Winter 2006 Issue

7 URBAN DESIGN AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AGAINST THE PERIMETER BLOCK URBAN DESIGN IN WALES URBAN ADVERTISING 2006 ISSUE 9 CALGARY HAFENCITY WINTER

PRICE £5.00 ISSN 0266-6480 DIARY OF EVENTS OF DIARY WEBSITE WEBSITE Email [email protected] OFFICE DIRECTOR Dickon Robinson, Les Sparks, John Worthington PATRONS CHAIRMAN Group Design Urban SEPTEMBER 2006 SEPTEMBER 2006 MAY 13-21 2006 TOURS STUDY PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONAL AN CODES: DESIGN APRIL 26 WEDNESDAY DISTRICT IMPROVEMENT BUSINESS THE ECONOMY TIME NIGHT THE CITY: 24-HOUR THE MARCH 15 WEDNESDAY AUTHORITIES LOCAL FROM INSPIRATION FEBRUARY 8 WEDNESDAY CENTURY 21ST THE FOR CUE DESIGN THE SUSTAINABILITY: JANUARY 11 WEDNESDAY £5.00 non-members, £2.00 UDG members, £1.00 students Street, London EC1 at 6.30 pm. All tickets purchased at the door from 6.00 pm. Unless otherwise indicated all LONDON events are held at The Gallery, 77 Cowcross Turnbull. in May, led by Graham Smith. Interested parties should register with Susie is also hoped to arrange a four-day visit to Woonerven in Holland and Germany A four-day visit to Ljubljana and Trieste is planned for September 2006 and it Friday 3 February. 571351, Email [email protected]. The last booking date is on a leaflet enclosed with this issue of UD. Or contact Alan Stones, Tel 01376 includes time in the cities of Catania and Syracuse. Further details are provided Our tour covers the best examples - Noto, Scicli, Módica and Ragusa - and also manner, some on new rectilinear plans, some on their old medieval alignments. topography, most of these towns were spectacularly rebuilt in the Baroque with a period of prosperity of the merchant classes, and despite the hilly reduced to rubble by a massive earthquake. Fortunately, this event coincided Many towns in south east Sicily in 1693, under Spanish rule at the time, were inviting various speakers to engage in a discussion with the audience. the quality and management of the public realm of our cities and towns, and We will also explore the role businesses play in promoting improvements to realm. public and their cities of on our the of trends the into impact night economies time her research of of the Westminster,findings present will at the University Regeneration and Development of Urban Chair Acting Roberts, Marion Professor Alderton) and Essex County Council (David Balcombe). Speakers will include representatives from Ashford Borough Council (Richard present and then, as a panel, will share their experiences with the audience. Over the course of the evening representatives from local authorities will local development frameworks, design statements, area action plans etc? design and what role do they think the new planning structure will play, eg How are local authorities promoting, encouraging and delivering good urban introducing the range of topics and aspirations for the year. The evening will also include an introduction to the 2006 seminar series the application and development of sustainable urban design solutions. Riet Eeckhout and Amanda Reynolds of Llewelyn Davies Yeang will explore 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ, Tel 020 7250 0872, Alan Baxter, Tom Bloxham, Sir Terry Farrell, Colin Fudge, Nicky Gavron, www.udg.org.uk Robert Cowan Barry Sellers

Permeability, Policy and Practice, Tim Stonor Place Making as a Tool, Rachel Eaton Creating Safer Places, Gary Taylor Alcohol-related Disorder in Nottingham, Stephen Green Introduction WORLD Joe Holyoak TRANSFORMING A IN DESIGN URBAN TOPIC: Downtown Calgary, James White INTERNATIONAL A Plea for Front Gardens, Tony Hall Against the Perimeter Block, Karl Kropf Urban Advertising, Anne Cronin Urban Design in Wales, John Punter VIEWPOINTS Young Urban Designers: UDG CABE page Urban Design Week UDG Conference Everyday Spaces Value of Skills EVENTS AND NEWS LEA COVER expressed or statements made by individuals writing in Neither the Urban Design Group nor the editors are responsible for views INDIVID OVERSEAS MEMBERS LIBRARIES Source Book CORPORATE RATES RATES ANNUAL who also receive newsletters and the biennial SUBSCRIPTIONS CURRENT 99 New Growth Areas 98 Urban Design in Australia ISSUES FUTURE ENDPIECE INDEX EDUCATION INDEX CORPORATE INDEX PRACTICE Sustainable Architectures S Guy and S A Moore Transport Terminals and Modal Interchanges C Blow L Clary, S Rost Marketing for Architects and Designers H Linton, S Roaf, D Crichton, F Nicol Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change REVIEWS BOOK Streets Ahead, Hugo Frieszo Hafencity, Daniela Lucchese STUDIES CASE Behaving Badly in Public Spaces, Henry Shaftoe Bullring Security, Photo Joe Holyoak Werner Hegemann C Crasemann Urban Housing Forms J Ming Zhou Common Ground, Roger Evans DER UAL ISSUE

£40

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LOCAL AUTHORITIES Bob Jarvis Bob

Individuals £40 Students £20

Practices, including listing in the UD Practice index and S

of pay a supplement of £3 for Europe and £8 for other locations Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97

cost £5 £100 (two copies of STREET is free to Urban Design Group members Source Book Market Places Urban Design Urban Design

. ) 49 49 48 42 41 40 39 39 38 38 3 3 3 28 25 2 22 19 18 16 1 12 10 | 1 6 4 1 3 4 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 2

