ 20 CONTROL SUMMARY ____________________________________________________ 20 Disposal ____________________________________________________________________ 21 ON SITE DISPOSAL __________________________________________________________ 21 OFF SITE DISPOSAL _________________________________________________________ 22 CLEANING AND DISINFECTION ______________________________________________ 22 Follow-up Monitoring ________________________________________________________ 23 Restoration _________________________________________________________________ 23 References __________________________________________________________________ 25 Additional Resources _________________________________________________________ 27 Acknowledgments ___________________________________________________________ 27 Introduction The impacts of invasive species on ecological, human, and Academic institutions, government, and non-government economic health are of concern in the Metro Vancouver organizations continue to study this species in British region. Successful control of invasive species requires Columbia. As researchers and practitioners learn more about concerted and targeted efforts by many players. This the biology and control of hedge bindweed, it is anticipated document – “Best Management Practices for Hedge that the recommended best management practices will Bindweed in the Metro Vancouver Region” – is one of change. This document will be updated to reflect these a series of species-specific guides developed for use by changes as the information becomes available. Please check practitioners (e.g., local government staff, crews, project metrovancouver.org regularly to obtain the most recent managers, contractors, consultants, developers, stewardship version of these best management practices. groups, and others who have a role in invasive species management) in the region. Together, these best practices REGULATORY STATUS provide a compendium of guidance that has been tested locally by many researchers and operational experts. Although hedge bindweed is an invasive plant of concern in the Metro Vancouver region, it is not currently regulated Hedge bindweed1 ( ) Calystegia sepium subsp. sepium anywhere in British Columbia. is a familiar sight from spring until fall in urban natural areas and gardens in Metro Vancouver. It is found twining around other plants and structures, often forming a tangled IMPACTS mass (Melymuka & Bradtke, 2013). It is a persistent plant Hedge bindweed can quickly overwhelm other vegetation, that spreads by underground stems and roots that can growing between, around and over other plants. This growth resprout from fragments of these structures left in the soil pattern physically damages other plants and prevents them (Washington State University, 2015). Several subspecies of from accessing light and nutrients (Crampton, 2020). Dense are recognized: Calystegia sepium Calystegia sepium subsp. infestations can cause branches or stems of other plants to 2, the focus of this document, was introduced from sepium collapse. It often grows at restoration sites and can threaten Europe (Darbyshire, 1988). newly installed plants or structures. Hedge bindweed also 1 Hedge bindweed is known by many common names; some of the most common are morning glory, great bindweed, hedge false bindweed, wild morning glory, bellbind, and hedgebell. It is referred to as hedge bindweed in this document. 2 Calystegia sepium was previously known as Convolvulus sepium (North Carolina State University Extension, 2020). 4 Best Management Practices for Hedge Bindweed in the Metro Vancouver Region produces allelopathic chemicals that inhibit the growth of surrounding plants (North Carolina State University Extension, 2020). Hedge bindweed, and other bindweeds, are considered serious agricultural weeds worldwide (Boldt, Rosenthal, & Srinivasan, 1998). They reduce crop yields through competition and by interfering with harvesting practices (Pfirter, Ammon, Guntli, Graves, & Defago, 1997). Regular ploughing helps prevent their establishment in annual crops but they are very damaging to perennial crops and orchards (Rask & Andreasen, 2007). The seeds of hedge bindweed and other bindweeds are poisonous when consumed in large quantities (The Ohio State University, 2020). The roots are poisonous to swine (The Ohio State University, 2020). REPRODUCTION AND SPREAD Hedge bindweed has a rapid growth rate (North Carolina Hedge bindweed growing around a fence State University Extension, 2020), spreading horizontally and CREDIT: ISCMV climbing vertically. It can spread from clonal off-shoots from the rhizomes or underground stems (North Carolina State University Extension, 2020). If broken, the long creeping HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION roots of hedge bindweed are able to regenerate. Even Hedge bindweed can be found in a variety of natural and small sections of root can re-grow, although the shorter disturbed habitats such as streamsides, marshes, fields, the fragment and the deeper it is buried, the lower the thickets, orchards, roadsides and railroads (The Ohio State regeneration capacity (Bond, Davies, & Turner, 2007). This University, 2020). It is a nuisance for gardeners in garden form of vegetative growth is the main source of spread of beds and borders. As the common name suggests, it grows hedge bindweed. as a hedgerow plant, scrambling over and smothering Seed production in Calystegia species is limited and shrubs, hedges and trees. It is common in developed areas seedlings are rarely produced (Ushimara & Kikuzawa, 1999). such as urban parks and vacant lots and often grows after Seeds can be spread in water (Bond, Davies, & Turner, 2007). disturbance, such as at restoration sites. Best Management Practices for Hedge Bindweed in the Metro Vancouver Region 5 This plant tolerates most growing conditions (North Carolina 2020). With a wide seasonal window of survival, hedge State University Extension, 2020). It prefers moist sites along bindweed may be able to capitalize on an extended streams and shores (George, Gerald, & Del, 1989). growing season. Hedge bindweed is common in southwestern BC and rarely • Increased precipitation and flooding: Hedge found on Haida Gwaii and in BC’s northeast and southeast bindweed seeds can be spread in water (Bond, Davies, regions (George, Gerald, & Del, 1989). It is found in all & Turner, 2007) so dispersal by seeds in stormwater provinces in Canada and the Yukon Territory (North Carolina runoff may be enhanced. Increased flooding events may State University Extension, 2020). encourage the spread of hedge
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