A Chronology of ’s Main Publications*

‘The Academic Tradition’, ARNA, 1950, pp. 30–33. ‘The Propriety of Political Philosophy’, Review, 51:1, Michaelmas 1955, pp. 3–6. ‘World Opinion and International Organization’, , 1:9, April 1958, pp. 428–439. ‘Disarmament and the International System’, The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 5:1, May 1959, pp. 41–50. ‘What is the Commonwealth?’, World Politics, 11:4, July 1959, pp. 577–587. ‘The Arms Race and the Banning of Nuclear Tests’, The Political Quarterly, 30:4, October 1959, pp. 344–356. ‘Nigeria’, Current Affairs Bulletin, 25:7, 8 February 1960, pp. 99–110. ‘Systematic Innovation and Social Philosophy’, Inquiry, 3:3, Autumn 1960, pp. 199–205. The Control of the Arms Race: Disarmament and Arms Control in the Nuclear Age, London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson for The Institute for Strategic Studies, 1961; 2d ed. (with new introduction) New York: Praeger, 1965. ‘Cold ’, Current Affairs Bulletin, 28:12, 16 October 1961, pp. 178–192. ‘Reports on World Affairs: Strategic and Geographical Aspects’, The Year Book of World Affairs, 15, 1961 (London Institute of World Affairs), pp. 402–415. ‘A Comment on the Proposal for a Ban on the First Use of Nuclear Weapons’, in Robert C. Tucker, Klaus Knorr, Richard A. Falk and Hedley Bull, Proposal for No First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Pros and Cons, Princeton: Center of International Studies, Princeton University, Policy Memorandum no. 28, 1963, pp. 57–76.

*An earlier list of Bull’s writings can be found in O’Neill and Schwartz (eds) pp. 285–292 and, in slightly amended form, in Miller and Vincent (eds) pp. 205–212.

197 198 Hedley Bull and the Accommodation of Power

‘Two Kinds of Arms Control’, The Year Book of World Affairs, 17, 1963, pp. 150–170. ‘Mr. Strachey and World Order’, Political Studies, 12:1, February 1964, pp. 67–71. ‘International Order and the Dispersion of Nuclear Weapons’, Science, 144:3619, 8 May 1964, pp. 677–678; 683. ‘Arms Control’, Current Affairs Bulletin, 34:5, 20 July 1964, pp. 67–80. Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance: A Critique of United States Doctrine, Princeton: Center of International Studies, Princeton University, Policy Memorandum no. 29, 15 September 1964. ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, in Special Studies Prepared for the Special Committee of the House of Commons on Matters Relating to Defence, Ottawa: Roger Duhamel, 1965, pp. 131–152. ‘Report on Strategic Aspects of World Affairs’, The Year Book of World Affairs, vol. 19, 1965, pp. 362–368. ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, The British Survey, no. 190, January 1965, pp. 1–10. ‘International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach’, World Politics, 18:3, April 1966, pp. 361–377. ‘Society and Anarchy in International Relations’ and ‘The Grotian Conception of International Society’, in Herbert Butterfield and (eds) Diplomatic Investigations, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966, pp. 35–50; 51–73. ‘Western Policy and Nuclear Proliferation in Asia’, World Review, 6:3, October 1967, pp. 1–15. ‘The Role of Nuclear Powers in the Management of Nuclear Proliferation’, in James E. Dougherty and John F. Lehman, Jr (eds) Arms Control for the Late Sixties, Princeton N.J.: D. van Nostrand, 1968, pp. 143–150. ‘Indian Ocean and Pacific Strategy in the Wake of Britain’s Withdrawal’, in E.A. Gullion (ed.) Uses of the Seas, New York: The American Assembly, Columbia University, 1968, pp. 124–137. ‘, New Zealand and Nuclear Weapons’, in T.B. Millar (ed.) Australia– New Zealand Defence Cooperation, Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1968, pp. 67–90. Untitled paper in Australia’s Foreign Policy in the Seventies, Townsville: Australian Institute for International Affairs, North Queensland Branch, 1968, pp. 1–8. ‘On Non-Proliferation’, Interplay of European/ American Affairs, 1:6, January 1968, pp. 8–10. ‘In Support of the Non-Proliferation Treaty’, Quadrant, 53, 12:3, May–June 1968, pp. 25–29. ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, World Politics, 20:4, July 1968, pp. 593–605. ‘The Non-Proliferation Treaty and its Implications for Australia’, Australian Outlook, 22:2, August 1968, pp. 162–175. ‘Force in Contemporary International Relations’, Survival, 10:9, September 1968, pp. 300–302. A Chronology of Hedley Bull’s Main Publications 199

‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, in R.H. Scott (ed.) The Economics of Defence, Economic Papers no. 29, November 1968 (Economics Society of Australia & New Zealand, NSW & Victorian Branches), pp. 1–16. ‘Problems of Australian Foreign Policy January–June 1968’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 14:1, December 1968, pp. 311–319. ‘Security in the Indian Ocean’, Modern World, vol. 7, 1969, pp. 57–62. ‘The Twenty Years’ Crisis Thirty Years On’, International Journal, 24:4, Autumn 1969, pp. 625–638. ‘The Prospects for SALT’, Interplay: The Magazine of International Affairs, 3:5, December 1969–January 1970, pp. 50–51. ‘The Scope for Soviet-American Agreement’, in Soviet-American Relations and World Order: Arms Limitations and Policy, Adelphi Papers 65, London: Institute for Strategic Studies, February 1970, pp. 1–15. ‘Asia in the Seventies: An Australian View’, New Guinea, and Australia the Pacific and South-East Asia, 5:2, June–July 1970, pp. 51–63. ‘Chemical and Biological Weapons: The Prospects for Arms Control’, Australian Outlook, 24:2, August 1970, pp. 152–163. ‘Arms Control: A Stocktaking and Prospectus’, in Alistair Buchan (ed.) Problems of Modern Strategy, London: Chatto & Windus for Institute for Strategic Studies, 1970, pp. 139–158. ‘World Order and the Super Powers’, in Carston Holbraad (ed.) Super Powers and the World Order, Canberra: ANU Press, 1971, pp. 140–154. ‘Review Comments: Strategic Aspects’, in Bruce Brown (ed.) Asia and the Pacific in the 1970s: The Roles of the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1971, pp. 230–238. ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, Foreign Affairs, 49:4, July 1971, pp. 669–681. ‘Order vs. Justice in International Society’, Political Studies, 19:3, September 1971, pp. 269–283. ‘Europe and the Wider World’, The Round Table, no. 244, October 1971, pp. 455–463. ‘Civil Violence and International Order’, in Civil Violence and the International System, Part II: Violence and International Security, Adelphi Papers 83, London: IISS, December 1971, pp. 27–36. ‘The Theory of International Politics, 1919–1969’, in Brian Porter (ed.) The Aberystwyth Papers: International Politics 1919–1969, London: Oxford University Press, 1972, pp. 30–55. ‘Violence and Development’, in Robert E. Hunter and John E. Reilly (eds) Development Today: A New Look at US Relations with the Poor Countries, New York: Praeger, 1972, pp. 99–115. ‘Australia’s Defence’ and ‘Australia-New Zealand Defence Cooperation’, in Ken Keith (ed.) Defence Perspectives, Price Milburn for New Zealand Institute of International Affairs, 1972, pp. 85–102; 103–116. ‘The Defence of Australia to the 1980’s: The Problem’, United Service, 26:2, October 1972, pp. 2–10. 200 Hedley Bull and the Accommodation of Power

‘International Relations as an Academic Pursuit’, Australian Outlook, 26:3, December 1972, pp. 251–265. ‘ and International Order’, International Organization, 26:3, December 1972, pp. 583–588. ‘Strategic Arms Limitation: The Precedent for Washington and London Naval Treaties’, in Morton A. Kaplan (ed.) SALT: Problems and Prospects, Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press, 1973, pp. 26–52. ‘Options for Australia’, in Gordon McCarthy (ed.) Foreign Policy for Australia: Choices for the Seventies, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1973, pp. 137–183. The Moscow Agreements and Strategic Arms Limitation, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence, no. 15, Canberra, Australian National University, 1973. ‘War and International Order’, in Alan James (ed.) The Bases of International Order, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 116–132. ‘The Indian Ocean as a “Zone of ”’, in T.T. Poulose (ed.) Indian Ocean Power Rivalry, New Delhi: Young Asia Publications, 1974, pp. 177–189. ‘Australia and the Great Powers in Asia’, in Gordon Greenwood and Norman Harper (eds) Australia in World Affairs, 1966–1970, Melbourne: Cheshire for Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1974, pp. 325–352. ‘Australia’s Involvement in Independent Papua-New Guinea (Fourth Heindorff Memorial Lecture)’, World Review, 13:1, March 1974, pp. 3–18. ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, Jernal Hubungan Antarabangsa, vol. 2, 1974–5, pp. 5–21. ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’ and ‘The New Course of Australian Policy’, in Hedley Bull (ed.) Asia and the Western Pacific: Towards a New International Order, Melbourne: Thomas Nelson with the Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1975, pp. xi–xxviii; 357–371. ‘Australia and the Nuclear Problem: Some Concluding Comments’, in Robert J. O’Neill (ed.) The Strategic Nuclear Balance: An Australian Perspective, Canberra: ANU Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, 1975, pp. 130–148. ‘Models of Future World Order’, Indian Quarterly, 31:1, January–March 1975, pp. 62–73. ‘New Directions in the Theory of International Relations’, International Studies, 14:2, April–June 1975, pp. 277–287. ‘Rethinking Non-Proliferation’, International Affairs, 51:2, April 1975, pp. 175–189. ‘The Whitlam ’s Perceptions of our Role in the World’, in B.D. Beddie (ed.) Advance Australia – Where?, Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia with Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1975, pp. 29–51. ‘Wider Still and Wider – Nuclear Proliferation 1970–1975’, International Perspectives, November–December, 1975, pp. 24–28. ‘Sea Power and Political Influence’, in Power at Sea, 1. The New Environment, Adelphi Papers 122, London: IISS, Spring 1976, pp. 1–9. ‘Arms Control and World Order’, International Security, 1:1, Summer 1976, pp. 3–16. A Chronology of Hedley Bull’s Main Publications 201

‘The West and the Third World’, Dyason House Papers, 2:5, June 1976, pp. 1–5. ‘Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations: The Second Martin Wight Memorial Lecture’, British Journal of International Studies, 2:2, July 1976, pp. 101–116. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1977; 2nd ed., 1995; 3rd ed., 2002; 4th ed., 2012. Systems of States by Martin Wight (edited with an introduction), Leicester: Leicester University Press for LSE, 1977. Power Politics by Martin Wight (edited with Carsten Holbraad), Leicester: Leicester University Press for Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1978. ‘A View from Abroad: Consistency under Pressure’, Foreign Affairs, 57:3, 1978, pp. 441–462. ‘Human Rights and World Politics’, in Ralph Pettman (ed.) Moral Claims in World Affairs, London: Croom Helm, 1979, pp. 79–91. ‘The Third World and International Society’, The Year Book of World Affairs, vol. 33, 1979, pp. 15–31. ‘Natural Law and International Relations’, British Journal of International Studies, 5:2, July 1979, pp. 171–181. ‘Recapturing the Just War for Political Theory’, World Politics, 31:4, July 1979, pp. 588–599. ‘The University of Human Rights’, , 8:2, Autumn 1979, pp. 155–159. ‘The State’s Positive Role in World Affairs’, Daedalus, no. 108, Fall 1979, pp. 111–123. ‘Kissinger; the Primacy of ’, International Affairs, 56:3, Summer 1980, pp. 484–487. ‘European Defence – The Political Perspective’, Thinking Again About European Defence, London: European Democratic Group, 1980, pp. 5–14. ‘The Great Irresponsibles? The United States, the Soviet Union and World Order’, International Journal, 35:3, Summer 1980, pp. 437–447. ‘The Harries Report and the Third World’, Quadrant, 34:7, July 1980, pp. 48–53. ‘Force in International Relations: The Experience of the 1970s and Prospects for the 1980s’ and ‘Conclusion: Of Means and Ends’, in Robert J. O’Neill and D.M. Horner (eds) New Directions in Strategic Thinking, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981, pp. 17–33; 274–280. ‘The Revolt Against the West’, in M.S. Rajan and Shivaji Ganguly (eds) Great Power Relations, World Order and the Third World, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1981, pp. 200–208. ‘Future Conditions of Strategic Deterrence’, in Christoph Bertram (ed.) The Future of Strategic Deterrence, Adelphi Papers 160–1, London: Macmillan and International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981, pp. 13–23. ‘The Rise of Soviet Naval Power’, Problems of Communism, 30:2, March–April 1981, pp. 60–63. ‘Hobbes and the International Anarchy’, Social Research, 48:4, Winter 1981, pp. 717–738. ‘The Case for Unilateral Disarmament’, Nature, 292, 6 August 1981, pp. 563–564. 202 Hedley Bull and the Accommodation of Power

‘The West and South Africa’, Daedalus, Spring 1982, pp. 255–270. ‘A New Course for Britain and Western Europe’, SAIS Review, 1:4, Summer 1982, pp. 41–51. ‘Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?’, in Loukas Tsoukalis (ed.) The European Community: Past. Present and Future, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983, pp. 149–170. ‘The Classical Approach to Arms Control: Twenty Years After’, in Nerlich Uwe (ed.) Soviet Power and Western Negotiating Policies, vol. 2: The Western Panacea: Constraining Soviet Power though Negotiation, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1983, pp. 21–30. ‘Intervention in the Third World’, The Non-Aligned World, 1:3, July–September 1983, pp. 307–323. ‘The International Anarchy in the 1980’s’, Australian Outlook, 37:3, December 1983, pp. 127–131. ‘European Self-Reliance and the Reform of NATO’, Foreign Affairs, 61:4, Spring 1983, pp. 874–892. ‘European States and African Political Communities’, ‘The Emergence of a Universal International Society’ and ‘The Revolt Against the West’, in Hedley Bull and (eds) The Expansion of International Society, Oxford: Clarendon, 1984, pp. 99–114; 117–126; 217–228. Intervention in World Politics (edited) Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. Justice in International Relations, the 1983–84 Hagey Lectures, Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo, October 1984. The Challenge of the Third Reich: The Adam von Trott Memorial Lectures (edited), Oxford: Clarendon, 1986. The Special Relationship: Anglo American Relationships since 1945 (edited with Wm. Roger Louis), Oxford: Clarendon, 1986. ‘The American Presidency Viewed from Australia and Britain’, in Kenneth W. Thompson (ed.) The American Presidency: Perspectives from Abroad, Lanham MD: University Press of America, 1986, pp. 1–19. ‘Hans Kelsen and International Law’, in Richard Tur and William Twining (eds) Essays on Kelsen, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, pp. 321–336. ‘Population and the Present World Structure’, in William Alonso (ed.) Population on an Interacting World, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1987, pp. 74–94. ‘Britain and Australia in Foreign Policy’, in J.D.B. Miller (ed.) Australians and British: Social and Political Connections, North Ryde: Methuen Australia, 1987, pp. 103–127. ‘The Importance of Grotius in the Study of International Relations’, in Hedley Bull, and (eds) and International Relations, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990, pp. 65–93. Hedley Bull: A Timeline

1932, 10 June, Born, Sydney, Australia 1944–1948, Secondary school, student, Fort Street High School, Sydney 1949–1952, Undergraduate Student, , BA Honours in History and Philosophy 1953–1955, Graduate Student, University College, (Woolley travelling fellowship), BPhil and MA in Politics 1954, 13 March, marries Frances Mary Lawes 1955–1967, Assistant Lecturer (1955–8), Lecturer (1959–62) & Reader (1963–7) in International Relations, London School of Economics 1957–1958, Rockefeller Fellow, Harvard University & University of Chicago 1959–1960, Rapporteur for Study Group on Arms Control, Institute for Strategic Studies 1963 February–January 1964, Visiting Research Associate, Centre of International Affairs, Princeton University 1964 (December)–May 1967, Director, Arms Control and Disarmament Research Unit, Foreign Office, London (on leave from LSE) 1967–1977, Professor of International Relations, Australian National University 1970–1971, Visiting Professor, Institute of War and Peace Studies, Columbia University 1971, Visiting Research Associate, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London 1974–1975, Visiting Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 1975–1976, Visiting Fellow, All Souls College, University of Oxford 1977–1985, Montague Burton Professor of International Relations, University of Oxford 1984, elected Fellow of British Academy 1985, 18 May, died, Oxford

203 Notes

Introduction

1 Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, Houndmills: Macmillan, 1977. 2 For the leading study of Wight’s thinking, see Ian Hall, The International Thought of Martin Wight, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 3 See Hedley Bull on Arms Control, Selected and introduced by Robert O’Neill and David N. Schwartz, Houndmills: Macmillan in Association with the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1987. 4 J.D.B. Miller and R.J. Vincent (eds) Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. 5 See Kai Alderson and , Hedley Bull on International Society, Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000. 6 Coral Bell and Meredith Thatcher (eds) Remembering Hedley, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 170, Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2008. 7 See Robert Ayson, ‘A Common Interest in Common Interest: Hedley Bull, Thomas Schelling and Collaboration in International Politics’, in Bell and Thatcher (eds) pp. 53–72.