CONTENTS The Value of Skills URBAN DESIGN IS NOT THE GALLERY, LONDON, 19 OCTOBER 2005 TO BLAME The Academy for Sustainable through dialogue with a wide range of LEADER Communities (ASC) is a very small stakeholders, public, private, professional, organisation; it needs to spread its community based, and others. resources as best it can. Hence, Chris A series of bullet points answered the Murray who was due to speak to the UDG, question ‘why are skills important?’ and was in Plymouth instead. He was replaced although some would be familiar to the by Helen Walker who described the audience (getting the job done well), the gestation, purpose and tasks of emphasis on economic goals (maximise the Academy. growth, maximise returns) may have been NEWS AND EVENTS One of Egan’s recommendations a surprise. The list of important skills on was the creation of such an organisation the other hand – technical competence, and convincing partners of the value of to remedy the gap in skills underlined generic skills, cross-occupational its message. Urban designers seem to by his report. Eventually the Academy learning, outcome-focussed learning, be exemplary in their inter-disciplinary The recent events in France have led to a search for explanations, scapegoats and justifications. Various was launched at the Urban Summit learning culture, lifelong learning – are form of working and Walker indicated groups have come under attack, politicians first of all, and they in turn have attacked others. So, it may not in Manchester and located in Leeds now accepted practice. that other professions could learn from be surprising to see an article by Stephen Bailey in the Independent on Sunday entitled, ‘France is burning – something of a problem since most of Towards the end of her brief talk, us. A new chief executive, Gill Taylor, – and architecture lit the match’. Fortunately the text is more subtle than the headline would imply and deals the organisations it has to deal with are Dr Walker mentioned the dilemmas has now been appointed; funding is at specifically with Candilis’ Toulouse-le-Mirail, a Corbusian development built in the dying days of post-war in London. Helen Walker rehearsed the and difficulties the Academy is facing. present limited to three years in which modernism. But the connection is made: the work of architects, planners and urban designers has an effect on definitions of Sustainable Communities Better resources and improved access the Academy needs to show that it can how society behaves. Mostly we get the blame when things go wrong, rarely the praise when problems are solved (Egan’s again) and suggested that ASC are needed, as well as a change in the make a difference. From answers given by would be a catalyst for change, a source culture, making the right links, getting the speaker at the end, it was clear that it or people are happy. of leadership and innovation and a centre people engaged, etc. With the current will not be simple and success is far from Coincidentally this issue’s topic deals with a similar situation, although in this country and not in France. for listening and learning to drive the budget and with only temporary staff guaranteed. Perhaps members of the UDG Authors show how much soul searching is going on in the professions. Few have clear answers although all development of integrated skills. Inspiring the Academy will have a hard job to have can offer help to the Academy. recognise the problems. Years of messianic architectural determinism with poor results, gave built environment and enabling were two of the expressions an impact. It will need to work through professionals a bad reputation and at the same time scared them of ‘getting involved in design solutions to used to describe its purpose to be attained other organisations, building alliances Sebastian Loew social problems’. Design couldn’t make things better, therefore design didn’t matter and could be ignored altogether. And so, urban design disappeared from the agenda for many years. The battles the Urban Design Group has had to fight since its foundation have mostly been about redressing the balance. No, we don’t pretend Everyday Spaces to resolve all of society’s problems through better design. But yes, people feel safer and more comfortable in THE GALLERY, LONDON, 16 NOVEMBER 2005 places that are well designed and well managed. No, there isn’t a single solution for everywhere; but yes, if Pauline Gallacher who calls herself a and the one Gallacher is undertaking at we understand what an area is about – and that includes the specificities of its populations – we are likely to ‘facilitator’ shared her experience of present in Neiston, a village of 5,000 provide a better solution for this particular situation. helping to convert run-down everyday inhabitants outside Glasgow which So, the cause of the riots in France, and in Birmingham, is not the design of buildings or spaces, but these spaces into liveable public realm. Beyond has become a dormitory town, are the may have made matters worse. Equally nothing will be solved by demolishing the neighbourhoods, although lending a helping hand to mobilise resources generated from within, by improving their connectivity, legibility and permeability, and their management may reduce the chances of both the local population and external mobilising latent human and institutional resources she engaged in a broader capacity and raising sufficient self repetition. Lord Rogers’ Task Force is about to publish an update of its Urban Renaissance report: from pre- reflection of how such urban places came confidence to refuse the degradation of publication comments, it would appear that some of these issues will be on the agenda. to be neglected in the first place, what their everyday environment. On a different and more positive matter, UD is receiving an increasing number of interesting articles. This was needed to turn them into liveable The difference between her work issue has a record number of Viewpoints and at least two of them challenge received orthodoxies. They show the spaces for and by the local population, and urban design focusing on best Working with key local stakeholders, concerns of our members which should be shared with the wider community. Please keep sending them! and how to kick start a local sense of practice in city centres is that she the local population, and sometimes ownership and identification to ensure deliberately dealt with ordinary spaces in in difficult dialogue with the local SEBASTIAN LOEW long term survival of refurbished places. ordinary residential suburbs. Except that authority, Gallacher also involved Her approach was ‘to think big and to act Glasgow’s suburbs have little in common professional designers, planners and small’. Like Jan Gehl she went for ‘first the with those of South East market towns. architects, artists and other outsiders life, then the spaces, then the buildings’. What unites her five chosen areas are with a positive urban regeneration track Urban Design What she failed to mention but came over community based housing associations record, such as Jan Gehl in Copenhagen clearly in her talk is the enormous amount which have provided dwellings there and Enric Miralles in Barcelona. Like EDITORIAL BOARD Sherin Aminossehe, John Billingham, MATERIAL FOR PUBLICATION please send text by email of personal investment, passion and for workers who have lost their jobs them she insisted on the need for a Matthew Carmona, Tim Catchpole, Richard Cole, Peter Eley, to the editors, images to be supplied at a high-resolution patience and long calendar time needed during industrial decline. Under pressure wider strategy to prevent slippage into Karl Kropf, Liezel Kruger, Sebastian Loew, Judith Ryser, Louise (180mm width @300dpi) preferably as jpeg to achieve even modest improvements from Glasgow’s Year of Architecture expediency. But what about contextual Thomas in such areas. Most crucially, there was and Design 1999 she carried out her forces? How do efforts like Gallacher’s ADVERTISING ENQUIRIES should be directed to money available, both to invest on the tight action research and participatory revitalisation of everyday spaces resist EDITORS Sebastian Loew (this issue) and Louise Thomas Cathedral Communications Limited sites and a NESTA grant for Gallacher. planning with concrete results ready in development pressures with their [email protected] High Street, Tisbury, Wiltshire SP3 6HA Such ‘transfers’ of finite resources are 1999. Her review of the sites after five planning blight, housing demand turning [email protected] Tel 01747 871717, Fax 01747 871718 by definition depriving other, just as years vindicates Patrick Geddes’ ‘a city is suburbs into dormitory towns and BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Richard Cole Email [email protected] deserving communities. Thus, no matter more than a place in space, it is a drama gentrification of city centres driven by DESIGN Claudia Schenk and Martin Vowles the quality of the solutions, they are in time’, arguably with the frailty of civic land price formation? PRODUCTION Cathedral Communications Limited not transferable cumulatively. What is spaces compounded by globalisation and © Urban Design Group ISSN 0266-6480 PRINTING Optichrome transferable from these experiments privatisation. Judith Ryser

2 | Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 3 UDG Conference - The Multicultural City: Urban Design for Sustainable event, the Mela, and at Diwali a shop jobs for local people. The master plan was The significance of the subject was Communities unit was used to invite people in and get completed in May 2005 over a nine month regrettably reinforced shortly after the their input about aspirations. Community period and exhibitions of proposals conference by the events in the Lozells BIRMINGHAM, 13-14 OCTOBER 2005 outreach continued through roadshows occurred throughout the process with the area. It seems essential to have more need to recognise that different people received the ‘European City of the Future’ to schools and other groups, also using Belgrave Association continuing to play people from the ethnic population in have different needs; equality is not award. He referred to the history of resident questionnaires and a newsletter the major role. professional training, still too rare a treating everyone the same. We need to changing migration and the city’s aim to including business interests. The vision Final conclusions from the situation. understand the mix of people and how provide an environment of tolerance for included gateways for the area, a high conference included the need to become it is changing, engage people including the many faiths that will influence future quality environment for the existing an insider with the people with whom you John Billingham those that it is hard to reach, focus on development. Birmingham was now a housing, open space improvements, are working, not an outsider, and to work outcomes and benefits and monitor what Science City compared with its traditional enhancement of local transport and new with the community but not superficially. NEWS AND EVENTS is happening. Maintaining diversity is engineering base. Because of the city’s NEWS AND EVENTS good planning (and urban design), it ethnic mix he believed it was attracting lies at the heart of current government a wider mix of students; 2,500 students Urban Design Week culture and we need to devote resources from China out of a total of 65,000. 12-18 SEPTEMBER 2005 and training to those objectives. Twenty per cent of people in the legal A discussion period followed in which sector were from an ethnic background. Last year’s Urban Design Week had fewer protects us from reality. (For further Wendy Shillam and Jas Bains gave short Herman Meijer from the Netherlands events overall, but there were activities reference see John Prescott’s regular reactions to the morning’s papers. Wendy’s Green Left Party spoke about multicultural around the whole of the UK. This remains statements.) The Bookfest evening We need to engage reaction against ‘Planning for Real’ as a issues in Rotterdam where 46 per cent of an important way to bring the subject to also included a debate between Sherin community involvement was intended the 600,000 population were from a non- the professions and enable topical issues Aminossehe, Nick Shattock and Julian communities properly and to to provoke, which it did, although it was Dutch background, and 170 nationalities to be addressed. Tollast from Quintain Developments provide more opportunities acknowledged that those involved in were represented. The most interesting about the role of the developer in participation used that technique only project he showed was the redesign of URBAN BOOKFEST promoting good urban design. for the ethnic population to as a small part of the overall process. Jas Zuider Park which had fallen into disuse. In London the UDG hosted a Bookfest Bains maintained that what communities It was decided to upgrade it to get better to highlight new publications and PEOPLE MAKE PLACES train as professionals were becoming was what was important: use and the participation process involved enable publishers to both support the A further book, People make Places was for example that house size requirements inputs from all the different social users event and showcase their current books. launched during the week, a Demos Philip Singleton, Design Advisor to for Bangladeshi families was now and ethnic interests. The result was more David Pinder’s book Visions of the city: publication funded to examine what Birmingham City Council, gave the first reducing, that the extended family was a informal sports provision, a beach area utopianism, power and politics in 20th makes successful public spaces. Three paper providing some of the background declining feature and women’s influence for those cultures able to accept it, quiet century urbanism was debated between cities were studied, Cardiff, Preston and to multicultural issues. The city’s in the community was growing. The new places, adventurous spaces, event areas the author and Ken Worpole. The Swindon, and one conclusion was that population is stable due to growth in the Statements of Community Involvement and thematic gardens all based around a discussion raised issues about ‘the good micro spaces such as car boot sales, non-white population. At present 35 per will provide the opportunity for better large water area. His conclusions were city’, the ways in which the city is used, allotments, supermarket cafes and art cent of the total is other than white and community participation. that you needed a sustainable structure and whether self involvement - people centres provided the best inspirations by 2011 the white section is expected The afternoon workshops consisted and continuous monitoring of the use creating their own environment - was for future forms of public space. This Regeneration Network and was held at to reduce by 60,000 with the ethnic of site visits to four areas of different of the area. one of the answers, keeping a sense of view was, not surprisingly, challenged by Taylor Young’s offices. Colin Haylock of section growing by the same amount. ethnic mix (Chinatown, the Irish Quarter, Judy