Chapter 1 The Education of Hedley Bull

1 ‘Report for Term Ending 1st September 1938 “Primary B”’, Methodist Ladies College, Park Road, Burwood, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 2 Hedley Bull, ‘The Rt. Hon. Dr Herbert Evatt’, The Fortian, vol. 45, December 1947, p. 3, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 3 Reference from N.R. Mearns, Principal, Fort Street Boys High School, Petersham, 13 December 1949, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 4 Hedley Bull, ‘Moral Education’, Essay for Philosophy II (Metaphysics Distinction) Michaelmas Term, 1950, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 5 Comments by John Anderson on Bull, ‘Moral Education’. 6 Comments by John Anderson on Bull, ‘Moral Education’. 7 Hedley Bull, ‘Sophistry’, Vacation Essay for Philosophy II (Metaphysics) 1950, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 8 Renée Jeffery, ‘An Early Influence: John Anderson’, in Bell and Thatcher (eds) pp. 9–30. 9 Hedley Bull, notes from lecture by John Anderson, 26 July 1951, Philosophy III ‘Education’ notebook, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 10 Bull, notes from lecture by John Anderson, 26 July 1951.

204 Notes 205

11 Hedley Bull, notes from lecture by John Anderson, 2 August 1951. 12 Hedley Bull, ‘The Academic Tradition’, ARNA 1950, p. 30. 13 Bull, ‘The Academic Tradition’, p. 32. 14 Bull, ‘Sophistry’, p. 25. 15 Bull, notes from lecture by Anderson, 2 August 1951. 16 Reference from B.R. Wyllie, Master, Wesley College, University of Sydney, 5 May 1953, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 17 Comments by John Anderson on Bull, ‘Moral Education’, Essay for Philosophy II, p. 14. 18 Hedley Bull, notes from lecture by John Anderson, 20 September 1951, Philosophy III ‘Education’ notebook; Bull’s doubts about solidarism are noted in Jeffery, p. 21. 19 Bull, notes from lecture by John Anderson, 27 September 1951. 20 Bull, ‘The Academic Tradition’, p. 31. 21 Bull, notes from lecture by John Anderson, 27 September 1951. 22 Bull, ‘The Academic Tradition’, p. 33. 23 Hedley Bull, ‘International Law is Farcical’, Honi Soit, 5 October 1950. 24 Bull, ‘International Law is Farcical’. 25 Bull, ‘International Law is Farcical’. 26 Hedley Bull, ‘Gladstone’s View of the ’, Seminar Paper for History III, Distinction, 1951, p. 6. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 27 Hedley Bull, ‘Germany and Czechoslovakia to Munich’, Seminar Paper for History IV, Michaelmas Term, 1952, p. 11. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 28 Bull, ‘Germany and Czechoslovakia’, p. 2. 29 Hedley Bull, ‘Bicameralism and the Constitutional Struggle in New South Wales, 1848–1853’, Thesis for History IV, pp. 2–3. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 30 Bull, ‘Germany and Czechoslovakia’, p. 31. 31 Bull, ‘Gladstone’s View of the Empire’, p. 3. 32 Bull, notes from lecture by John Anderson, 2 August 1951. 33 Bull, ‘Gladstone’s View of the Empire’, p. 4. 34 Bull, notes from lecture by John Anderson, 2 August 1951. 35 Bull, notes on MPhil trial examinations, found on reverse of ‘The Anti- Colonial Revolution’, 3rd Lecture, undated, Hedley Bull Papers, Box 2, File 9, Special Collections, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. [Hereafter these papers will be referred to as ‘HBP’]. 36 Mary Bull, ‘Early Years: Sydney and Oxford’, in Bell and Thatcher (eds) p. 2. 37 Interview with Mary Bull, Oxford, 26 May 2009. 38 Hedley Bull to The Master, University College Oxford, 7 May 1953, pp. 1–2. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 39 Hedley Bull (on board P&O Strathaird) to F.M. Lawes, 5 August 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 40 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 9 August 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 41 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 5 August 1953. 206 Notes

42 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 8 September 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 43 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 18 September 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 44 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 17 October 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 45 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 24 October 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 46 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 19 October 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 47 Mary Bull, ‘Early Years’, p. 3. 48 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, undated but postmarked 14 November 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 49 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes (RMS ‘Orion’) undated, postmarked January 1954. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. Dalrymple, another Sydney graduate, was a Rhodes Scholar and would become a leading Australian diplomat. 50 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 17 October 1953. 51 Coll. Univ. Oxon, Registrum Admissionum Anno MCMXI, p. 117, University College Oxford Archives. Hawke’s entry is at ibid, p. 110. 52 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 11 December 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 53 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 16 November 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 54 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 15 September 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 55 Bull to Lawes, 21 September 1953. 56 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 8 September 1953, pp. 7–8. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 57 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 16 September 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 58 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 15 September 1953. 59 Bull chose as his three optional subjects for the BPhil the Political Theories of Hegel and Marx, Modern theories of law, and British Political Thought. Hedley Bull to Secretary, LSE, 29 March 1955, Bull, Norman Hedley, Staff File, LSE Archive. 60 Bull to Lawes, 21 September 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 61 Bull to Lawes, 15–16 September 1953. 62 Bull to Lawes, 15 October 1953, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 63 Bull to Laws, 13 October 1953. The impression Hart made is parti- cularly intriguing given the attention devoted to this legal thinker’s influence on Bull’s thinking as noted by Jeffery, p. 9. 64 Bull to Lawes, 5 October 1953, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 65 Bull to Lawes, 15 October 1953. 66 Bull to Lawes, 15 October 1953. 67 Bull to Lawes, 13 October 1953. Notes 207

68 Bull to Lawes, 18 September 1953, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 69 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 21 October 1953, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 70 Bull to Lawes, 21 October 1953. 71 Bull to Lawes, 13 October 1953, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 72 Bull to Lawes, 24 October 1953. 73 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 4 November 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 74 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 18 November 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 75 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes (RMS ‘Orion’) 12 February 1954. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 76 Hedley Bull to F.M. Lawes, 26 November 1953. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 77 Interview with Michael Howard, Eastbury, Essex, 12 May 2009. 78 Interview with Michael Banks, Oxford, 30 April 2009. 79 Hedley Bull to Secretary, LSE, 29 March 1955. Bull, Norman Hedley, Staff File, LSE Archive. 80 Marion Horn to Hedley Bull, 1 April 1955, Bull, Norman Hedley, Staff File, LSE Archive. 81 Assistant Lectureship in International Relations: References by tele- phone re Mr H.N. Bull, Bull, Normal Hedley Staff File, LSE Archive. Anderson’s written reference from Sydney indicated that as a student Bull had possessed an ‘alert and penetrating mind’. John Anderson to Mr H. Judd, Secretary, LSE, 28 June 1955, Bull, Norman Hedley, Staff File, LSE Archive. 82 J.D.B. Miller, ‘Hedley Bull’, 29 May 1985, p. 1, HBP Box 7, File 2. 83 Author’s discussion with Mary Bull, Oxford 25 April 2009. 84 Hedley Bull, ‘Statement of Qualifications’, undated, Bull, Norman Hedley Staff File, LSE Archive. 85 A slightly ominous letter which came with his job offer at LSE advised Bull that ‘there must be evidence that as an assistant lecturer, in addi- tion to being a co-operative and zealous colleague and a good teacher, has given evidence of capacity to advance the subject’. Director LSE to Hedley Bull, 23 June 1955, LSE, Bull, Hedley Norman, Staff File, LSE Archive. According to Mary Bull, Hedley had at one stage also applied to undertake a PhD at Oxford’s Nuffield College. Interview with Mary Bull, Oxford, 26 May 2009. 86 Admission Form for Higher Degree Students, 22 October 1958, LSE, Bull, Hedley Norman, H/55/EML, LSE Archive. 87 Admission Form for Higher Degree Students, 21 November 1961 and ‘Trans. From Prof. Manning to Prof. Goodwin’, 1 October 1962, LSE, Bull, Hedley Norman, H/55/EML, LSE Archive. 88 Hedley Bull, ‘The Propriety of Political Philosophy’, Clare Market Review, 51:1, Michaelmas 1955, pp. 3–4. 89 Hedley Bull to J.D.B. Miller, 26 September 1956, p. 1, HBP Box 4, File 2. 90 Bull, ‘The Propriety of Political Philosophy’, p. 6. 208 Notes

91 Hedley Bull, ‘International organisation for the maintenance of peace can only be effective if it is based on the genuine desire of world opinion’, Essay submitted for the Cecil Peace Prize, 1956 by ‘Erasmus’, manuscript, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 92 Hedley Bull, ‘Richard Cobden and International Relations’, 1956 (paper read to a seminar at the London School of Economics during the Suez and Hungarian crisis) p. 18. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. An incomplete copy of this paper is held in HBP, Box 1, File 5. 93 Bull, ‘International organisation’, pp. 11–12. Emphasis original. 94 Bull, ‘International organisation’, p. 1. 95 Bull, ‘International organisation’, p. 2. 96 Bull, ‘International organisation’, p. 1. 97 Bull, ‘International organisation’, p. 15. 98 Bull, ‘International organisation’, p. 4. 99 Bull, ‘International organisation’, p. 20. 100 Hedley Bull, ‘World Opinion and International Organisation’, Inter- national Relations, 1:9, April 1958, pp. 428–439. (This was the journal of the David Davies Institute). 101 Assistant Secretary, The David Davies Memorial Institute of Inter- national Studies to Hedley Bull, 30 January 1957, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 102 Bull, ‘International organisation’, p. 12. 103 Bull, ‘International organisation’, p. 2. 104 Bull, ‘International organisation’, pp. 20–21.

Chapter 2 The East-West Accommodation

1 Hedley Bull to H. Kidd, 8 July 1957, Bull, Norman Hedley, Staff File, LSE Archive. 2 Author’s discussion with Mary Bull, Oxford, 12 March 2009. 3 Bull evidently wrote back to his British colleagues with some enthusiasm on this issue. In one letter in reply, Manning observed that he would ‘look out for the Kaplan article – and if I am lucky enough – the book. As yet, I feel a bit foxed by the expression “international system”’. Manning to Bull, 12 January 1958, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 4 Manning to Bull, 21 October 1957, Papers Held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 5 Manning to Bull, 21 October 1957. 6 Undated note prepared by Hedley Bull, attached to ‘Mr H.N. Bull’, Minute, 24 February 1959, Bull, Norman Hedley, Staff File, LSE Archive. 7 Undated note prepared by Hedley Bull, attached to ‘Mr H.N. Bull’, Minute, 24 February 1959. 8 Philip Noel-Baker to B.H. Liddell Hart, 17 November 1959, HBP Box 4, File 2. 9 Hedley Bull, ‘Qualitative Disarmament’ (undated) HBP Box 3, File 7. 10 Hedley Bull, ‘Is International Inspection Necessary?’, The Spectator, 7014, 30 November 1962, p. 854. Notes 209

11 Hedley Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 5:1, May 1959, p. 44. 12 Hedley Bull, ‘The Opening of the Conference’ (undated) HBP Box 3, File 7. 13 Hedley Bull, ‘Disarmament and Peace (Summary)’, undated but probably early 1964, HBP Box 3, File 7. 14 Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, p. 41. 15 Hedley Bull, Review of Assault at Arms by Ronald Adam and Charles Judd and The Diplomacy of Disarmament by Joseph Nogee, Survival, 2:3, May–June 1960, p. 135. 16 Hedley Bull to Philip Noel-Baker, 23 May 1960, HBP Box 4, File 2. 17 Bull, Review of Assault at Arms, p. 136. 18 Alistair Buchan, ‘Institute for Strategic Studies’, undated, p. 1, I.S.S. File, IISS Archives. 19 Transcript of interview with Alistair Buchan, undated, p. 8. IISS Archives. 20 Michael Howard, ‘The International Institute for Strategic Studies: The First Thirty Years’, p. 10, IISS Archives. 21 Transcript of interview with Alistair Buchan, undated, p. 10. 22 Interview with Michael Howard, Eastbury, 31 March 2009. 23 Hedley Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson for the Institute for Strategic Studies, 1961. It is evident Bull himself thought well of the book. When it was suggested to him that he might follow the example of another scholar and submit it as his thesis, Bull responded to a member of the administrative staff at LSE, ‘About my own thesis topic – I should like to delay defining it a while. The book as it stands – though it is frightfully good – is probably a bit too political and general to be suit- able as a PhD thesis. I shall probably rewrite part of it, or expand on some aspect of it, for this purpose, in about six months’ time’. Hedley Bull to Anne Bohm, 20 July 1960, LSE, Bull, Hedley Norman, H/55/EML, LSE Archive. 24 Extract from reference by Thomas Schelling, sent 12 July 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, 1207/1966, 1 August 1966, HBP Box 4, File 2. Schelling’s co-authored book on the subject was Thomas C. Schelling and Morton H. Halperin, Strategy and Arms Control, New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1961. Schelling’s attendance at the Oxford conference is noted in Geoffrey Hudson to Alistair Buchan, 26 September 1960, HBP Box 3, File 4. 25 D.G. Brennan to Alistair Buchan, 11 October 1960, HBP Box 3, File 4. Brennan’s book was Donald G. Brennan (ed.) Arms Control, Disarmament, and National Security, New York: George Braziller, 1961. 26 Bull, ‘Notes for a Concluding Chapter’, for Discussion 10, on Tuesday, October 11th, p. 1, The ISS Study Group on ‘Disarmament at the Opening of the Missile Age’, HBP Box 3, File 4. 27 John Strachey, ‘Comment’, in Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, p. 214. 28 Thomas C. Schelling, review of The Control of the Arms Race by Hedley Bull, Survival, 3:4, July–August 1961, p. 196. In a note for a talk which appears to have been produced as he was working with the ISS Study 210 Notes

Group, Bull sees it this way: ‘I myself in writing am addressing myself to people who believe in dis[armament]’ whereas a ‘US counterpart needs to make case for [arms control]’. Hedley Bull, ‘Disarmament Controversy in Britain’, undated, HBP Box 3, File 2. 29 Hedley Bull, ‘Strategic Theory’, in The Year Book of World Affairs, 15, 1961, p. 408. 30 Hedley Bull to Rt Hon John Strachey, 19 December 1961, p. 4. HBP Box 3, File 4. 31 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, pp. 7–8. 32 See Colin Gray, House of Cards: Why Arms Control Must Fail, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992. 33 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, pp. 9–10. In Schelling’s account of arms control, including his work with Morton Halperin, there is the similar idea that some limited forms of cooperation can be had despite the anta- gonism between the parties, but the political nature of this antagonism is not subjected to the sustained analysis that one finds in Bull’s work. By comparison Bull (like ) draws on the balance of power tradition in international political thought, an approach with which the economist Schelling was unaware. See Robert Ayson, Thomas Schelling and the Nuclear Age: Strategy as Social Science, New York: Frank Cass, 2004, pp. 55–57. 34 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, p. 76. 35 Hedley Bull, ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, in Special Studies Prepared for the Special Committee of the House of Commons on Matters Relating to Defence, Ottawa: Roger Duhamel, 1965, p. 139. 36 Hedley Bull, ‘Western Military and Disarmament Policy’, Wilton Park Talk, March 1962, HBP Box 3, File 3. 37 Hedley Bull, ‘What is the Commonwealth?’, World Politics, 11:4, July 1959, p. 578. 38 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, p. 75. 39 Bull, ‘What is the Commonwealth?’, p. 580. 40 Hedley Bull to John Strachey, 19 December 1961. 41 Bull to Strachey, 19 December 1961. 42 Jim Richardson, ‘Hedley Bull’, undated but likely May 1985, p. 1, HBP Box 7, File 2. 43 Hedley Bull, comments to the British Committee on the Theory of Inter- national Politics (Sunday afternoon, 15 April 1962, 2:30pm–4:30pm) in Alderson and Hurrell, pp. 119–120. 44 Hedley Bull, ‘Two Kinds of Arms Control’, in The Yearbook of World Affairs, 17, 1963, p. 152. 45 Bull, ‘Two Kinds of Arms Control’, p. 150. 46 Bull, ‘Two Kinds of Arms Control’, p. 170. Also see Hedley Bull, ‘Mr. Strachey and World Order’, Political Studies, 12:1, February 1964, pp. 67–71. 47 Bull, ‘Two Kinds of Arms Control’, p. 152. 48 In one conference paper from the mid-1960s, Bull notes the rival claims that arms were a cause of conflict on the one hand and a consequence Notes 211

of political disagreements on the other. Bull records: ‘My own position is a an intermediate one between these extremes’. Bull, ‘Disarmament and Peace (Summary)’. 49 Hedley Bull, ‘The Great Irresponsibles? The United States, the Soviet Union, and World Order’, International Journal, 35:3, Summer 1980, p. 442. 50 Bull, ‘The Great Irresponsibles?’, p. 446. 51 Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, p. 49. 52 Hedley Bull, ‘The Arms Race and the Banning of Nuclear Tests’, The Political Quarterly, 30:4, October 1959, p. 344. 53 Bull, ‘Two Kinds of Arms Control’, p. 160. 54 Hedley Bull, ‘The Speeches of Mr. Rusk and Mr. Gromyko’, Transcript of Commentary for BBC London, 14 December 1962, p. 2, HBP Box 7, File 5. 55 Hedley Bull, ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, The British Survey, no. 190, January 1965, p. 9. 56 Hedley Bull, ‘Introduction to the Second Edition’, The Control of the Arms Race, Disarmament and Arms Control in the Missile Age, 2nd ed., New York: Praeger, 1965, p. xxi. A number of these examples of this style of argument are mentioned in the author’s ‘Formalizing Informal Cooperation?’, in Jochen Prantl (ed.) Effective Multilateralism, Through the Looking Glass of East Asia, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, forth- coming, 2012. 57 Hedley Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, in R.H. Scott (ed.) The Economics of Defence, Economic Papers no. 29 (Economics Society of Australia & New Zealand, NSW & Victorian Branches) 1968, p. 12. 58 Hedley Bull, ‘John F. Kennedy and the Cold War’, undated (probably written during Nixon presidency) HBP, Box 2, File 7. 59 Hedley Bull, ‘Arms Control’, Current Affairs Bulletin, 34:5, 20 July 1964, p. 70. 60 Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, p. 43. 61 Hedley Bull, review of Commission to Study the Organization of Peace edited by Arthur N. Holcombe, Survival, 2:4, July–August 1960, p. 178. 62 Bull, ‘Arms Control’, Current Affairs Bulletin, p. 76 (italics original). Readers of this passage would be tempted to regard Bull’s argument as a hybrid of Schelling and the exceptionally colourful Herman Kahn. They might not be too far from the mark. For Bull’s favourable treatment of some of Kahn’s ideas, see Hedley Bull, ‘Thinking About the Unthinkable’, The Spectator, 7027, 1 March 1963, p. 250. 63 Wayland Young to Hedley Bull, 27 September 1960, p. 5, HBP Box 3, File 4. 64 Hedley Bull, ‘Cold War Diplomacy’, Current Affairs Bulletin, 28:12, 16 October 1961, pp. 181–182. 65 Bull, ‘Cold War Diplomacy’, p. 182. For Bull’s favourable review of Schelling’s book, see Hedley Bull, review of The Strategy of Conflict by Thomas C. Schelling, Survival, 3:2, March–April 1961, p. 91. Elsewhere in an article which reviewed the recent work of numerous American, British and German strategic theorists, political scientists and military 212 Notes

historians, Bull argued that Schelling’s book threw ‘a flood of light on vast areas hitherto covered in darkness’. Bull, Strategic Theory, p. 405. 66 Bull, ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’ (Canada) p. 133. 67 Bull, ‘Two Kinds of Arms Control’, p. 159. 68 Hedley Bull, Review of Arms and Influence by Thomas C. Schelling, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 1967, p. 26. 69 For this comparison, see Ayson, ‘A Common Interest in Common Interest’. 70 Stanley Hoffman, ‘International Society’, in Miller and Vincent (eds) p. 31. 71 Schelling, Review of The Control of the Arms Race, p. 195. 72 Telephone interview with Thomas Schelling, 11 March 2011. 73 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, p. 10. 74 See Bull’s comments in the conclusion to The Control of the Arms Race, p. 203: ‘We cannot expect that the establishment of a universal govern- ment by contract among the nations rather than by conquest will be brought about by incapable of the most modest forms of cooperation; that the complete and voluntary elimination of national armaments will be put into effect by governments for all of whom there are issues over which they will resort to violence rather than accept defeat; or that the removal of the sources of political conflicts (by psychological treatment, education, moral regeneration or political indoctrination) will be undertake by governments themselves absorbed in such conflicts’. 75 Hedley Bull, review of books by Seymour Melman, James J. Wadsworth, Arthur Larson and Evan Luard, Survival, 4:4, July–August 1962, p. 186. 76 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, p. 61. 77 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, p. 37. 78 Hedley Bull, ‘East-West attitudes to defence’, Transcript of Commentary for BBC London, recorded 29 March 1962, transmitted 30 March 1962, p. 1, HBP Box 7, File 5. 79 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, p. 59. 80 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, p. 59. 81 Bull, ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, The British Survey, p. 3. 82 Hedley Bull, ‘Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance: A Critique of United States Doctrine’, Policy Memorandum no. 29, Princeton: Center of International Studies, Princeton University, 15 September 1964. As he explained elsewhere, this expansive approach to arms control owed to the work of Schelling, ‘who is exceptional among the new thinkers’, Bull, ‘Arms Control’, Current Affairs Bulletin, p. 70. For more on Bull’s Princeton sabbatical, see Chapter 3. 83 Hedley Bull to Terry Schaich, Tufts University, 30 November 1970, HBP Box 3, File 3.

Chapter 3 Accommodating the New Nuclear Powers

1 For a refreshingly original study of the Committee, which reflects a sense of Bull’s approach well in parts, see Brunello Vigezzi, The British Com- mittee on the Theory of International Politics 1954–1985: The Rediscovery of History, Milan: Edizoni Unicoli, 2005. Notes 213

2 Hedley Bull, ‘International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach’, World Politics, 18:3, April 1966, pp. 361–377. 3 These included Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr (ed.) Politics and the International System, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1968; Klaus Knorr and James N. Rosenau (eds) Contending Approaches to International Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969; Bruce L. Sanders and Alan C. Durbin (eds) Contemporary International Politics: Introductory Readings, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971; and F.H. Hartmann (ed.) World in Crisis, New York: Macmillan, 4th edition, 1973. 4 Hedley Bull, ‘Society and Anarchy in International Relations’, and ‘The Grotian Conception of International Society’, in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds) Diplomatic Investigations, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966, pp. 35–50; 51–73 respectively. 5 ‘Readership in International Relations’, Appointments Committee, 3 October 1962, Agendum 24, Bull, Norman Hedley, LSE Staff File, LSE Archives. 6 D.W. Burton to Hedley Bull, 8 February 1963, Bull, Norman Hedley, LSE Staff File, LSE Archives. 7 Readership in International Relations’, Appointments Committee, 5 December 1962, Agendum 8, Bull, Norman Hedley, LSE Staff File, LSE Archives. 8 Hedley Bull to Mr Kidd, 24 November 1961, Bull, Norman Hedley, LSE Staff File, LSE Archives. 9 Hedley Bull, ‘A Comment on the Proposal for a Ban on the First Use of Nuclear Weapons’, in Robert C. Tucker et al, Proposal for No First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Pros and Cons, Princeton: Center of International Studies, Princeton University, Policy Memorandum no. 28, 1963, p. 57. 10 Bull, ‘A Comment on the Proposal’, p. 57. 11 Hedley Bull, ‘The Management of Force in International Relations’, Talk, Cambridge University Sociological Society, 5 March 1964, p. 2. HBP, Box 3, File 5. 12 Bull, ‘A Comment on the Proposal’, p. 60. 13 Bull, ‘A Comment on the Proposal’, p. 61. 14 Hedley Bull, Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance: A Critique of United States Doctrine, Policy Memorandum no. 29, Princeton: Center of International Studies, Princeton University, 15 September 1964. 15 Klaus Knorr, Foreword to Bull, Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance. 16 Bull, Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance, p. 9. 17 Hedley Bull, ‘Europe and the Bomb’, The Spectator, no. 6992, 29 June 1962, p. 850. 18 Bull, ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, The British Survey, p. 11; also see Bull, ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, in Special Studies, p. 151. 19 Bull, Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance, p. 35. 20 Bull, Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance, pp. 35–36. 21 Bull, ‘Introduction to the Second Edition’, The Control of the Arms Race, pp. xiii–xiv. 22 Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, p. 43. 23 Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, p. 45. 214 Notes

24 Bull, Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance, p. 41. 25 Bull, ‘Europe and the Bomb’, p. 850. 26 Hedley Bull, ‘Inconsistent Objectives’, The Spectator, no. 7019, 4 January 1963, p. 6. 27 Bull, ‘Inconsistent Objectives’, p. 5. 28 Hedley Bull, ‘Britain as a Nuclear Power’, Lecture, University of Wisconsin, May 1963, HBP Box 3, File 5. 29 BBC London ‘Commentary’, ‘The Speeches of Mr. Rusk and Mr. Gromyko’ by Hedley Bull, recorded and transmitted, 14 December 1962, HBP, Box 7, File 5. 30 Ibid. 31 Bull, ‘The Arms Race and the Banning of Nuclear Tests’, p. 353. ‘Nth’ countries referred to the terminology of the time which regarded any act of proliferation as expanding nuclear possession from n to n+1 countries. 32 Hedley Bull, ‘Strategic Controversies Within the North Atlantic Alliance’, Council on Foreign Relations, Atlantic Policy Studies, Advisory Group in Western Strategy and Military Organization, 19 December 1963, pp. 17–18, HBP Box 3, File 5. 33 Hedley Bull, ‘Introduction to the Second Edition’, The Control of the Arms Race: p. xxxiii. 34 Bull, ‘Introduction to the Second Edition’, p. xxxiii. 35 Bull, ‘Introduction to the Second Edition’, p. xxxi. 36 Bull, ‘Introduction to the Second Edition’, p. xxxvi. 37 Bull, ‘Europe and the Bomb’, p. 851. 38 Hedley Bull, ‘Systematic Innovation and Social Philosophy’, Inquiry, 3:3, Autumn 1960, p. 199. 39 Bull, ‘Systematic Innovation’, p. 199. 40 Interview with Michael Banks, Oxford, 30 April 2009. 41 Interview with Michael Howard, Eastbury, 31 March 2009. 42 Bull, ‘Systematic Innovation’, p. 200. 43 Bull, ‘Systematic Innovation’, p. 204. 44 See Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, p. 195n1. 45 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, p. 196. 46 Bull, ‘Cold War Diplomacy’, p. 191. 47 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, p. 148. 48 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, pp. 148–149. 49 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, pp. 148–149. 50 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, p. 155. 51 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, p. 157. 52 Bull, ‘Arms Control’, Current Affairs Bulletin, p. 72. 53 Bull, ‘Introduction to the Second Edition’, The Control of the Arms Race, p. xxxv. (Emphasis original). 54 Hedley Bull, ‘Problems of a World of Many Nuclear Powers’, Paper pre- pared for the British Committee on International Theory, 1965, p. 2, HBP Box 8, File 2. 55 Bull, ‘Problems of a World of Many Nuclear Powers’, p. 2. Notes 215

56 Hedley Bull, ‘The Spread of Nuclear Weapons’, The Spectator, no. 7007, 12 October 1962, p. 553. 57 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, p. 198. 58 Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1st ed, p. 198. 59 Bull, ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, British Survey, p. 11. 60 Bull, ‘Problems of a World of Many Nuclear Powers’, p. 3. 61 Hedley Bull, comments in ‘Armament and War in the Twentieth Century’, Transcript of BBC Broadcast, BBC Radio 3, Recorded 4 December 1967, transmitted 12 December 1967, HBP Box 3, File 3. 62 Bull, Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance, p. 16. 63 Bull, Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance, p. 15. 64 Bull, ‘Problems of a World of Many Nuclear Powers’, p. 2. 65 Lord Chalfont, ‘Creation of a Foreign Office Research Unit for Dis- armament’, 20 November 1964, XS03/H/3464, National Archive, Kew, FO366/03386. 66 Institute for Strategic Studies, Second Universities Conference, held at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 21 December 1964, p. 10, IAD1093/2, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181424. 67 ISS, Second Universities Conference, p. 9. 68 One note from early December noted that Chalfont had already selected Bull who had still to be interviewed by the Foreign Secretary. See J.A. Ford, Foreign Office, to J. Littlewood, Treasury, 9 December 1964, XS03/H/3464, National Archive, Kew, FO366/3386. Bull was to have that interview nine days later. See JED Street to Private Secretary (Secretary of State) 16 December 1964, XS03/H/3464. 69 ISS, Second Universities Conference, p. 12. 70 ‘Disarmament Unit Set Up’, The Guardian, 1 January 1965, p. 16. (Emphasis original). Copy provided to author by Mary Bull. 71 Hedley Bull, ‘Strategic Studies in a University’, January 1964, p. 8. HBP Box 3, File 5. 72 Alistair Buchan to Hedley Bull, 11 April 1963, HBP Box 3, File 4. 73 ISS, Second Universities Conference, p. 12. 74 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies in a University’, pp. 2–3. 75 Michael Stewart to Prime Minister, PM/65/25, 10 February 1965, IAD1027/6, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181368. 76 Hedley Bull to JED Street, 25 January 1965, IAD1027/18, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181368. 77 Hedley Bull, ‘Arms Control and Disarmament Research Unit’, Memo to Lord Chalfont, 26 July 1965, IAD1027/68, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181370. 78 Sir Harold Beeley to Hedley Bull, 1890, 20 January 1965, IAD1027/13, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181368. 79 Arms Control and Disarmament Research Unit, ‘Arms Control and Mini- mum Stable Deterrence’, ACDRU65(3) Final, 10 November 1965, p. i, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181377. 80 ACDRU65(3) Final, p. 46. 81 ACDRU65(3) Final, p. i. 216 Notes