Ling Wong of The Black openness in projects. other quoted examples which included the RTPI Urban Design Steering Group The council’s Highbury Initiatives have Ladypool Road and Soho Road) followed Environment Network spoke about Ethnic Nick Corbett, author of Revival in Malmo Bo01 and art installations chaired the event and the speakers focused discussion on the future of the by a plenary session to reflect on some Participation, black because they are at the Square summarised the major points triggered by people moving through included Richard Cass of Cass Associates, city, firstly concerning the concrete collar of the issues that were raised. Did the the front line, although others such as of his book: squares are a reflection of the space, but nobody could challenge Heather Emery of the NWDA and Stephen around the city centre and how that introduction of ethnic gateways help the travellers feel similarly excluded. These the nation’s values about public space; the benefits of involving the users to a Cliff of property development company might be overcome. The third Initiatives sense of identity noting that in some minorities’ future development depends recent examples in Kensington High greater effect in design decisions. Ask. The conclusion from the discussion meeting involved greater awareness areas they had been rejected? How do on how they see themselves as well Street, Trafalgar Square and Birmingham was that quality design is essential of multicultural aspects and how you define a community and what form as how others see them. She offered a demonstrated new approaches. Ideas OTHER EVENTS to successful regeneration since it: improvements could be spread to areas of involvement provided a continuing number of examples where people were such as street audits (placecheck), street The Dyer Group hosted an event in creates places with a mix of uses surrounding the city centre. beneficial contribution? What impact able to express themselves within the manuals and involvement of people such London on mixed use waterfront that are sustainable, well connected, Sunand Prasad’s presentation on did gentrification have on an area and wider community such as the Sikhs in as Bill Bryson in supporting initiatives developments and presented case studies inclusive, accessible, safe and secure; Design Aspects referred to projects, was it always to the disadvantage of Nottingham, asylum seekers in Stirling indicated the way forward. in Poole, Valencia and Gloucester. In differentiates places and raises their including housing association work that existing residents? In one case, residents or Al Hilel in Manchester who adapted a The CPRE had just produced a report Poole the key was to provide a mixture prestige, in turn enhancing confidence he has done for various ethnic groups appeared to have been consulted more on building and laid out an adjoining space Thames Gateway, from rhetoric to reality of uses, residential, hotel and offices to and opening up new investment in London. Although there might be the colour of the street furniture than on to reflect their culture. Judy wants to which Nigel Kersey described. Somewhat complement an Asda store, as well as opportunities; and it boosts civic pride specific cultural requirements he felt it overall objectives, and separate council encourage a new vision from the next different from the body’s normal output, providing an edge of town gateway and and enhances civic image. was important to transcend the cultural departments had not created joined-up generation of urban designers, to create this seems to be a positive document good connections to the town centre. This summary reflects the important differences and create something flexible thinking. This latter approach required inclusive urban design projects. identifying many of the critical issues In Valencia the opportunity arose to contribution that urban design can make in use. His conclusions were that we the economy to become an essential part The final paper was a case study of facing proper development of the area, redevelop the underused Inner Harbour, to people’s lives. Together with CABE’s needed to engage communities properly of an urban design approach. the Belgrave Heartlands area in Leicester including master planning, flooding, convert the characterful waterfront continued involvement in advancing and also to provide more opportunities Engaging the communities on the presented by Deborah Rose and Marie transport investment, urban design and buildings to new uses and create a new urban design objectives, Urban Design for the ethnic population to train as right issues at the right time was one Burns. The area is centred on the Golden quality of life. channel out to sea. Week remains a significant focus for professionals. conclusion which became clearer in the Mile and contains about 25,000 people of Rob Cowan and Adrian Forty A seminar in Liverpool on people throughout the country to engage Marilyn Higgins who had been final paper on the second day of the which 66 per cent are Asian. The Belgrave compared notes from their publications, regeneration discussed the importance in that activity. involved in the ODPM’s Good Practice conference. Mike Whitby, Cabinet Leader Association was awarded SRB funding to the Dictionary of Urbanism and Words and of urban design and the ways in which Guide on Diversity & Equality in Planning for Birmingham City Council, opened the develop a master plan for the long term. buildings respectively. They examined it can lead the process of developing John Billingham described the key aspects of this work. Saturday session and provided a global In order to obtain the community’s views whether the dictionary frees us from the sustainable communities. It was also If planning is to be a central activity, we description of the city which had just a marquee was used at the major cultural tyranny of jargon and whether language part of the RTPI Urban Design and

create a distinct sense of place. barriers to delivering better quality Through STREET, the young urban

PAGE One of the most striking findings housing layouts. The forthcoming Manual designers network, the UDG has was the polarised pattern of success for Streets holds the prospect of a major organised a number of Market Place and failure in which the best performing breakthrough in integrated highway events, aimed at bringing together schemes scored consistently well against and urban design. We also feel that practices and public sector recruiters almost all of the audit criteria, while pre-planning design workshops between with urban design graduates and the weakest schemes scored poorly planning and highways authorities, and potential job changers. across the board. This suggests that, developers and their design team, are The two most recent Market Places while developers and local authorities highly beneficial and to be encouraged. were held on 21 July in London and understand well what constitutes good 3. Creating high quality public areas 14 October in Birmingham (the latter design and are able to deliver well- Public realm is often a very low priority as an integral part of the UDG Annual designed schemes, there are too many for many residential developers, their Conference). At each the format was very occasions where design quality does not designers and local authorities, but its similar. The event is billed as an informal

Good score St Peter’s Recent research by CABE reveals how seem to have been a priority for either design and delivery needs to be taken opportunity for interested parties to make YOUNG URBAN DESIGNERS Quarter, York (Mark far we still have to go to make good the developer or the local authority. seriously by all parties. Local authorities contact over drinks and nibbles, rather Ellis, ICD Photography Ltd) urban design the norm in new housing Importantly, low expectations for should be more willing to agree up than the sort of more structured event schemes. Building an evidence base on design appear to be much more evident front to delivering maintenance of the that some of us may be familiar with at the ‘state of the nation’ in terms of new in schemes located in less affluent public realm in new developments to larger milk-round events in other sectors. housing, CABE has now conducted an neighbourhoods. ensure that, where necessary, roads At both events half a dozen practices audit of schemes completed by volume The audit identifies three areas of are adopted and public spaces are of or organisations laid out and manned housebuilders over the past three years particular weakness, where more than high quality. They should also demand stands representing their firm and their for six of the nine English regions. The half of audited schemes recorded a from developers clear proposals for the recent projects. Only one practice, Turley second volume of this Housing Audit, poor score: treatment of the public realm as part Associates, was present at both, so for covering the North East, North West 1. Legibility Most schemes were flawed of the planning application and hold keen attendees of both events there was and Yorkshire and Humber regions, because the arrangement of buildings, developers accountable for the full a particularly wide range of potential was published in November 2005, spaces and routes and the lack of delivery of landscape proposals. recruiters and little overlap. major urban design projects underway to expand its urban design capability together with the results of a post- landmark features made it difficult for 4. Skills and capacity Design teams In London, representatives were in the Midlands. Most practices were very significantly in the next year or occupancy survey of audited schemes. residents and visitors to find their way employed by volume housebuilders need from Turley Associates, Alan Baxter & staffing such projects from offices based so. Unlike some of the large practices, For many of us, the findings confirm around easily. the skills to apply a successful standard Associates, Gillespies, Beyond Green, locally and were looking to add staff Graham believed Scott Wilson still had our worst fears about the quality of 2. Roads and parking Obtrusive areas of product effectively to the individual Urban Design London, the London in those offices. There was seen to be the ‘small is beautiful’ advantage. housing being delivered. However, car parking dominated the majority of context of each site. The industry needs Borough of Harrow and the London considerable growth potential for future Last but one speaker was Jonathan there is some evidence of progress, with schemes, with a negative impact on the to increase the level of urban design Borough of Ealing. In Birmingham we work among all speakers, particularly Reynolds of RPS, a multidisciplinary housebuilders now willing in most cases public realm. skills and training provided within each had Lovejoy, Atkins, Multicultural Urban as the region contains large areas practice with a nationwide spread of to at least take on the challenge of the 3. Sense of place Very few schemes company and reinforce the leadership Design, Scott Wilson, RPS, and Turley of brownfield land which have been offices and many local opportunities to Government’s sustainable communities succeeded in creating a distinct and and vision offered to their teams by Associates. earmarked for regeneration. do interesting work. RPS particularly agenda. Importantly, lessons and memorable place and it was often appointing a champion at board level In each event after an introduction First up to the pitch was Andy valued team players who can work with recommendations have emerged from the difficult to tell one scheme from another. with specific responsibility for delivering by UDG director Rob Cowan and some Williams of Lovejoy’s Birmingham people with different backgrounds. audit that are relevant to all of us, not Through the audit, we sought to design quality. initial socialising, a representative of practice. Andy stressed the involvement Chris Odgers finished the session on just housebuilders. identify the broader systemic barriers to CABE conducted this audit in the each firm was given a five-minute slot of Lovejoy in some of the key Midlands behalf of Turley Associates. Turley has The criteria for the audit were based on the delivery of better quality housing. context of a planning policy framework to sell their firm to the audience. What regeneration projects. a unique ownership structure where all the Building for Life Standard, providing While housebuilders are ultimately that places design at the forefront of came across more than anything was Next up, Nigel Wakefield of Atkins employees own shares in the company. a system of rating schemes in four key responsible for the quality of what the Government’s vision of creating the genuine enthusiasm of presenters drew particular attention to Atkins’ global This, he believed, gave the firm a strong areas, based predominantly on the they build, the development process sustainable communities. This agenda not only for urban design as a career, presence, especially in new growth areas and positive team culture. He noted following urban design principles rather involves many other participants who is particularly relevant to the north of but also for the more immediate such as China and the Middle East. The that Turley was undertaking many of its than judgements about architecture: influence the design of new housing. England, where the aim is to create opportunities for new recruits to work scale of development in China allowed projects as the lead consultant and then • character We recommend action in the following an ‘area of exceptional opportunity in the sector. Almost all firms felt that Atkins’ urban designers to take part in sub-contracting or helping a client select • roads, parking and pedestrianisation areas: combining a world class economy with there were strong growth signals in the projects for whole new cities. other specialist consultants. • design and construction 1. Delivering the design agenda Through a superb quality of life’. At present, current market and they were keen to Christopher Cripps of Multicultural Both the Market Places were well • environment and community. the forthcoming PPS3 (Housing) and new volume housing schemes make recruit to take advantage of them. Many Urban Design (MUD) focused on attended, particularly commendable Of the 93 schemes we assessed in elsewhere, the government needs little positive contribution to that of the presenters stressed that being how relevant his practice was to the in London given it was the day of the the northern audit, only three rated as to restate the importance of design vision. This audit reminds us that, while able and willing to work in a team, often conference theme (see p4). He appealed attempted second bombings. Both ‘very good’, with a further three schemes quality to give local authorities greater the framework exists to support our with people of varied backgrounds, was directly to those who had been enthused appeared to function well with plenty rated as ‘good’. Of the remainder, 24 per confidence to negotiate improvements aspirations, we have a long way to go an essential skill. They also mentioned by the conference to get more involved of informal discussions and contacts cent were ‘poor’ and the vast majority and, where appropriate, refuse planning until that challenge is met properly on that staff needed to have a good ability in real projects that his firm was doing being made by those of us keen to get a were ‘average’. These had begun to reflect permission if standards are poor. Design the ground, and urban designers have a to roll up their sleeves and get stuck across the country. MUD operates as foothold on the first rung of a career in urban design principles, but failed to go quality should be included in the crucial role to play in that. into whatever was required in a project, a confederation of individual urban urban design. much beyond the basics. There is some monitoring returns that authorities make particularly in smaller offices. designers working under the MUD good news, not least the clear evidence to the ODPM, which are updated under Cheryl McLoughlin, advisor, CABE At the Birmingham Market Place, umbrella. Brian Quinn that some fundamental design principles local development framework monitoring. a key learning point from the majority Following on, Graham Woodward MA Graduate 2005 – Urban Design University of Westminster are becoming commonplace and widely This would provide a powerful framework of the presenters was the range of spoke for Scott Wilson, which is seeking accepted, but recurrent problems include for changing practice. poorly defined streets and public spaces, 2. Innovation in highway design This illogical site layouts and the failure to remains one of the most important

Opposite page Swansea Waterfront Museum - a new meeting place on Swansea Marina Left Master plan for an urbane mixed use development on Roath Basin in Cardiff Bay. Above Infill housing in Conway - a Building for Life exemplar