82 Chalfont to Arthur Barber, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Department of Defense, 17 November 1965, IAD1037/6, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181376. 83 Handwritten comment by Mr Hugh-Jones, 22 November 1965, IAD1038/8, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181377. 84 A.M. Palliser to JED Street, 2 December 1965, IAD1038/8 The Paper Prepared by ACDRU on Minimum Stable Deterrence. Draft Submission to Lord Hood and letter to MOD requesting formal views. National Archive, Kew, FO371/181377. 85 Interview with Michael Palliser, London, 21 May 2009. 86 JED Street to Lord Hood, Limited Deterrence, 21 December 1965, IAD1038/8, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181377. 87 JED Street to Permanent Under Secretary, 29 December 1965, IAD1038/8, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181377. 88 R.J. Andrew (Ministry of Defence) to JED Street (Foreign Office) DS.11/ 13/1/7 29 December, 1965, IAD1038/8, National Archive, Kew, FO371/ 181377. 89 ACDRU65(3) Final, p. v. 90 Sir Solly Zuckerman (MOD) to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, SZ/857/64, 4 December 1964, IAD1027/25, National Archive, Kew, FO371/ 181368. 91 Lord Chalfont to Secretary of State, 10 December 1964, IAD1027/2, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181368. 92 Zukerman to Healey, 21 January 1965, National Archive, Kew, Defe 13/871. 93 Denis Healey to Prime Minister, 4 February 1965, IAD1027/33, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181369. 94 Arms Control and Disarmament Research Unit, Arms Control and Minimum Stable Deterrence, ACDRU66(3) (Revised Final) under cover of memo dated 9 May 1966, 1038/10, National Archive, Kew, FO371/ 187447. 95 Zuckerman to Chalfont, 24 May 1966, SZ/377/66, IAD1038/11, National Archive, Kew, FO371/187447. The correct acronym was ‘NDVs’, standing for Nuclear Delivery Vehicles. 96 R.J. Andrew, minute, 21 July 1966, Disarmament, National Archive, Kew, Defe13/871. 97 Hedley Bull, minute to JED Street, 4 August 1966, IAD1038/13, National Archive, Kew, FO371/187447. 98 Healey to Chalfont, 1 July 1966, D/M 502/66, IAD1038/12, National Archive, Kew, FO371/187447. 99 Arms Control and Disarmament Research Unit, Arms Control and Min- imum Stable Deterrence, ACDRU(66)4, 1 August 1966, p. 62, IAD1038/13, National Archive, Kew, FO371/187447. 100 Hedley Bull, Minute, 21 May 1965, IAD1037/4, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181376. 101 ACDRU65(3) Final, p. 5. 102 ACDRU65(3) Final, p. 26. Notes 217

103 Hedley Bull, covering note to Chalfont, Arms Control and Disarmament Research Unit, ‘The Organisation of British Arms Control Policy’, ACDRU- (65)4(Revised) 17 November 1965. IAD1027/79, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181370. 104 Hedley Bull, minute, 8 July 1965, IAD1093/29, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181425. 105 Hedley Bull, handwritten minute, 15 June 1965, IAD1093/39, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181426. 106 Hedley Bull, handwritten minute, 7 July 1965, IAD1093/39, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181426. One of Bull’s official colleagues was a bit more diplomatic, noting in the same chain of correspondence that Burton ‘has of course always been a man to provoke strong opin- ions of one kind or another’. P.W.J. Buxton, Minute, 14 June 1965, IAD1093/39. For his part, Burton, then based at University College London and formerly a significant figure in Australia’s diplomatic com- munity, once commented that Bull’s work consisted of ‘decorating the blackboard’. Interview with Michael Banks, Oxford, 30 April 2009. 107 E.J.W Barnes to JED Street, 27 September 1965, IAD1027/71, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181370. 108 Hedley Bull to E.J.W. Barnes, ‘Studies to be Contracted Out’, 28 September 1965, pp. 1–2, IAD1027/71. Nearly two year’s later, with Bull’s resignation imminent, Chalfont unsuccessfully sought to attract Martin as the Unit’s new Director, having also been turned down by Leonard Beaton. See Chalfont to Laurence Martin, 10 May 1967; Leonard Beaton to Chalfont, 9 March 1965, AD1/5, National Archive, Kew, FCO10/8. 109 P.M. Maxey, minute to Mr Barnes, 25 November 1965, IAD1027/78, Revised paper on: Western Germany and Arms Control, National Archive, Kew, FO371/181370. 110 Hedley Bull, minute to JED Street, 24 November 1965, IAD1027/78. 111 Hedley Bull, ‘Report of the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, 27 April 1967, p. 2, AD6/13, National Archive, Kew, FCO10/70. 112 Hedley Bull to Mary Bull, 31 March 1967. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 113 Bull, ‘Report on the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, p. 1. 114 Bull, ‘Report on the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, p. 1. 115 Bull, ‘Report on the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, p. 1. 116 Hedley Bull to Mary Bull, 1 April 1967. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 117 Bull, ‘Report on the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, p. 4. 118 Bull, ‘Report on the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, p. 2. 119 Bull, ‘Report on the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, p. 7. 120 Bull, ‘Report on the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, p. 1. 121 Bull, ‘Report on the Delhi and Tokyo Conferences’, p. 6. 122 ACDRU(65)4 (Revised) The Organisation of British Arms Control Policy, para 42(e). 218 Notes

Chapter 4 Interregnum: Between London and Canberra

1 As noted in J.D.B. Miller to Director, Research School of Pacific Studies (RSPaS) 13 April 1966, p. 1, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966, 1 August 1966, HBP Box 4, File 2. 2 J.D.B. Miller, ‘Hedley Bull’, 29 May 1985, p. 2, HBP Box 7, File 2. 3 Hedley Bull to Mr and Mrs J.N. Bull, 11 March 1964. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 4 Miller to Director, RSPaS. 5 Director RSPaS to referees, 28 June 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966. 6 The Australian National University, ‘Appointment to a Chair in the Department of International Relations’, Press Release, draft of 5 October 1966 and final version, 1775/66, 13 October 1966, ANU Archives, A19/ Box 43, File 6752 no. 1. 7 Author’s discussions with Desmond Ball, 2009 and 2011. 8 J.D.B. Miller, ‘Hedley Bull’, p. 3. 9 Extract from Michael Howard to Director RSPaS, 7 June 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966. 10 Extract from Alastair Buchan to Director RSPaS, 21 July 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966. 11 Extract from Herbert Butterfield to Director RSPaS, 5 July 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966. 12 Extract from Thomas Schelling to Director RSPaS, 12 July 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966. 13 See extract from Klaus Knorr to Director RSPaS, 6 July 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966. 14 Extract from Butterfield to Director RSPaS. 15 Extract from Geoffrey Goodwin to Director RSPaS, 5 July 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966. 16 Extract from Martin Wight to Director RSPaS, 15 July 1966, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU 1207/1966. 17 Extract from Howard to Director RSPaS. 18 ‘Wilson’s Man’, Canberra Times, 13 October 1966, HBP Box 3, File 4. 19 Hedley Bull to Mr and Mrs J.N. Bull, 9 November 1966. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 20 Hedley Bull to Robert Wade-Gery, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London, 21 January 1969, pp. 1–2, HBP Box 4, File 2. 21 Hedley Bull, ‘The Intellectual and the Bureaucrat in Foreign Affairs’, Talk, Tuesday Group, Diplomats, 6 May 1969, HBP Box 2, File 2. 22 Hedley Bull, ‘Academics and Officials’, Talk, BISA, December 1978, HBP Box 2, File 2. 23 Bull to Wade-Gery, p. 2. 24 Bull to Wade-Gery, p. 3. 25 Interview with Michael Howard, Eastbury, 31 March 2009. Notes 219

26 Hedley Bull, ‘Report on the Imperial Defence College’, 26 July 1965, p. 1, HBP Box 3, File 6. 27 ‘Summary of Visitor Comments’ (undated) HBP Box 3, File 6. 28 Bull, ‘Report on the Imperial Defence College’, p. 2. 29 Hedley Bull, ‘Report on a Trip’, 18 April 1968, HBP Box 4, File 2. 30 Hedley Bull, ‘International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach’. 31 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 363. 32 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 366. 33 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 368. 34 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 368. 35 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 369. 36 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 370. 37 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 370. 38 Bull, Review of Arms and Influence, p. 26. 39 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 372. 40 Bull, ‘International Theory’, pp. 372–373. 41 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 373. 42 Hedley Bull to Nelson W. Polsby, American Political Science Review, undated (mid-1970s) HBP, Box 4, File 5. 43 Bull to Herbert S. Yee, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 17 March 1975, HBP, Box 4. File 5. 44 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 375. 45 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 361. 46 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 375. 47 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 375. 48 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 376. 49 Hedley Bull, ‘The Theory of International Politics, 1919–1969’, in Brian Porter (ed.) The Aberystwyth Papers: International Politics 1919–1969, London: Oxford University Press, 1972, pp. 47–48. 50 Bull, ‘The Theory of International Politics’, p. 48. 51 Hedley Bull, ‘Recent American Contributions to the Theory of Inter- national Politics’, British Committee on the Theory of International Politics, Cambridge Meeting 8–11 January 1965; ‘Recent American Contributions to the Theory of International Politics (Continued)’, British Committee on the Theory of International Politics, Meeting of 7–10 January 1966, HBP Box 8, File 2. 52 Dr Schelling: Violence, British Committee on the Theory of Inter- national Politics, 9–12 July 1965, Saturday 10 July 1965, HBP Box 8, File 2. 53 Discussion of Hedley Bull’s paper on Recent American Contributions to the Theory of International Politics, Saturday 9 January 1965 9 to 11p.m., British Committee on the Theory of International Politics, 8–11 January 1965, HBP Box 8, File 2. 54 Discussion of Hedley Bull’s paper on Recent American Contributions to the Theory of International Politics. 55 Bull, ‘The Theory of International Politics’, p. 44. 56 Bull, ‘The Theory of International Politics’, p. 42. 220 Notes

57 Bull, ‘The Theory of International Politics’, p. 42. 58 Bull, ‘International Theory’, p. 364. 59 Hedley Bull, ‘International Relations as an Academic Pursuit’, Australian Outlook, 26:3, December 1972, p. 258. 60 Hedley Bull, ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, World Politics, 20:4, July 1968, p. 593. 61 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, pp. 594–595. 62 Bull, ‘Thinking About the Unthinkable’, p. 250. 63 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, pp. 601–602. For a fuller assessment of Schelling’s use of game theory, see Robert Ayson, Thomas Schelling and the Nuclear Age: Strategy as Social Science, London: Frank Cass, 2004, pp. 113–141. 64 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, p. 597. 65 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, p. 598. 66 Hedley Bull, ‘Of Means and Ends’, in Robert O’Neill and David Horner (eds) New Directions in Strategic Thinking, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981, p. 280. 67 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, p. 599. 68 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, p. 599. 69 Bull, ‘Society and Anarchy in International Relations’, p. 38. 70 Bull, ‘Society and Anarchy in International Relations’, p. 43. 71 Bull, ‘Society and Anarchy in International Relations’, p. 43. 72 Bull, ‘The Grotian Conception of International Society’, p. 56. 73 Bull, ‘The Grotian Conception of International Society’, p. 65. 74 Bull, ‘Society and Anarchy in International Relations’, p. 46. 75 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies in a University’, p. 2. 76 For a depiction of this faulty taxonomy, see Robert Ayson, ‘Strategic Studies’, in Chris Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal (eds) The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 77 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies in a University’, p. 3. 78 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies in a University’, p. 6. 79 Bull, ‘Strategic Studies in a University’, p. 4. 80 Hedley Bull, ‘War in History’, Notes written in late 1967, HBP Box 3, File 5. 81 Bull, ‘Disarmament and Arms Control’, British Survey, p. 3. 82 Bull, ‘War in History’. 83 Hedley Bull, ‘The Study of I.R. First Lecture’, probably 1982, HBP Box 2, File 3.

Chapter 5 Accommodating Asia: The View from Australia

1 Hedley Bull to Mr and Mrs J.N. Bull, 15 December 1966. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. Notes 221

2 Hedley Bull to Mr and Mrs J.N. Bull, 3 October 1966. Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 3 Hedley Bull to Mr and Mrs J.N. Bull, 3 October 1966. 4 Hedley Bull, Study Leave Report, 13 October 1971, Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, 3487/1971, ANU A19, Box 43, ANU Archives. 5 J.D.B. Miller to Director, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 19 July 1973, HBP Box 4, File 3. 6 Hedley Bull, ‘The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and Asian Security’, The Yomiuri, 13 July 1967, located in HBP Box 3, File 1. 7 Hedley Bull, ‘In Support of the Non-Proliferation Treaty’, Quadrant, 12:3, May–June 1968, p. 25. 8 Bull, ‘The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and Asian Security’. 9 Hedley Bull, ‘The Non-Proliferation Treaty and its Implications for Australia’, Australian Outlook, 22:3, August 1968, p. 175. 10 Bull, ‘In Support of the Non-Proliferation Treaty’, p. 27. 11 Hedley Bull, ‘Australia, New Zealand and Nuclear Weapons’, in T.B. Millar (ed.) Australian-New Zealand Defence Cooperation, Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1968, p. 77. 12 Bull, ‘The Non-Proliferation Treaty and its Implications for Australia’, p. 173. 13 Bull, ‘In Support of the Non-Proliferation Treaty’, pp. 27–28. 14 Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, p. 13. 15 Hedley Bull, ‘Talk to Pugwash Conference’, May 1968, typed record, p. 35, HBP Box 3, File 1. 16 Bull, ‘Talk to Pugwash Conference’, p. 38. For a public comment of this type, see Hedley Bull, ‘Should Australia sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty’, The Canberra Times, 20 March 1968, located in HBP Box 3, File 4. 17 Bull, ‘Talk to Pugwash Conference’, p. 38. 18 Bull, ‘Talk to Pugwash Conference’, p. 38. 19 Hedley Bull, ‘Implications for Western Europe of BMD Deployment’, draft of talk for ACDRU at Greynog seminar, 9 September 1966, HBP Box 3, File 1. 20 Hedley Bull, ‘Western Policy and Nuclear Proliferation in Asia’, World Review, 6:3, October 1967, p. 7. 21 Bull, ‘Talk to Pugwash Conference’, p. 41. 22 Hedley Bull, ‘Implications for NATO of Proliferation and Non-Proliferation’, Atlantic Policy Advisors Group, p. 4, HBP Box 3, File 1. 23 Bull, ‘Western Policy and Nuclear Proliferation in Asia’, p. 10. 24 Bull, ‘Western Policy and Nuclear Proliferation in Asia’, p. 8. 25 Bull, ‘Western Policy and Nuclear Proliferation in Asia’, p. 9. 26 Bull, ‘ Implications for NATO of Proliferation and Non-Proliferation’, p. 8. 27 See the chapter on ‘The Balance of Power and International Order’, in Bull, The Anarchical Society, pp. 101–126. 28 For Little’s chapter on Bull’s notion of the balance, see Richard Little, The Balance of Power in International Relations: Metaphors, Myths and Models, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 128–166. 222 Notes

29 Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, p. 41. 30 Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, p. 49. 31 Bull, ‘Disarmament and the International System’, p. 49. 32 Hedley Bull, ‘A View From Abroad: Consistency Under Pressure’, Foreign Affairs, 57:3, 1978, p. 446. 33 Hedley Bull, ‘Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?’, in Loukas Tsoukalis (ed.) The European Community: Past, Present and Future, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983, p. 150. 34 Hedley Bull, ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, Jernal Hubungan Antarabangsa, vol. 2, 1974–5, pp. 20–21. 35 Bull, ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 21. 36 Bull, ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 7. 37 Bull, ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 7. 38 Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, p. 11. 39 Hedley Bull, ‘The Future of the ’, typed and undated manuscript, HBP Box 4, File 1. 40 Hedley Bull, ‘Indian Ocean and Pacific Strategy in the Wake of Britain’s Withdrawal’, in E.A. Gullion (ed.) Uses of the Seas, New York: The American Assembly, Columbia University, 1968, p. 128. 41 Hedley Bull, untitled paper in Australia’s Foreign Policy in the Seventies, Townsville: Australian Institute for International Affairs, North Queensland Branch, 1968, p. 1. 42 Bull, untitled paper in Australia’s Foreign Policy in the Seventies, p. 1. 43 Hedley Bull, ‘Report on a Trip: September/October/November 1969’, 7 November 1969, p. 22, HBP Box 4, File 2. 44 Hedley Bull, ‘Aide Memoire: Talk with Henry Kissinger, 6 November 1969’, 7 November 1969, HBP Box 4, File 2, p. 4. Bull had been an admirer of Kissinger’s approach in the academy, noting in a book review a few years earlier that his strategic analysis ‘is not circumscribed by that acad- emic puritanism that causes so many of his colleagues to eschew the exer- cise of judgement and thus to prevent themselves from ever coming to grips with the main issues’. Hedley Bull, Review of The Troubled Partner- ship by Henry Kissinger, Survival, 7:8, November 1965, p. 309. 45 Hedley Bull, ‘A Backward Step for Our Forward Defence’, The Age, 27 July 1970, HBP Box 3, File 4. 46 Hedley Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, Foreign Affairs, 49:4, July 1971, p. 671. 47 Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 671. 48 Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 669. 49 Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 675. 50 Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 669. 51 Hedley Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, in Bull (ed.) Asia and the Western Pacific: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific, Melbourne: Thomas Nelson with Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1975, pp. xiv–xv. Notes 223