THE WELSH DEVELOPMENT AGENCY schemes are in the pipeline including the new Usk Pedestrian Bridge, Urban Design in Wales The Welsh Development Agency has also developed new design a new shopping centre and mixed use scheme to connect the main John Punter outlines the renewed drive to promote urban design in Wales guidance to encourage sustainable development practices. Creating shopping street to the river side, and new housing around the old Sustainable Places, 2005 (www.wda.co.uk), also written by LDA, sets town dock. In UD 84 the post devolution developments in urban design were improvements to schemes, although it has delivered numerous minor out sustainability and design quality expectations for all the WDA’s Mention should be made of the opening of the new public buildings outlined and the challenges facing the improvement of design quality improvements. Particular problems have been encountered with private regeneration and development projects. The guiding principles of such as Wales Millennium Centre (RIBA Award Winner 2005) and the explained. It was noted that Wales was missing out on much of the sector housebuilders, who display little or no interest in more energy partnership, community engagement, vision, sustainable solutions, Welsh Assembly Government Debating Chamber in Cardiff Bay, the urban renaissance as the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) prioritised efficient homes. Despite national policy guidance and Wales’ legal targets local delivery, monitoring and review are elaborated alongside an National Waterfront Museum and Tawe Pedestrian Bridge in Swansea, health, education and social exclusion as its public spending priorities. set for sustainable development under the Government of Wales Act, the insistence upon design statements, and an adherence to a set of design and Galeri at Caernarvon (RIBA Award Winner 2005). It is hoped these Notions of design-led regeneration have received short shrift, and Building for Life: Wales research (www.dcfw.org) identifies and celebrates objectives. There is a welcome commitment to seek at least ‘very good’ exemplars will encourage further private investment in the vicinity, less funding has been available for urban design and environmental more sustainability exemplars in the affordable or socially-assisted BREEAM/EcoHome ratings on all schemes. Also being implemented is and raise its quality and coherence. improvement than in equivalent English towns and cities. In this sector. Similarly, the supermarket developers, although very sensitive to Working Differently: Guide to Integrating Sustainable Development and short article the role being played by the Design Commission for Wales energy and construction costs, show limited concern for how their stores Design into Regeneration and Development, a practice manual that CONCLUSIONS is explored alongside policy and skills development underpinned by integrate into the existing urban fabric and support existing retail. A outlines how to prepare sustainable strategies with various development As was emphasised in UD 84, the raising of urban design standards the Assembly’s ’Planning Delivering for Wales’ grant programme, and third major concern is the quality of master planning. partners, tests for the sustainability of sites, master plan preparation, in Wales requires a collaborative approach across the design and new sustainable development practices being adopted by the Welsh The commission’s design review process has led to its closer and sustainable construction methods. How this will be implemented development professions, and across and within the public and private Development Agency (WDA). involvement in the assembly’s procurement of government buildings, with the WDA about to be reorganised and absorbed into the economic sectors. Design confidence and capabilities need to be carefully The Assembly has laid a solid basis for improved design in both the as well as the development of its own training programmes. One focus development division of the Welsh Assembly Government is an open nurtured and developed through interdisciplinary, continuing comprehensive Planning Policy Wales (1999) and the Technical Advice for this training is the newly launched Model Design Guide for Wales: question. professional development programmes where practitioners are taken Note 12: Design (2002). It is now rolling out the new local development Residential Development (www.dcfw.org) developed by Landscape Design out of their comfort zones to confront the hard questions of design plan framework which offers more continuity with existing unitary Associates (LDA) for the Planning Officers Society for Wales (POSW), and MASTER PLANS aspirations and the practical means of their implementation. Urban development plans than in England. Recently launched was Building funded by the assembly. This document develops a ’thinking machine‘ The WDA has a number of other master planned projects underway design has been moved up the agenda in both government and WDA a future for Wales: A strategy for sustainable housing (WWF and Welsh for briefing, designing, or appraising developments. It works through including the nearly complete Barry Waterfront (residential with some advice, and the Design Commission for Wales has enthusiastically School of Architecture 2005), although regrettably this has much more ten objectives that embrace natural heritage, compactness, accessibility, retail) with Associated British Ports, the Roath Basin project in Cardiff promoted it through design review, design training, procurement, influence on the public than the private housing sector. However, legibility, character, continuity, public realm, diversity, adaptability and Bay (business park, R&D and residential), the vast SA1 redevelopment research and education programmes. the barriers to quality, sustainable urban design remain – narrow resource efficiency. It is hoped that all Welsh local authorities will adapt in Swansea East Dock (commercial, residential and leisure) and the Hopefully, recent advances will be cemented by two other developers’ margins, perceived low demand for better design, local and adopt this advice. A further project with POSW led by Elfed Roberts recently announced Llanelli Waterside (residential business leisure). developments. The new MA in Urban Design, taught jointly by the political fear of design demands driving investors away, and the lack of at Swansea City Council is developing a companion householder design Barry Waterfront illustrates that neither master planning nor site by Planning and Architecture Schools at Cardiff University, is graduating resources, design skills and access to professional development in the guide. site design briefing necessarily deliver high quality design unless the its first batch of 23 students this autumn. As important is the revival of planning authorities. DCFW will shortly begin work on step by step procurement guidance, most design-committed developers win the tenders, and this is the the Wales branch of the Urban Design Group, which will be chaired by intended as a practical tool for encouraging procurement processes critical issue for the quality of Roath Basin where the development Kedrick Davies of CDN Planning. DESIGN COMMISSION FOR WALES and highlighting the benefits of better design quality. The Design partner is about to be selected. A number of bodies are responding to these challenges. The Design Commission for Wales has begun to engage with the highway engineers The most ambitious of the regeneration schemes is that for Newport John Punter, Professor of Urban Design in the School of City and Regional Planning Commission for Wales has established a design review function that has and technical officers in the pursuit of a more design-led and sustainable where Wales’s only urban regeneration company, Newport Unlimited at Cardiff University, and Commissioner and Chair of the Design Commission for Wales’ Design Review Panel already commented on over 100 schemes. This has been an important approach to the matter of highway design and car parking standards. A has been formed with WAG, WDA, and the city council as partners. A fact-finding process for the commission, and a user-survey has recent DCFW conference used a number of more innovative schemes as master plan has been prepared by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and confirmed that it has been highly valued by developers and designers. exemplars, including the Coed Darcy urban village north east of Swansea, is supported by a landscape strategy for the Usk River corridor while With a few exceptions the process has not yet delivered major the only master plan to fully explore coding as a control mechanism. a public realm strategy is under development. A number of promising