52 Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, p. xiv. 53 Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 670. 54 Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 670. 55 Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 678. 56 Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, p. xvi. 57 Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, p. xvii. 58 Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, p. xvii. 59 For example, see Hedley Bull, The Moscow Agreements and Strategic Arms Limitation, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence, no. 15, Canberra: Australian National University, 1973. 60 Hedley Bull, ‘Australia and the Great Powers in Asia’, in Gordon Green- wood and Norman Harper (eds) Australia in World Affairs 1966–1970, Melbourne: Cheshire for Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1974, p. 329. 61 Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, p. xix. 62 Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, p. xx. 63 Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, p. xx. 64 Bull, ‘Introduction: Towards a New International Order in Asia and the Pacific’, p. xx. 65 For an initial sketch of some of these themes, see Robert Ayson, ‘An Australasian School of Strategic Studies? Hedley Bull and Changing International and Regional Systems’, Global Change, Peace and Security, 23:1, February 2011, pp. 47–57. 66 Hedley Bull, ‘A Backward Step for Our Forward Defence’. 67 Hedley Bull, ‘The Foreign Policy Debate in Australia’, Talk ISS, 2 October 1969, HBP Box 6, File 2. 68 Bull, ‘Aide Memoire: Talk with Henry Kissinger, 6 November 1969’, p. 4. 69 Hedley Bull, ‘Coming Up: Something New in Australia’s Relations with America’, The Bulletin, 27 December 1969, p. 46. 70 Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, p. 8. 71 Hedley Bull, ‘Options for Australia’, in Gordon McCarthy (ed.) Foreign Policy for Australia: Choices for the Seventies, Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1973, p. 138. 72 Hedley Bull, ‘The New Course of Australian Policy’, in Bull (ed.) Asia and the Western Pacific, p. 362. 73 Hedley Bull, ‘The Defence of Australia to the 1980s: The Problem’, United Service, 26:2, October 1972, p. 7. 74 Comments by T.B. Millar, in Bull, ‘Options for Australia’, p. 162. 75 Bull, ‘Options for Australia’, p. 141. 224 Notes

76 Additional comments by Bull, in Bull, ‘Options for Australia’, p. 178. 77 ‘Australia’s Foreign and Defence Policy’, Final draft, 6 June 1968, p. 1, attached to J.D.B. Miller to Vice Chancellor, Notes on Foreign and Defence Policy, 4 June 1968, HBP Box 4, File 2. Presumably the final draft of the memo reflected comments which came back from the Vice- Chancellor’s initial reading. Miller noted in his memo that ‘the note is very largely Professor Bull’s work’ but that it represented ‘our joint opinion’. 78 Hedley Bull, ‘Defence and Security Policy’, Memorandum for Dr Coombs, 28 January 1972, p.3, HBP Box 6, File 1. 79 Hedley Bull, Notes on the News, 26 August 1969, p. 4, HBP Box 7, File 5. 80 Bull, ‘Defence and Security Policy’, Memorandum for Dr Coombs, p. 6. 81 Hedley Bull, ‘The Foreign Policy Debate in Australia’, Talk ISS, 1969. 82 Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, p. 15. 83 Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, p. 15. 84 Hedley Bull, ‘Notes on Australian Defence Policy’, 2 May 1973, p. 3, HBP Box 6, File 1. 85 Bull, ‘Notes On Australian Defence Policy’, 2 May 1973, p. 3. 86 Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australia’s Defence’, p. 10. 87 For example, see Hedley Bull, ‘Problems of Australian Foreign Policy January–June 1968’, The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 14:3, December 1968, p. 315. 88 Hedley Bull, ‘Policy Must Be Based on Harsh Reality’, Canberra Times, 22 May 1968, HBP Box 3, File 4. 89 Bull, ‘Defence and Foreign Policy’, Memorandum for Dr Coombs, p. 5. 90 Bull, ‘Australia and the Great Powers in Asia’, p. 342. 91 ‘Australia’s Foreign and Defence Policy’, Final Draft, 6 June 1968, p. 3. 92 Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, p. 6. 93 Bull, Untitled paper in Australia’s Foreign Policy in the Seventies, p. 4. 94 Hedley Bull, Review of Australia’s Defence and Foreign Policy, Survival, 7:1, January–February 1965, p. 47. 95 For the proceedings, see T.B. Millar (ed.) Australian-New Zealand Defence Cooperation, Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1968. 96 Bull, ‘The Political and Strategic Background to Australian Defence’, p. 14. 97 Bull, ‘Coming Up: Something New in Australia’s Relations with America’, p. 46. 98 Bull, ‘Options for Australia’, pp. 152–153. For more on Bull’s colourful views of New Zealand, see Ayson, ‘An Australasian School of Strategic Studies?’, pp. 54–56. 99 Bull, ‘The Foreign Policy Debate in Australia’, Talk ISS, 1966. Notes 225

100 Bull, ‘Options for Australia’, p. 153. 101 Bull, Untitled paper in Australia’s Foreign Policy in the Seventies, p. 5. 102 Bull, ‘Options for Australia’, p. 155. 103 Bull, ‘Options for Australia’, p. 155. 104 Bull, ‘The New Course of Australian Policy’, p. 370. 105 Bull, ‘The New Course of Australian Policy’, p. 370. 106 Bull, ‘The New Course of Australian Policy’, p. 360. 107 Bull, ‘The New Course of Australian Policy’, p. 368. 108 Bull, ‘The New Balance of Power in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 681. 109 Hedley Bull, ‘From Evatt to Whitlam: The Evatt Memorial Lecture’, undated, p. 20, HBP Box 6, File 2. 110 Hedley Bull, ‘Current Australian Foreign Policy’, Orientation Week Talk, February 1974, HBP Box 6, File 2. 111 Bull, ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 19. 112 Hedley Bull, ‘The Whitlam Government’s Perception of Our Role in the World’, in B.D. Beddie (ed.) Advance Australia – Where?, Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia with Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1975, p. 31. 113 Bull, ‘The Whitlam Government’s Perception of Our Role in the World’, p. 30. 114 Bull, ‘The Whitlam Government’s Perception of Our Role in the World’, p. 32. 115 Bull, ‘Current Australian Foreign Policy’. 116 Bull, ‘The Whitlam Government’s Perception of Our Role in the World’, p. 35.

Chapter 6 Order Through Justice? Accommodating the Third World

1 Bull, ‘The Whitlam Government’s Perception of Our Role in the World’, p. 44. 2 Neville Meaney to Hedley Bull, 5 April 1976, HBP Box 4, File 7. 3 Meaney to Bull. 4 See Alan Ryan, ‘The Passionate Hero, Then and Now’, review of John Stuart Mill: Victorian Firebrand by Richard Reeves, New York Review of Books, 58:19, 8 December 2011, p. 63. 5 Hedley Bull to Desmond Ball, 30 July 1974, HBP Box 4, File 5. 6 Bull, ‘From Evatt to Whitlam’, pp. 12–13. 7 Hedley Bull, ‘Australia’s Choices in Defence and Foreign Policy’, Talk- Armidale, 17 April 1969, HBP Box 6, File 2. 8 Hedley Bull, Notes on the News, 16 June 1970, p. 4, HBP Box 7, File 4. 9 Bull, ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, 13 November 1973, p. 24. 10 Hedley Bull, ‘Australia + New Zealand: Outposts of Europe, or Something More?’, Talk, Royal College of Defence Studies, 4 September 1978, HBP Box 6, File 2. 226 Notes

11 Bull, ‘Defence and Foreign Policy’, Memorandum for Dr Coombs, p. 6. 12 Hedley Bull, ‘Asia and Pacific in the Next Decade’, paper for IISS Conference on Asia in the Next Decade, Cumberland Lodge 23–25 May 1976, pp. 27–28, HBP Box 6, File 1. 13 Hedley Bull, ‘Australia’s Involvement in Independent Papua-New Guinea (Fourth Heindorff Memorial Lecture)’, World Review, 13:1, March 1974, p. 10. 14 Bull, ‘Australia’s Involvement in Independent Papua-New Guinea’, pp. 11–12. 15 Bull, ‘Australia’s Involvement in Independent Papua-New Guinea’, p. 12. 16 See P.J. Grimshaw, ANU, to RKM Brock, Department of External Ter- ritories, Canberra, 16 April 1970, ANU Archives A19/Box 43, 6752 Pt 1. 17 Hedley Bull, ‘Report by Professor Hedley Bull’, in Research School of Pacific Studies A Visit to China, Canberra: Australian National University, 1973, p. 5. (A copy of this report is lodged in the ANU library). 18 Hedley Bull, ‘Asia in the 1970s: An Australian View’, Paper for Conference on ‘Australia and Indonesia’, Canberra 18–21 May 1970, p. 5, HBP Box 6, File 2. 19 See Bull, ‘Australia and the Great Powers in Asia’, p. 332. 20 Bull, ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 12. 21 Bull, ‘The New Strategic Balance in Asia and the Pacific’, p. 12. 22 Bull, ‘Report by Professor Hedley Bull’, p. 7. 23 Bull, ‘Report by Professor Hedley Bull’, pp. 8–9. 24 Bull, ‘Report by Professor Hedley Bull’, p. 10. 25 Hedley Bull to Stephen Fitzgerald, 28 June 1974, HBP Box 4, File 5. 26 Interview with Mary Bull, Oxford, 12 March 2009. 27 Bull, ‘Report by Professor Hedley Bull’, p. 9. 28 Hedley Bull, China Diary Volume 2, Entry for 9 October 1973, HBP Box 7, File 3, no. 2. 29 Bull, China Diary Volume 2, Entry for 9 October 1973. 30 Bull, China Diary, Volume 1, Entry for 26 September 1973. 31 Bull, China Diary Volume 2, Entry for 9 October 1973. 32 N.V.K. Murthy, Registrar JNU to Hedley Bull, 9 May 1974, HBP Box 4, File 5. 33 A discussion ensured at the ANU about how this situation might be man- aged within the Research School’s already generous leave arrangements. Anthony Low, Director RSPaS, Professor Hedley Bull’s Application for Study Leave 1974/5, 2 September 1974, ANU A19/43 p. 155, ANU Archives 6752/1. 34 ‘City Beat’, Deccan Herald, 2 March 1975, located at HBP Box 4, File 6. 35 Hedley Bull to M.K. Nawaz, The Indian Society of International Law, 26 March 1975, HBP Box 4, File 6. 36 Hedley Bull, ‘The Indian Nuclear Explosion and Nuclear Proliferation’, Talk JNU, 28 November 1974, p. 4, HBP Box 3, File 1. 37 Bull, ‘The Indian Nuclear Explosion and Nuclear Proliferation’, p. 4. 38 Bull, ‘The Indian Nuclear Explosion and Nuclear Proliferation’, p. 12. Notes 227

39 Hedley Bull, ‘Order vs. Justice in International Society’, Political Studies, 19:3, September 1971, p. 273. For the corresponding book chapter by the same name, see Bull, The Anarchical Society, pp. 77–98. 40 Hedley Bull, ‘The Indian Ocean as a “Zone of Peace”’, in T.T. Polouse (ed.) Indian Ocean Rivalry, New Delhi: Young Asia Publications, 1974, p. 182. 41 Hedley Bull to T.T. Poulose, 14 March 1975, HBP Box 4, File 6. 42 Hedley Bull to Dean Agwani, School of International Studies, JNU, 18 March 1975, HBP Box 4, File 6. 43 Interview with Robert O’Neill, Blackheath, NSW, 1 November 2010. 44 Interview with Michael Howard, Eastbury, 31 March 2009. 45 Hedley Bull, ‘Afro-Asian States and the Western International Order: A Statement of the Problem’, Department of International Relations, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU, p. 8, HBP Box 2, File 9. 46 Bull, ‘Afro-Asian States and the Western International Order’, pp. 14–15. 47 Hedley Bull, Talk on Value Systems to ANZAAS Congress, typescript from recording of presentation, circa 1974, p. 10. HBP Box 2, File 10. 48 Bull, Talk on Value Systems to ANZAAS Congress, p. 11. 49 Bull, ‘Afro-Asian States and the Western International Order’, p. 10. 50 Bull, Talk on Value Systems to ANZAAS Congress, p. 15. 51 Interview with Hélène Mitchell, London, 23 May 2009. 52 Hedley Bull, Notes on the News – 27 January 1970, p. 4. HBP Box 7, File 4. 53 Bull, Notes on the News – 27 January 1970, p. 3. 54 Bull, Notes on the News – 27 January 1970, pp. 4–5. Yakubu Gowon was the head of state of Nigeria from which Biafra had sought to break away under the leadership of Odumegwu Ojukwu. 55 Hedley Bull, ‘The State’s Declining Monopoly of Legitimate International Force’, undated, p. 16, HBP Box 2, File 11. 56 Hedley Bull, ‘Civil Violence and International Order’, in Civil Violence and the International System, part 2: Violence and International Society, Adelphi Paper 83, London: IISS, December 1971, p. 32. 57 Bull, ‘Civil Violence and International Order’, pp. 32–33. 58 Bull, ‘Civil Violence and International Order’, p. 34. 59 Hedley Bull, ‘Nigeria’, Current Affairs Bulletin, 25:7, 8 February 1960, p. 103. 60 The fourth of these volumes is Margery Perham and Mary Bull (eds) The Diaries of Lord Lugard, Vol. 4: Nigeria London: Faber and Faber, 1963. 61 Hedley Bull, ‘Violence and Development’, in Robert E. Hunter and John E. Reilly (eds) Development Today: A New Look at US Relations with the Poor Countries, New York: Praeger, 1972, p. 102. 62 Bull, ‘Violence and Development’, p. 104. 63 Bull, ‘Nigeria’, p. 111. 64 Hedley Bull, ‘Europe and the Wider World’, The Round Table, no. 244, October 1971, p. 457. 65 Hedley Bull, ‘South Africa and the International Community’, Lecture 2, 1st Year Lectures, University of Capetown, HBP Box 2, File 7. 228 Notes

66 Hedley Bull, ‘South Africa and the International Community’, Lecture 3, 1st Year Lectures, University of Capetown, HBP Box 2, File 7. 67 Hedley Bull, Notes on the News, 13 April 1970, p. 3, HBP Box 7, File 5. 68 Bull, Talk on Clash of Value Systems to ANZAAS Congress, p. 8. 69 Bull, ‘Order vs. Justice in International Society’, p. 278. 70 Bull, ‘South Africa and the International Community’, Lecture 3. 71 Bull, Notes on the News, 13 April 1970, p. 4. 72 Bull, ‘The Whitlam Government’s Perception of Our Role in the World’, p. 43. 73 Hedley Bull, ‘Arms Control and World Order’, International Security, 1:1, Summer 1976, p. 8. 74 Bull, ‘Arms Control and World Order’, p. 9. 75 Bull, ‘Arms Control and World Order’, p. 10. 76 Hedley Bull, ‘Has the Sovereign States System a Future?’, Fryer Memorial Lecture, Hobart 3 June 1975, p. 14, HBP Box 2, File 8. 77 Bull, ‘Arms Control and World Order’, p. 11. 78 Bull, ‘Has the Sovereign States System a Future?’, p. 18. 79 Hedley Bull, ‘Models of Future World Order’, Indian Quarterly, 31:1, January–March 1975, p. 72. This was the published form of a lecture given at the end of 1974; viz. Hedley Bull, ‘Models of Future World Order’, Talk, Indian Council of World Affairs, 23 December 1974, HBP Box 2, File 8. The very same language is then to be found in Bull, ‘Has the Sovereign States System a Future?’, p. 18. 80 Bull, ‘Arms Control and World Order’, p. 15. 81 Hedley Bull, ‘Resources Diplomacy’, Drysdale Memorial Lecture, circa 1975, pp. 15–16, HBP Box 2, File 9. 82 Bull, ‘Has the Sovereign States System a Future?’, p. 7. 83 Hedley Bull to Bruce Grant, 6 August 1975, HBP Box 4, File 7, p. 1. 84 Bull to Grant, pp. 1–2. 85 Bull to Grant, p. 1.