8 | Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 9 VIEWPOINTS Anne Cronin looks at the city form through the lens of advertisinglensofthethrough form city the looksat CroninAnne Thinking? for Machine Advertising:a Urban to companies wishing to advertise with the promise of ‘delivering’ those they sell the spaces, movements, rhythms, and attention of passers-by price advertising sites according to the Thesenumber maps of producedpassing bypeople. the Thus,outdoor advertising agencies codify and the rhythms of flow and stasis created by traffic lights. children to and from school; commuters entering and leaving the city; complex spatio-temporal maps of these movements: parents taking people moving into, through, and out of city spaces, and they produce companies such as J C Decaux and Maiden track the movements of tap into and make visible the rhythms of the city. Outdoor advertising understanding of itself. For instance, advertising billboards and panels might be seen as one of the forms In this through way which advertisingthe city createsspeaks an to us of the contemporary city, and (part of the unseen urban ‘wallpaper’). commerce; spectacular (striking scale or shocking images) and banal agencies) and immaterial (imagistic associations, dreams); art and of billboards and free-standing panels, the infrastructure of advertising and complexities of contemporary cities: both material (the structures striking about outdoor advertising is how But it settingembodies theaside paradoxesthe familiar litany of criticisms, what is most the posters ‘bring colour into the drab monotony of the English streets’. notable and rather surprising exception of Oscar Wilde who claimed that fact, it’s hard to find those who defend urban advertising, with the of polluting the mental (and might we add ‘urban’?) environment. In The well-known anti-consumerist group Adbusters accuses advertising outdoor advertising has often been seen in a less than positive light. as a necessary evil in the political economy of the contemporary city, planned spatial aesthetics of city spaces, or perhaps grudgingly seen Viewed as an urban scourge which corrupts the sleek lines and carefully 0| 10 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 9 7

certain look and feel. in part, by excluding advertising from them in order to maintain a micro-scale of ads on bus tickets. And other places of cities are ‘made’, ranging from the huge advertising ‘wraps’ around buildings to the more mundane and less spectacular ways. They make urban scale, London or Times Square in New York – but ads also make places in ‘make’ places in the city – the obvious examples are Piccadilly Circus in of the ‘knowledge economy’) and attracting inward investment. Ads also an image of the city (as forward-looking, cultural, at the cutting edge to the cultural economy of cities. These impact on the urban by creating agencies functioning as part of the ‘creative industries’ that contribute granting advertising contracts to outdoor advertising companies, and ad involving the private ownership of space, councils receiving money from constitute the urban. Ads make up part of the urban political economy, remade, advertising must be understood as one of those elements that forms such as outdoor advertising. If cities are continually made and investment, but also about the everyday and often disregarded we must think not only about the processes of regeneration or inward Thrift 2002). But to take this way of conceptualising cities seriously flows (of finance, people, ideas, structures, images) (see Amin and 1996). Cities are seen as networked spaces or a nexus of circulatory ‘knowable’ units, cities are entities ‘in Itprocess’ has (see becomeLefebvre almost1991; a truism to claim that rather than fixed, easily ‘market town’? on market relations constitute a new inflection on the standard term such as cycles of urban regeneration and decay. Might this emphasis - create a consonance and interesting dialogue with other city rhythms of advertising displays - tied to the rhythms of product innovation elusive consumers. Taking a broader view, the changing rhythms

to advertising? So if advertising speaks to us of cities, what might we say back reflect back upon itself in unintended ways. The hyper-visibility of advertising in urban space may in this way delivered by, access to the material abundance of consumption? space? Or for a fully democratic society seemingly promised by, but not Perhaps desires for a city without advertising? Or for truly public urban but for cities in particular (and society in general) to be otherwise. of ads in public spaces might focus a desire not for consumer goods goods but around changing society. In this spirit, the super-abundance as a focus for people’s utopian longings oriented not around buying as market objects fulfilling market-defined desires and function instead images? He imagined that commodities could breach their designed role relations. But could ads function like Walter Benjamin’s (2003) wish- advertising are circumscribed within the narrow It frameworkmight seem that of the market possibilities of the city articulated by regulatory regimes etc. by text and image but by a whole infrastructure of finance, property, for thinking’. And this machine or assemblage is constituted not just possibilities machine. Indeed, we could see advertising as a ‘machine the look, and the feel of a city, then it must be seen as part of this imaginaries. If advertising is part of what makes the political economy, continually producing open-ended futures for urban spaces and urban the city. Henri Lefebvre has called the city ‘a possibilities machine’, I would like to consider advertising So as ratheran opportunity than tosimply defendingreflect on or attacking urban advertising, Dr Anne Cronin is a professor in the Sociology Department of Lancaster University

Lefebvre, H (1996) Lefebvre, H (1991) Klein, N (2000) Clarke, D B (2003) Belknap Benjamin, W (2003) Amin, A and N Thrift (2002) REFERENCES regimes, etc of finance, property, regulatory image but a whole infrastructure constituted not just by text and This machine or assemblage is Opposite page and above and page Opposite townscape Press of Harvard University Press No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies The Consumer Society and the Postmodern City Writings on Cities The Production of Space The Arcades Project Two examples of advertisements dominating the the dominating of advertisements Two examples Cities: Reimagining the Urban , Ed and trans E Kofman, E Lebas, Oxford: Blackwell Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 , Cambridge, Massachusetts and , Trans D Nicholson-Smith, Oxford: Blackwell , London: Flamingo . Cambridge: Polity , London: Routledge London: The | 11