Chapter 7 Accommodating the World from Oxford

1 Hélène Mitchell to Hedley Bull, 9 February 1976, HBP Box 4, File 7. 2 John Girling to Hedley Bull, 2 April 1976, HBP Box 4, File 7. 3 Interview with J.D.B. Miller, Canberra 4 October 2010. 4 Cited by Desmond Ball, ‘Hedley Bull: A Personal Appreciation’, 29 May 1985, HBP Box 7, File 2. 5 Hedley Bull, Notes on John Vincent’s Thesis, March 1969, provided to author by Angela Vincent. 6 Hedley Bull to John Vincent, 18 February 1972, provided to author by Angela Vincent. The revised version of this thesis was published as R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Law, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974. 7 Interview with Hélène Mitchell, London, 23 May 2009. 8 John Vincent to Hedley Bull, 25 January (year not given) HBP Box 4, File 2. Notes 229

9 Hedley Bull, All Souls College, Oxford to Hélène Mitchell, ‘The Canberra Blues’, copy provided to author by Hélène Mitchell. ‘Betters’ refers to Betty MacFarlane, Secretary of the International Relations Department at ANU. Martin Indyk, who went on to become US Ambassador to Israel during the Clinton Administration, was at that time completing his PhD in the same Department. 10 C. Ward, General Manager, Gieves & Hawkes Ltd of Savile Row, to Hélène Mitchell, ANU, 12 July 1976, HBP Box 4, File 7. 11 John Habbakuk to Bull, 20 July 1976, Oxford University Files, UR6/MB/1, file 3, provided to author by Simon Bailey. 12 Hedley Bull to Vice Chancellor, Oxford University, 31 July 1976, Oxford University Files, UR6/MB/1, file 3. 13 Sir Herbert Butterfield to The Registrar, Oxford University, 7 June 1976, Oxford University Files, UR6/MB/1, file 3. 14 Herbert Butterfield to Hedley Bull, 22 March 1976, HBP Box 4, File 2. 15 Adam Watson to Hedley Bull, 30 September 1976, HBP Box 8, File 3. 16 Hedley Bull to Vice Chancellor ANU, 1 September 1976, ANU A19/43 p. 196, ANU Archives 6752/2. 17 Hedley Bull to Gordon Greenwood, Office of the Agent General for Queensland, London, 2 November 1976, HBP Box 4, File 8. 18 Hedley Bull to Geoffrey Goodwin, 26 October 1976, HBP Box 4, File 8. He would dedicate his forthcoming book to Emily, Martha and Jeremy. See Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. v. 19 Interview with Mary Bull, 12 March 2009, Oxford. 20 Anthony Low, ANU Vice-Chancellor, to Hedley Bull, 3 September 1976, ANU A19/43 p. 197, ANU Archives 6752/2. 21 Hedley Bull to Geoff Wiseman, Australian Embassy, Stockholm, 2 November 1976, HBP Box 4, File 8. 22 Bull to Greenwood. 23 Hedley Bull to Marie Forsyth, Editorial Assistant, British Journal of Inter- national Studies, 18 November 1976, HBP Box 4, File 8. 24 The Master, Balliol College to Hedley Bull, 3 February 1977, HBP Box 4, File 8. 25 Interview with Mary Bull, 12 March 2009, Oxford. 26 University Appointments, Montague Burton Professorship of International Relations, Oxford University Gazette, CVI, 26 April 1976, p. 719, Oxford University Files, UR6/MB/1, file 3. 27 Interview with Robert O’Neill, Blackheath, NSW, 1 October 2010. 28 Interview with Mary Bull, Oxford, 12 March 2009. 29 Hedley Bull to M. Grinyer, University Offices, 12 February 1981, Oxford University Files, FA9/3/37. 30 Interview with Adam Roberts, Balliol College, Oxford, 27 March 2009. 31 Interview with Bruce Hoffman, Oxford, 21 March 2009. 32 Interview with S. Neil MacFarlane, Oxford, 21 May 2009. 33 Interview with Adam Roberts. 34 Interview with Michael Banks. 230 Notes

35 Hedley Bull, ‘The International System’. Lectures, Oxford, M.T., 1977, 1st Lecture: International System and International Society, HBP Box 2, File 4. 36 Board of Electors to the Montague Burton Professorship of International Relations, Minutes of meeting held on 20 July 1976, 6 August 1976, Oxford University Files UR6/MB/1, file 3. 37 Martin Ceadal to Mary Bull, 20 May 1985, Papers at Mary Bull’s residence, Oxford. 38 Raymond Carr to Mary Bull, 5 June 1985, Papers at Mary Bull’s residence, Oxford. 39 First Reader’s Report, p. 1, and Second Reader’s Report, p. 2, in ‘Hedley Bull The Anarchical Society’, provided by Shaie Selzer, Macmillan to Hedley Bull, 1975, HBP Box 2, File 8. 40 Interview with Mary Bull, Oxford, 12 March 2009. 41 See Hedley Bull, ‘The Twenty Years Crisis Thirty Years On’, International Journal, 24:4, Autumn 1969, pp. 625–638. 42 See Bull, ‘The Theory of International Politics, 1919–1969’. 43 See Hedley Bull, ‘Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations: The Second Martin Wight Memorial Lecture’, British Journal of International Studies, 2:2, July 1976, pp. 101–116. 44 Hedley Bull to Adam Watson, 26 October 1976, HBP Box 8, File 3. For the two Wight volumes, see Martin Wight, System of States, Edited and with an introduction by Hedley Bull, Leicester: Leicester University Press in Association with the London School of Economics, 1977 and Martin Wight, Power Politics edited by Hedley Bull and Carsten Holbraad, Leicester: Leicester University Press for Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1978. Holbraad had been a colleague of Bull’s at the ANU. 45 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. xiii. 46 For that section see Bull, The Anarchical Society, pp. 46–51. 47 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 47. 48 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 49. 49 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 50. 50 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 50. 51 See Bull, The Anarchical Society, pp. 66–74. 52 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 26. 53 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 50. 54 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 67. 55 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 74. 56 Hedley Bull to Shaie Selzer, 14 November 1975, HBP Box 2, File 8. 57 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. xiv. 58 Hedley Bull, ‘Introduction: Martin Wight and the Study of International Relations’, in Martin Wight, System of States, p. 6. 59 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 74. 60 See Hedley Bull, ‘War and International Order’, in Alan James (ed.) The Bases of International Order, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 116–132. 61 For these chapters, see Bull, The Anarchical Society, pp. 101–229. Notes 231

62 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 315. 63 Bull, The Anarchical Society, p. 317. 64 Bull to Selzer, 14 November 1975, p. 1. 65 See Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds) The Expansion of International Society, Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. 66 Hedley Bull, ‘The Universality of Human Rights’, Millennium, 8:2, Autumn 1979, p. 159. 67 Bull, ‘The Universality of Human Rights’, p. 158. 68 Hedley Bull, ‘Human Rights and World Politics’, in Ralph Pettman (ed.) Moral Claims in World Affairs, London: Croom Helm, 1979, p. 85. 69 Hedley Bull, ‘Is There a Consensus About Human Rights?’, Talk, Gregynog Seminar, 4 July 1980, HBP Box 2, File 10. 70 Bull, ‘Human Rights and World Politics’, p. 85. 71 Bull, ‘Human Rights and World Politics’, p. 88. 72 Hedley Bull, ‘That This House Rejects Colonisation’, Talk, Oxford Union, 4 March 1982, HBP Box 2, File 9. 73 Hedley Bull, ‘Natural Law and International Relations’, British Journal of International Studies, 5:2, July 1979, p. 181. 74 Bull, ‘Human Rights and World Politics’, p. 89. 75 Bull, ‘Human Rights and World Politics’, p. 90. 76 Hedley Bull to Mary Bull, 23 March 1977, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. 77 Hedley Bull, ‘A View from Abroad: Consistency Under Pressure’, p. 458. 78 Bull, ‘A View from Abroad’, p. 446. 79 Bull, ‘A View from Abroad’, p. 445. 80 Bull, ‘The Great Irresponsibles?’, p. 446. 81 Bull, ‘The Great Irresponsibles?’, p. 446. 82 Bull, ‘The Great Irresponsibles?’, p. 447. 83 Bull, ‘The Great Irresponsibles?’, p. 447. 84 Hedley Bull, ‘The Future of Military Intervention’, Paper for Armed Conflict Working Group, 1980s Project, Council on Foreign Relations, Meeting of 21 March 1977, p. 11, HBP Box 2, File 11. 85 Bull, ‘The Future of Military Intervention’, p. 13. 86 Hedley Bull, ‘The State’s Positive Role in World Affairs’, Daedalus, no. 108, Fall 1979, p. 120. 87 Bull, ‘The State’s Positive Role’, p. 120. 88 Bull, ‘The State’s Positive Role’, p. 118. 89 Bull, ‘The State’s Positive Role’, p. 121. 90 Hedley Bull, ‘The Third World and International Society’, in London Institute of World Affairs, The Year Book of World Affairs, vol. 33, 1979, p. 15. For the subsequent volume, see Bull and Adam Watson (eds) The Expansion of International Society. 91 Hedley Bull, ‘International Law in a Fragmented World: Introduction’, 1st Lecture, undated, HBP Box 2, File 1. 92 Hedley Bull, ‘Hans Kelsen and International Law’, Talk, A.L.S.P. Confer- ence, Edinburgh, 11 April 1981, HBP Box 2, File 1. For the posthumously published Kelsen essay, see Hedley Bull, ‘Hans Kelsen and International 232 Notes

Law’, in Richard Tur and William Twining (eds) Essays on Kelsen, Oxford: Clarendon, 1986, pp. 321–336. 93 Bull, ‘The Third World and International Society’, p. 22. 94 Bull, ‘The Revolt Against the West’, in M.S. Rajan and Shivaji Ganguly (eds) Great Power Relations, World Order and the Third World: Essays in Memory of Sisir Gupta, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1981, p. 201. 95 Bull, ‘The Revolt Against the West’, p. 203. 96 Bull, ‘The Revolt Against the West’, p. 203. 97 Hedley Bull, ‘Western Values in a Hostile World’, Talk, Chatham House, 23 September 1980, HBP Box 2, File 10. 98 Bull, ‘The Future of Military Intervention’, pp. 31–32. 99 Bull, ‘The Third World and International Society’, p. 30. 100 Bull, ‘The Third World and International Society’, pp. 30–31. 101 Hedley Bull, ‘Christians and Infidels’, 2nd Lecture (1) Vladimiri, probably early 1981, HBP Box 1, File 1. 102 Hedley Bull, ‘Europeans and Savages’, 4th Lecture, HBP Box 1, File 1. 103 Bull, ‘The Revolt Against the West’, pp. 205–206. 104 Bull, ‘Western Values in a Hostile World’. 105 Bull, ‘The Revolt Against the West’, p. 207. 106 Hedley Bull to John Vincent, 5 February 1974, HBP Box 4, File 2. 107 Hedley Bull, ‘Justice in World Politics’, undated, HBP Box 8, File 3. p. 2. 108 Adam Watson to Joseph F. Black, The Rockefeller Association, 12 March 1975, HBP Box 8, File 3. 109 Lectures in Hilary Term 1983, Justice in International Relations, HBP Box 2, File 10. 110 Interview with Robert O’Neill, 1 November 2010. 111 Hedley Bull, Justice in International Relations, The 1983–4 Hagey Lectures, Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo, October 1984, pp. 2–3. 112 Hedley Bull, ‘Intervention in the Third World’, The Non-Aligned World, 1:3, July–September 1983, p. 315. Also see the chapter by the same name in Hedley Bull (ed.) Intervention in World Politics, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984, pp. 135–156. 113 Bull, Justice in International Relations, p. 27. 114 Bull, Justice in International Relations, p. 27. 115 Bull, Justice in International Relations, p. 27. 116 Bull, ‘Intervention in the Third World’, The Non-Aligned World, p. 310. 117 Hedley Bull, ‘The New Scramble for Africa’, Paper for Conference on Africa Sponsored by Daedalus, June 28–30, 1981, House of the Academy, Cambridge, MA, HBP Box 2, File 9. 118 Bull, ‘Intervention in the Third World’, The Non-Aligned World, p. 309. 119 Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, ‘Conclusion’, in Bull and Watson (eds) Intervention in World Politics, p. 185. 120 Bull and Watson, ‘Conclusion’, pp. 185–186. 121 Hedley Bull, ‘The United Nations’, 4th Lecture, undated, HBP Box 2, File 6. 122 Bull, Justice in International Relations, p. 32. 123 Bull, ‘The Future of Military Intervention’, p. 35. Notes 233

124 Bull, Justice in International Relations, p. 33. 125 Hedley Bull, ‘The Emergence of a Universal International Society’, in Bull and Watson (eds) The Expansion of International Society, p. 123. 126 Bull, Justice in International Relations, p. 33. 127 Bull and Watson, ‘Conclusion’, p. 435. 128 Ball, ‘Hedley Bull: A Personal Appreciation’, p. 2. 129 Bull, Justice in International Relations, p. 12. 130 Bull, Justice in International Relations, p. 13.

Conclusion

1 See Hedley Bull and Wm. Roger Louis (eds) The Special Relationship: Anglo-American Relationships since 1945, Oxford: Clarendon, 1986. 2 Hedley Bull to Roger Louis, University of Texas, 25 March 1985, p. 1, HBP Box 7, File 6. 3 Bull to Louis, p. 1. 4 Hedley Bull, ‘Britain and Australia in Foreign Policy’, in J.D.B. Miller (ed.) Australians and British: Social and Political Connections, North Ryde: Methuen Australia, 1987, p. 125. 5 Bull, ‘Britain and Australia in Foreign Policy’, p. 127. 6 The minutiae of these competing claims are pawed over in Andrew Link- later and Hidemi Suganami, The English School of International Relations: A Contemporary Reassessment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 12–42. 7 Michael Howard to Ian Smart, 3 June 1976, HBP Box 2, File 5. 8 Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School, Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998, p. 156 n6. 9 Alderson and Hurrell, p. 46 n1. 10 Hedley Bull, ‘The Appalling State of IR Studies at the LSE + Elsewhere’, Talk, Grimshaw Club LSE, 17 January 1980, HBP Box 2, File 2. 11 Hedley Bull, ‘Power Politics’, Talk, Sunningdale, 23 April 1979, HBP Box 2, File 2. 12 Bull, ‘Models of Future World Order’, Indian Quarterly, p. 72. 13 Hedley Bull, ‘Protracted International Conflicts and Their Resolution’, The Norman Bentwich Memorial Lecture, Israel, 26 April 1982, p. 11, HBP Box 2, File 8. 14 Richard Gombrich to Adam Roberts, 27 September 1985, original held in Department of Political Science and International Relations files, University of Oxford, copy provided to author by Adam Roberts. 15 Hedley Bull, ‘The Case for Unilateral Disarmament’ (Review of How to Make Up Your Mind About the Bomb by Robert Neild) Nature, vol. 292, 6 August 1981, p. 563. 16 Hedley Bull, ‘A New Course for Britain and Western Europe’, SAIS Review, 1:4, Summer 1982, p. 42. 17 Hedley Bull, ‘The Rise of Soviet Naval Power’, Problems of Communism, 30:2, March–April 1981, p. 63. 18 Bull, ‘The Case of Unilateral Disarmament’, pp. 563–564. 234 Notes

19 Hedley Bull, ‘European Self-Reliance and the Reform of NATO’, Foreign Affairs, 61:4, Spring 1983, p. 880. 20 Bull, ‘Civilian Power Europe’, p. 149. 21 Bull, ‘Civilian Power Europe’, p. 150. 22 Hedley Bull, ‘Force in International Relations’, in O’Neill and Horner (eds) p. 19. 23 Interview with Hélène Mitchell, London, 23 May 2009. 24 Interview with Robert O’Neill, Blackheath NSW, 1 November 2010. 25 Hedley Bull, ‘Force in Contemporary International Relations’, Survival, 10:9, September 1968, p. 300. 26 Hedley Bull, ‘The Classical Approach to Arms Control: Twenty Years After’, in Uwe Nerlich (ed.) Soviet Power and Western Negotiating Policies, vol. 2: The Western Panacea: Constraining Soviet Power though Negotiation, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing, 1983, p. 21. 27 Hedley Bull, ‘Future Conditions of Strategic Deterrence’, undated, p. 6. HBP Box 3, File 2. 28 Interview with Lawrence Freedman, Oxford, 14 March 2009. The Hedley Bull Papers include a contract termination in 1976 for a book Bull had agreed to write eight years earlier on the use and control of force. See ‘Termination of the Agreement Between Hedley Bull and Little Brown, and Company, for the Work, The Role and Control of Force in the Post- War World, Dated January 9, 1968, April 2 1976’, HBP Box 4, File 9. 29 Lawrence Freedman, ‘Hedley Norman Bull, 1932–1985’, Balliol College Annual Record, 1985, p. 30, HBP Box 7, File 2. 30 Adam Roberts, ‘Hedley Norman Bull, 1932–1985’, Balliol College Annual Record, 1985, p. 24, HBP Box 7, File 2. 31 Personal communication from Jim Richardson, 27 June 2009. 32 Hedley Bull to Chairman, Social Studies Faculty Board, 29 October 1984, Oxford University Files FA 9/3/37. 33 Professor Hedley Bull and Mr. Adam Roberts, International Politics Since the Second World War, Course Outline, Oxford University, Hilary Term 1985, HBP Box 2, File 6. 34 Adam Roberts, ‘Hedley Norman Bull’, p. 28. 35 J.D.B. Miller, ‘An Appreciation: Professor Hedley Bull’, The Canberra Times, 21 May 1985, ANU A19, Box 43, p. 228, ANU Archives, 6752/2. 36 ‘PM Praises Professor’s Work’, The Canberra Times, 23 May 1985, ANU A19, Box 43, p. 229, ANU Archives, 6752/2. 37 Michael Howard to Mary Bull, 21 May 1985, Papers held by Mary Bull, Oxford. [Expression original]. Index

aboriginal Australians, 124, 147 Anglo-Saxon countries, 15, 62, 128, academics 89, 222n 142 and policymaking, 75, 76, 82–3, anti-Americanism, 122 89, 94, 108, 123, 124, 187 ANZUS, 108, 121 accidental (or unintended) war, 48, apartheid, 146 54, 69 armaments, 35, 42, 46, 49, 50, 60, accidents of history, 7, 31, 34, 52, 110–1, 126, 162, 170, 210–1n, 53, 60, 100, 117, 130–1, 132, 212n 150, 189 armed forces, see military accommodation (of power), 7, organisations 33–4, 46, 54, 56, 70–1, 73, 80, arms control, 4, 5, 33–4, 36–7, 38, 81, 84, 108, 131, 132, 134, 39–41, 42–4, 46, 48–9, 51, 52–4, 137, 139, 146, 148–9, 150, 59, 62, 72, 74–5, 81, 82, 108, 152, 169, 173, 181–2, 184–5, 118, 148, 163, 164, 167, 170, 189, 194 186, 192, 193, 196, 210n, 212n advocacy, 11, 75, 108 Arms Control and Disarmament Afghanistan, 170 Agency (ACDA), 74 Africa, 131, 142–8, 166, 167, 168, Arms Control and Disarmament 169, 170, 174, 179, 180 Research Unit (ACDRU), 58, Afro-Asian states, 142, 143, 146 74–83, 85, 203, 215n airpower, 114, 125 arms race(s), 42, 46, 52, 53, 55, 163 Albania, 106 Arnold, Matthew, 11, 16–17 Alderson, Kai, 3, 187 Aron, Raymond, 93, 174 Algerian war, 174 ascendant powers, 71–2, 194 alliances, 63, 64–5, 71, 73, 78, 82, Asia, 73, 83–5, 117–18, 120, 127, 105, 106, 108, 112–13, 114, 128, 133, 142, 166, 174, 179, 115, 117, 120–5, 127, 130, 137, 180, 194 150, 165, 191 Asia-Pacific region, 4, 111–12, 113, American Academy of Arts and 114, 130 Social Sciences, 180 Atomic Energy and Disarmament American ideas, 18, 22, 31, 38, 39, Department (AEDD), 77 44, 57, 76, 90–7, 102, 186, 193, Australia, 11, 18, 43, 70, 84, 103–8, 194, 201n 112, 114, 120–31, 132, 134–6, anarchy, 26, 44–5 147, 151–2, 157–8, 177–8, 181, anarchical society (idea of), 30, 49, 184–5, 191, 192, 194, 196 57–8, 99, 162–3 Australian attitudes, 19, 63, 120–1, Anderson, John, 10–13, 15, 16, 17, 123, 128, 130–1, 133–4, 135, 20–1, 23–4, 25, 41, 44, 55, 133, 147, 185 207n Australian Institute of International Anglo-Australian comparisons, 18, Affairs, 113, 116, 131 19, 20 Australian Labor Party, 131

235 236 Index

Australian National University British Committee on the Theory of (ANU), 1, 5, 25, 58, 82, 85, International Politics, 2, 44–5, 86–9, 96, 97, 102, 103–5, 116, 57, 71, 88, 94–5, 104, 177–8, 122, 123, 136, 138–9, 141, 186, 212n 153, 157, 203, 224n, 230n British International Studies Department of International Association (BISA), 89, 187 Relations, 1, 86–7, 105, British ideas, 57, 90–1, 96, 186, 188 229n Buchan, Alistair, 38–9, 40, 75, 83–4, Hedley Bull Building, 1, 3 88, 109, 154, 158 Research School of Pacific Bull, Hedley Norman Studies, 86, 104, 136 career, 1–2, 6–7, 31, 38–9, 58, 74, Strategic and Defence Studies 86–7, 103–5, 154, 156–9, 185, Centre, 1, 87, 105, 192 195, 203 authoritarianism, 151 childhood, 10 avoiding war, 54, 116 citizenship, 75 Axis powers, 142 education, 9–26, 203, 207n family, 103, 157 balance of power, 30, 37, 53, 54, illness, 195–6 66, 84, 95, 99, 110–12, 114–18, marriage, 19, 203 129, 130, 165, 169–70, 190–1, media commentary, 48, 53, 64, 194, 210n 72, 105–6, 114, 123, 135, 141, Asian (Asiatic), 85, 109–10, 121, 143, 187 123, 140, 148, 179, 195 personality, 6, 17, 88, 93, 140, Ball, Desmond, 87, 133–4, 154–5, 155–6, 159, 160 156, 183 pessimism, 152, 164, 166 Banks, Michael, 24, 67, 159, political philosophy, 132–3 217n publications, 197–202, 234n Barber, Arthur, 78, 80 remuneration, 157–8 bargaining, 50, 70, 91, 95 teaching, 32, 88, 104, 130, 154–5, Baruch Plan, 62 157, 158–9, 173, 176, 178, Beaton, Leonard, 67 181, 193, 195–6 Beeley, Sir Harold, 77 travel, 18, 31–2, 54, 83, 104, 114, behaviourism, 57, 102, 186, 136–41, 146, 156, 177, 178 187–8 Bull, Mary (née Lawes) 17, 19–20, Belgium, 108 21, 23, 25, 31, 83–4, 103, 138, Bellany, Ian, 82 145, 157, 158, 160, 169, 185, Berlin crisis, 55 196, 207n Berlin, Isaiah, 21 Burke, Edmund, 66 bilateral monopoly, 60–1, 62, 64, Burton, John, 82, 217n 66, 69, 106, 108–9, 117 Butterfield, Herbert, 57, 88, 95, black majority governments, 146 156–7 Bougainville, 136 Bowie, Robert, 31 Cambodia, 179 Brazil, 70, 180 Cambridge University, 60, 95 Brennan, Donald, 40 Canada, 43, 70, 108, 130, 178, 180 British Academy, 203 Canberra, 103, 153, 155–6, 157, British attitudes, 18, 19, 210n 160, 195 Index 237

capitalism, 176 competition, 46, 53, 55, 179, 189 Carr, Edward Hallett (E.H.), 14–15, concert (of powers), 118, 149–50 22, 43, 161 Concert of Europe, 29–30, 53 Carr, Raymond, 160 conflict, 15, 42, 51, 117, 126, 129, Carter, Jimmy, 169 164, 188–9, 196, 210–11n Cateau-Cambresis, peace of, 171 Congo, 102 Ceadal, Martin, 160 consensus, 28, 54, 102, 144, 145, Chalfont, Lord, 74, 76, 78–80, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 166, 215n 167, 171–2, 172, 174, 175–6, change, 29, 32–3, 61, 69, 120, 132, 181, 183 142, 148, 150–1, 166, 174, 181, conservative world-views, 133, 165 185 constructivism, 168–9 social, 67–8 Containment, 107 technological, 53, 54–5, 60, 66–8, content analysis, 92 72, 100, 120, 162, 175 Coombs, H.C. (Nugget), 123, 125, Chatham House, 74, 104, 161, 174 126 Chile, 145 cooperation, 30, 33, 99, 116–18, China, 55, 62, 64–5, 69, 70–1, 72, 127, 150, 152, 166, 170, 189, 78, 81, 93, 105–7, 108–9, 110, 210n, 212n 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, Corbett, J.P., 66–8 123, 126, 130, 136–9, 148, 149, cosmopolitan world-view, 13, 24, 176–7, 179, 180 119–20, 127, 128, 131, 137, Christendom, 28 142, 143–4, 166, 174, 175–6, Christian world view, 67 183 civil defence, 50 Council on Foreign Relations, 65, civil war, 143, 145 171, 175 civilian strategists, 97 Crawford, Sir John, 86–8, 123 Clausewitz, Carl von, 98–9, 100, crises, 118 101–2, 162–3 criticism, 11, 13, 94, 141, 154–5 Cobden, Richard, 27–8, 30, 32 Cuba, 179 Cold War, 7, 33, 34, 39, 46–7, 50, Cuban Missile Crisis, 46, 50, 55, 64 52, 133, 190, 195 Czechoslovakia, 15 Cole, G.D.H., 22, 23, 25 collective security, 130 Dalrymple, Rawdon, 19, 20 colonialism, 15, 135, 136, 149, 168, debate, 10, 12, 13, 17, 34, 76, 83–4, 173, 180, 184, 196 133–4, 138–9, 168, 189, 194–5 Columbia University, 104, 203 defence policy, 120–7 common culture, 119–20, 129 democracy, 146 common interests, 37, 46, 48, 52, Department of Foreign Affairs 54, 64, 65, 116, 149, 163–4, 171 (Australia), 138 common language, 72 détente, 48, 52, 106, 111, 170, 195 Commonwealth, British, 32, 43, 88, deterrence, 54, 69, 77, 97, 192–3 125 Deutsch, Karl, 32, 43, 92–3, 95–7, communication, 127, 164 102 communism, 147, 196 development, 117, 145 community, 16, 72, 96, 135, 154, development assistance, 136, 143, 180, 183 151 238 Index

dialectic, see debate Falk, Richard, 44, 59, 155 diplomacy, 28, 30, 81, 111, 119, fascism, 65 127, 165 Fitzgerald, Stephen, 137–8 Diplomatic Investigations, 57, 94, 99, force, 47, 95, 99, 101, 111, 119, 145, 100 170, 187, 192, 194, 234n diplomats, 82 Ford Foundation, 38, 182 disarmament, 28, 33–9, 41–3, 48, Foreign Office (UK), 5, 58, 74–83, 49, 52, 53, 55, 72, 75, 78, 79, 86–7, 89–90, 91, 108, 203 99, 109, 139, 201n foreign policy, 51, 72, 119, 120, discrimination, 70, 81, 140 123–4, 127, 130, 134, 138, 146, distribution of power, 46, 60, 66, 68, 151, 185, 190–1 102, 114–15, 146, 148, 150, formal agreements and treaties, 179, 180, 194 36–7, 45, 47–9, 50, 53, 54, 81–2, domestic analogy, 47, 111, 162–3 164, 167 Dunne, Tim, 187 formal government, 49 Fort Street Boys’ High School, 10, Eastern bloc, 50, 69, 115 203 economic factors, 112, 113, 117, France, 28, 36, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 120, 126, 129, 134, 145, 150, 69, 70, 71, 81, 106, 136, 148, 151, 162, 173, 175, 176, 177, 174 178, 179–80, 181, 187, 189, Freedman, Lawrence, 193 191 freedom of information, 182 economics, study of, 92, 101, 144 Egypt, 73, 179, 180 game theory, 91, 97–8 élites, 119, 127, 128, 137, 175 Germany, 14–15, 36, 65, 69, 73, 108 ends (in strategy and foreign Girling, John, 154 policy), 98, 101–2, 131, 187, Gladstone, William, 14, 16 194 global community, 129 English School (of international goals, 164, 175 relations), 164, 185–8, 194 Gombrich, Richard, 189 English-speaking world, 129, 185 Goodwin, Geoffrey, 58, 88 equality, 109, 140, 142, 146, 151, Gorton, John, 120, 123, 131 178 Grant, Bruce, 151–2 equilibrium, 47, 68, 69, 72, 110–11, Gray Colin, 42 115, 117, 121, 123, 139, 179, Great Britain, 14, 18, 19, 27, 36, 43, 189, 190 55, 61, 62, 63–4, 65, 71, 74, 77, escalation, 60 79, 81, 105, 110, 113, 115, 124, ethics, 99 125, 142, 148, 157–8, 168, 177, Ethiopia, 169 184–5, 190 Europe, 20, 50, 61, 64, 71, 73, 78, great powers, 35, 48, 53, 66, 72, 73, 82, 84, 106, 109, 111, 112, 119, 84, 107, 115, 116, 117, 118–19, 120, 127, 131, 139, 142, 144, 120, 121, 129–30, 131, 140, 149, 157, 166, 167, 171, 174, 142, 144, 145, 149, 150, 163, 175, 179, 180, 182–3, 186, 165, 166, 169–70, 179, 180 189–91 Greece, 16, 156 Evatt, H.V. (Doc), 10, 128, 130 Grotius (and Grotian), 44–5, 57–8, extended deterrence, 108 99, 163–4 Index 239

Guam, 112 Imperial Defence College, 90 Guam Doctrine, 114 imperialism, 137, 143 guerilla war, 114 independence, 123, 125, 130–1, Gwynne Jones, Alun, see Chalfont, 185 Lord India, 70, 73, 83–4, 106, 108, 109, 110, 136, 139–42, 145, 148, Habbakuk, Sir John, 156 150, 151, 173–4, 177, 180, Hagey Lectures, 178–9, 181–2, 183 188 Halperin, Morton, 62, 209n, 210n Indian Ocean, 115, 141 Hancock, Keith, 103 Indonesia, 73, 105, 106–7, 125–6, Harrison, Wilfred, 22, 23, 25 136, 151, 180 Hart, H.L.A., 22 Indyk, Martin, 156, 229n Harvard University, 31–2, 44, 174, informal understanding, 48–9, 54, 203 164, 211n have-not countries, 65, 70, 134, innovation, 66–8, 72 140–1, 150, 178 Institute for Strategic Studies (ISS), Hawke, Robert, 19, 20, 196 see International Institute for Headlam-Morley, Agnes, 21 Strategic Studies Healey, Denis, 79–81 institutions, 16–17, 21, 22, 29–30, Heath, Edward, 103 33–4, 67, 99, 110, 117, 118, Hegel, G.W.H., 15, 23–4 145, 149, 161, 163–5, 172, 174, hegemony, 117, 136–7, 180 175, 176, 181, 185, 188, 194 hierarchy, 109, 120, 165 integration, 96, 144, 168 Hinsley, F.H., 74 intelligence, 45, 78 history, study of, 14, 17, 26, 93–4, interdependence, 126, 144, 171, 159–60 189 Hobbes, Thomas, 22, 23, 24, 162, interests, 13, 14, 29, 35, 48, 71, 106, 164 123, 133, 181, 188, 189 Hobhouse, Leonard, 26 divisibility of, 28, 60–3, 73–4 Hoffman, Bruce, 159 International Atomic Energy Hoffman, Stanley, 51, 93 Agency (IAEA), 70 Holbraad, Carsten, 230n international community, 144, Holt, Harold, 131 147 Horner, David, 192 International Institute for hotline, 48 Strategic Studies (IISS), 2, 5, 34, Howard, Michael, 24, 38, 39, 67, 88, 37–40, 49, 74, 75, 76, 83, 88, 142, 186, 196 100, 104, 109, 124, 135, 144, human nature, 99 192, 203, 209–10n human rights, 143, 146–7, 166–9, international law, 23, 35, 44–5, 93, 182 99, 111–12, 144, 164, 165, 167, Hurrell, Andrew, 3, 187 173, 180, 189 international organization(s), 29, idealism, 192 59, 100, 164–5 ideas, 33, 119, 168, 174, 194 international political economy, ideology, 12, 73, 112, 123, 133, 137, 187 146 international politics, 46, 99, 111, immigration, 124 147, 194 240 Index

international relations, study of, Kissinger, Henry, 31–2, 114, 119, 22, 25, 32, 33, 41, 57, 87–8, 99, 120, 149–50, 170, 196, 210n, 100–1, 139, 141, 158–60, 161, 222n 173, 177–8, 183, 185–9, 192, Knorr, Klaus, 59, 61, 88 193, 195–6 Korean War, 13, 35 ‘classical’ approach, 57, 91–4 ‘scientific’ approach, 91–7, 102 Latin America, 166 international society, 4, 28, 29, 30, law of the sea, 112, 149, 151 33, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55, 56, League of Nations, 37, 65, 142, 62, 65–6, 67, 72, 84, 99, 106, 165 111, 116, 117, 118, 149, 163–5, legal considerations, 47, 110 166, 167–8, 172, 176, 179, 182, legitimacy, 99–100, 145, 151, 188, 194 183 expansion of, 56, 62, 160, 179, Liberal-National coalition, 120, 180, 182 130 international system, 7, 24, 32, 36, liberalism, 27, 133, 143, 172 41, 45, 54, 55, 60, 64, 65, 72, Liddell Hart, Basil, 34–5 73, 84, 96, 116, 120, 144, 159, limits, limited war 54, 60, 62, 100, 166, 171, 208n 117 intervention, 27, 143–6, 155, Little, Richard, 110 170–1, 175, 179, 180–1 Locke, John, 23, 172 Iran, 176–7 London, 103, 195 isolationism, 114 London School of Economics Israel, 188–9 (LSE), 2, 5, 24–7, 31–2, 35, 57, Italy, 65, 108, 144 58, 74, 85, 88, 104, 161, 165, 166, 186, 187, 203, 207n, Japan, 59, 62, 83–4, 105–7, 108, 208n, 209n 110, 115, 121, 123, 126, 137, Louis, Roger, 184 149, 151, 191 loyalty, 113, 164 Jawaharlal Nehru University, 139, Low, Anthony, 157 141, 203 Lugard, Lord, 145 Jeffery, Renée, 11 Jukes, Geoffrey, 82 MacFarlane, Betty, 229n just war, 102 Machiavelli, 45 justice, 8, 29, 84, 102, 129, 131, 134, major powers, see great powers 140, 142, 143–4, 146, 150–1, Malaysia, 111, 125, 130, 145 155, 177–9, 183, 184 male chauvinism, 156 Manning, Charles, 24, 25–6, 31, Kahn, Herman, 211n 32, 165, 186, 188, 208n Kant, Immanuel, 164 Mao Tse Tung, 82, 105, 138, 139 Kaplan, Morton, 32, 91–2, 94–7, Martin, Laurence, 82 102, 208n Marx, Karl, 15, 23, 27, 138 Keal, Paul, 196 Marxism, 142 Kelsen, Hans, 23, 29, 173, 231–2n McFarlane, Neil S., 159 Kennedy, John F., 48, 69, 169 Meaney, Neville, 133 Kent, Ann, 139 Methodist Ladies College, Sydney, Khrushchev, Nikita, 48 10 Index 241

Mexico, 180 new medievalism, 144 Middle East, 145, 152 New South Wales, 134 middle ground theory, 44–6, 164, New South Wales politics, 15 189, 211n New Zealand, 43, 108, 121, 127, middle powers, 150 135 Mill, John Stuart, 133 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 29 Millar, T.B., 87, 122, 127 Nigeria, 143–4, 145, 180, 227n Miller, J.D.B (Bruce), 3, 25, 26–7, Nixon, Richard, 114, 119 86–7, 104, 106, 123, 135, 154, Noel-Baker, Philip, 27, 33–9, 43, 184, 196, 197, 224n 46, 75, 187 military organisations, 31, 90–1, non-intervention, see intervention 97 Non-Proliferation Treaty, 47, 48, military power, 33, 37, 47, 53, 62, 70, 83, 105–7, 117, 140, 110–12, 115, 131, 134, 150–1, 151 165, 169–70, 179–80, 190–1, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 194 (NATO), 61, 63, 64–5, 71, 80, military science, 68, 141 106, 108, 127 Minimum Stable Deterrence Northedge, Fred, 34 study, 77–83 norms, 149 Ministry of Defence (UK), 79–80 nuclear balance, 49, 53, 55, 69, Mitchell, Hélène, 143, 154–6 108–9, 117, 151, 169, 190 models, 92 nuclear power, 108 modernity, 119, 167, 175–6, 177 nuclear proliferation, 55–6, 61, modernization, 145 64–5, 69–73, 83–4, 105–10, Mohan, C. Raja, 139 140, 151, 163, 214n monopoly on armed force, 101 nuclear testing, 70, 71, 140, moralism, 13, 14, 18, 21 148 moral considerations, 47, 51, 94, nuclear war, 48, 53 97–8, 110, 140, 164, 168, 176, nuclear weapons, 33, 34, 37, 41–2, 180, 181, 183, 192–3 50, 54, 58, 60, 63–4, 65, 66, Morgenthau, Hans, 29, 31–2, 93, 68, 72, 73, 77–80, 84, 100, 106, 116 107, 109, 110, 112, 115, 118, Mussolini, 142 133–4, 137, 140, 142, 148, multi-racial policies, 131 161–2, 164, 169–70, 187, multinational corporations, 190–1, 192, 194 191–2 non-use of, 59, 60 Munich crisis, 14–15 mutual restraint, 50, 51–2, 119 Oakeshott, Michael, 21, 22 myth, 113 officials, 89–90, 124, 138 Okinawa, 112 nationalism, 83, 167, 169, 175 O’Neill, Robert, 3, 141, 158, 178, natural law, 21, 67, 169, 172 192, 197 naval power, see seapower Oppenheim, L.F.L., 100 negotiations, 36, 49 opinion, public, 16 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 141, 174 opinion, world, 27–8, 29, 132, 143, Netherlands, 127 146–7, 149, 151, 176 Neutrality, 135 oppression, 147 242 Index

order, 7, 17, 27, 31, 33–4, 41, 49, preponderance, 53, 62, 112, 117, 50, 55, 59, 60, 65, 100, 109, 121–2, 179, 180, 190 111, 118, 119, 132, 134, 137, Princeton University, 54, 59–63, 140, 142–4, 147, 149–50, 151, 73, 74, 75, 88, 203 155, 161–3, 166, 169, 171–2, propaganda, 37 178, 180–1, 183, 192, 194 provincialism, 124, 128 outer space, 48 Pugwash, 107, 108

Pacific Island countries, 105, 128, quantitative methods, 93, 95 134–6, 174 Queensland, 113 Pacific Ocean, 115 quietism, 127 Pakistan, 73, 84, 108, 139, 179 Palliser, Michael, 78–9 racial factors in world politics, 134, Papua New Guinea, 126, 134–6 136, 142, 146–7, 168 Pareto, 90 radical viewpoints, 44, 132–4, 150–1 parity, 115 Ranke, Leopold von, 115 Parsons, Talcott, 90 rationality, 92 Partial Test Ban, 47–8 Reagan, Ronald, 170, 189–90 peace, 27, 40, 49, 69, 101, 111, realism, 43, 44, 188 141, 142, 150, 160, 162, 178, regional institutions, 112, 130 187, 191 religion, 20, 67, 92, 174, 176 peace-keeping, 131 responsibilities, 70, 72, 128, 129, Perham, Margery, 145 169–70, 172 Philippines, 108, 112 restraint, 51, 58, 60, 63, 72, 95, philosophy, study of, 10, 17–18, 106, 119, 126 21, 22–3, 26–7, 92, 93–4 revisionist powers, 65, 136–7, Plamenatz, John, 21, 25 176–7 Plato, 12, 90 Rhodesia, 146 pluralism, 24, 188 Richardson, Jim, 44, 82, 193 Plutarch, 90 rich-poor gap, 132, 148, 150, 152, Polaris submarines, 80–1 166, 183 policymaking, 76–7 rights, 72, 140, 142, 168–9, 172, political motivations, 13–14, 35–6, 178, 179 41, 42, 51, 52, 61, 98–9, 146, Roberts, Adam, 158–9, 189, 193, 151, 181 195–6 political tension, 42–3, 59 Rockefeller Fellowship, 31, 203 politicians, 124, 129–31, 189 Rome, 158 politics (and political science), Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 23 study of, 18, 21, 22–3, 26–7, Royal United Services Institute, 88 90–1 Polouse, T.T., 139, 141 rules, 47, 60, 72, 95, 100, 110–11, Popper, Karl, 26 116, 117, 118, 119, 149, 150, population, 144, 149, 166 163–4, 165, 169, 180–1 post-colonial independence, 105, Russett, Bruce, 92–3 113, 131, 134, 145, 168, Russia, see Soviet Union 179 Ryan, Alan, 133 power politics, 188 Ryle, Gilbert, 21 Index 243

SALT agreements, 169, 170 spheres of influence, 135, 171 Schelling, Thomas, 39–41, 49–51, Spinoza, 18 62, 88, 91–2, 95, 97, 98, 102, Sri Lanka, 141 116, 164, 209n, 210n, stability, 54–5, 60, 69, 77–8, 81, 211–12n 145 Schwartz, David, 3, 197 State Department (US), 114 science, 12–13, 66–7, 119–20, 168, Strachey, John, 40–1, 43 174, 176, 185 strategic studies, 57, 58, 74, 76, scientism, 96 87–8, 97–101, 139, 192, seapower, 27, 112, 114, 115, 125, 193–4 190 Suez crisis, 113 secularism, 129, 176 superpowers, 46–7, 50, 52, 60, 61, security community, 43, 92, 96 63, 70–1, 72, 108, 111, 148, security, 37, 47, 53, 54, 64, 66, 102, 170–1 109, 111–12, 130, 142, 143, supremacy, 66 162, 193 supreme authority, 45–6, 53 self-reliance, 124–7, 128, 191 Sweden, 73 Singapore, 125, 136, 145 Switzerland, 192 small powers, 64, 137, 140, 141, symbols, 48, 106 150, 163 social contract, 23 tacit agreements, 50–1, 60, 81–2, social processes, 120, 145, 189 116–17, 164 social science, 18, 22, 25, 32, 90, Taiwan (Formosa), 108 94 Tanzania, 136 socialism, 23, 144, 167, 168, 176 Tasmania, 149–50 society of states, see international Thailand, 108 society Thatcher, Margaret, 189 sociology, study of, 101 The Anarchical Society, 1, 2–3, 57–8, Socrates, 11 99, 152–3, 160–6, 193 solidarism, 12, 27, 128, 151 The Control of the Arms Race, 39–44, South Africa, 43, 73, 142, 146–7, 59, 65, 163, 186, 193, 209n 168 Third World, 8, 70, 73, 84, 129, 131, South Asia, 140–1 134, 135–53, 166, 170–1, 172–3, South Korea, 108, 112 175, 178, 179–83, 184, 194, Southeast Asia, 113, 123, 125–6, 196 128, 134–6 threats, 126–7, 190 sovereign states, 28, 29, 35, 40, 43, traditions, 16–17, 55, 59 45–6, 53, 60, 72, 100, 101, 128, transnational factors, 101, 164, 167 143–4, 162, 171, 172, 178, 179, Tucker, Robert, 59 180 Soviet Union, 33, 37, 47, 48, 50, 51, understandings, 48, 51, 52–3, 56, 52, 53, 55–6, 60–1, 62, 63–4, 65, 72, 117, 125, 128, 149 66, 69, 71, 72–3, 77–8, 80–1, unilateral action, 45, 54, 81–2 106–7, 109, 115, 116–17, 118, United Kingdom, see Great Britain 119, 121, 123, 137, 139, 148, United Nations, 35, 47, 117, 131, 149, 169–71, 179, 190–1 137, 142, 146–7, 151, 165, 171, Spencer, Herbert, 16 178, 180, 181, 196 244 Index

United Services Institute, 122 Versailles, 15 United States of America, 31–2, 33, Vietnam war, 105, 112, 113–14, 37, 43, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 121–2, 131 55–6, 60–1, 62, 63–4, 65, 66, 69, Vietnam, 179, 180 71, 72–3, 77–8, 79, 80–1, 82, 98, Vigezzi, Bruno, 212n 105, 106–7, 108–9, 110, 111–15, Vincent, Angela, 228n 116–17, 118, 119, 121–5, 127, Vincent, John, 3, 155, 161, 177, 130, 131, 133–4, 137, 148, 149, 197, 228n 169–71, 179, 184, 189–91, 194 violence, 60, 99, 100, 102, 161, unity of mankind, see universal 165, 212n society universal society, 28, 166–7, 171, Waltz, Kenneth, 93 175–6, 183, 212n war, 30, 37, 42, 46, 50, 54, 69, 96, universities, role of, 101, 137 97–101, 102, 118, 160, 162, University College London, 217n 164, 165, 166, 176, 191 University of Capetown, 146–7 Warsaw Pact, 80 University of Chicago, 31–2, 203 Washington Naval Treaty, 62 , 104 Watson, Adam, 157, 161, 166, University of Oxford, 1–2, 6, 17, 172, 178, 181–2 19–24, 102, 131, 153, 154–60, Weldon, T.D., 20–1, 26 168, 173, 176, 178, 181, 182, western world, 75, 84, 98, 126, 183, 184, 185, 189, 193, 195–6, 128, 131, 134, 142–3, 145–6, 203 147–9, 151, 152, 167, 168, All Souls College, 25, 103, 104, 169, 170–1, 172, 174, 175, 139, 154, 155, 203 176, 177, 178, 180, 181–2, Balliol College, 153, 158 184, 192, 194 Bodleian Library, 5, 156 Westphalian system, 144 Lady Margaret Hall, 156 Wheare, K.C., 22 Magdalen College, 156 Whitlam, Gough, 113, 123, 129–31, Montague Burton Professorship, 152 2, 3, 21, 39, 58, 153, 154, wickedness, 122, 147, 192 156–7, 159–60, 166, 195, 203 Wight, Martin, 2, 24, 30, 32, 43, Somerville College, 156 57, 67, 88, 161, 165, 186, 188, Special Collections, 156 230n St Anthony’s College, 160 Wilson, Harold, 74, 76, 80, 89, University College, 18, 20, 203 113 Worcester College, 39 Wisdom, John, 18 University of Sydney, 2, 5, 10–17, Wohlstetter, Albert, 84 24, 35, 44, 94, 133, 184, 203 Woolley Travelling Fellowship, 17, University of Texas, 195 203 University of Waterloo, 178 world government, 45–6, 55 University of Wisconsin, 64 Young, Wayland, 38, 49–50, 51 values, 16, 33, 102, 119, 142, 144, 167–8, 174, 183, 188 zone of peace, 141 Vattel, Emerich de, 116 Zuckerman, Sir Solly, 79–80