VIEWPOINTS VIEWPOINTS Karl Kropf offers a morphological critique of an urban design sacredcowdesign urban an ofmorphological Kropfofferscritique a Karl Critique Morphological a PerimeterBlock: the Against most places (Tokyo is a notable exception) the system of addressing effective arrangement. By in large we name streets, not blocks and in basic form. The double loaded street Theis thelogic mostand efficienteconomics andof cost construction follows and reinforces the stitched together by the shortest movements in and out. land either side of the axis. The street space and land either side are establishes the axis and an established line of movement opens up the movement there is a line of centrality - you are at the centre. Movement the street as the module. At Thea primitivelogic level,of movementonce there and is accessa lineis theof most obvious reason to take either side to which the street gives access (the ‘double loaded’ street). the street space or public highway. I mean the street space and the land points to the street as a basic module. And by street I do not mean just side as the peripheries. In any number of ways the logic of urban form street, take the street space as a centre line and the frontage either if one were standing inside in it, on the street. Put yourself in the FORM URBAN OF An alternative is to think about urban form not as MODULE a flat image but as THE IS STREET THE are not simple but fundamentally equivocal. clear when you examine blocks in context and in detail is that they Detailed understanding is traded for rhetorical strength. What becomes are gained at the expense of enormous Figure-grounds amountsare incrediblyof information.reductive: their power and immediacy images represent. The danger is you never get around to thinking about what the pathologies of letting yourself be massaged by purely visual stimulus. as a cultural critique of a particular period, it is in remembering the that shows we are being seduced. If there is a value in seeing this deserves and draw our attention away from These the perceptual physicaltraps giveevidence the block more coherence than it town itself whose mysteries lie waiting to be deciphered. as if the figure-ground image were a print impression taken from the ‘figure’. To these can be added the hermetic allure of the cryptogram, the eye/brain into a state of oscillation trying to decide which is the hand, the complementary and ambiguous figure-ground pattern pushes eye/brain’s tendency to close patterns into an outline. On the other headlights of a car. On the one hand, the solid block satisfies the induce a fascination, in the sense of the fascinated rabbit in the Like the psychedelic poster art of the late 60s and 70s, figure-grounds SEDUCTION PERCEPTUAL perceptual trap. Collage City without the figure-grounds. But the allure is a kind of and powerful and has an irresistible allure. Imagine Rowe and Koetter’s used in the form of a figure-ground The diagram.full effect The of combination theis simpleperimeter block cure is best achieved when ultimately crude simulacrum of urban form. danger of going too far astray, the invalid can produce a satisfying but safe and simple play-school stamp. Without much skill and without the complete evacuation of alternatives. Once purged, But as wea cureare it left is with like a a harsh emetic or laxative. It induces a ego-maniacal expressionism and general ineptitude. extremes of Modernist urbanism, mindless cul de sac sprawl, arbitrary It is held up as a defence against a range of ailments: the destructive past 30 years and has now been institutionalised in official guidance. design wisdom. It has formed the core of urban design thinking for the The perimeter block is one of the defining orthodoxies of current urban 2| 12 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 9 7

contrast, you start looking inside blocks at plot and buildings patterns, If you simply outline blocks you learn very little about a town. If, in understanding the structure of places, But wherethe blockdo is youblunt goat best. from there? As an analytical tool for and size of blocks. Big blocks, small blocks, regular and irregular. diagnostic value. You can distinguish areas of town by the shape town or the finer detail of plot patterns and buildings. Blocks do have a figure-ground and try to make sense of the larger scale structure of a obvious when you try to go beyond The theinadequacy satisfying simplicity ofof thethe block as a primary form becomes glaringly also dereliction. Towns are abandoned and decay street by street. changes such as garage extensions, conversions or paint colours but others along the same street. Examples include not just positive effect’ where the change or alteration of Similarly onebut lessproperty wellis copied knownby is the phenomenon of the ‘street impact than what happens across the street. Savile Row. Fundamentally, what happens around the corner has far less blocks: Wall Street, Rue St Denis, Rodeo Drive, Las Ramblas, Via Veneto, a perimeter block but along a street, often encompassing a number of The well known and documented clustering of uses occurs not within settlements the street is the unit of use, activity and transformation. properties is based on the street not the block. Even in gridded happen. past it. The block remains a mute presence around which things the block whichever way you want and the streets slide indifferently detail and no clear orientation to those larger structures. You can spin it has been promoted as a form in isolation with virtually no internal cannot effectively contribute to larger scale structures. The perimeter This blockis becauseis agnostic about its position within a town and of movement. movement. Both uses and building types tend to cluster along lines is reinforced by the reciprocal relationship between form, use and and visual hierarchy of main street and side streets. The hierarchy It is usually a street or combination of streets - typically a functional a single point and highly unlikely to be a block (unless it’s Telford). not go beyond a fuzzy definition of area. The centre of a town is not of urban form. The block on its own, And or it in is groupsthe ofstreets similar size,that provide does the binding larger scale structures when streets are connected and well defined by buildings. into being when streets are connected. TheThe blockperimeter is block the only resultarises of connecting streets. The block only comes severalofstreets. part a is it because but separate is blockthe because not is it variationno thereis If contribution. ownstreets,its themaking each is streets;it theby ‘caused’ not is variationfrontsYork,around itsNewFrancisco).That (Savannah, San blockthe within patternsthe gridded towns,in variation thereis in Even surroundit. differentstreetsthethat by contributed series plotof composed is blockthe cases most in showsItstreet.that the but blockthe not is form urban moduleofthe that clear it makes buildingsplotsandofpatterns exercisecommon Theoutlining of CONNECTING OF RESULT STREETS THE IS BLOCK PERIMETER THE To do so is essentially to outline the full, double loaded street. to split a number of blocks along the back boundaries of plots. want to outline the area of similar plot series, in most cases you have street not the block. Continuity of pattern runs along streets. If you it soon becomes evident that the similarities of pattern attach to the

perimeter block to achieve it? Why deal with the issue indirectly with and active streets, why make the essentially perverse choice of the fundamental question. If the aim has always But been all to of create that wellis somehowdefined only supporting evidence for a more to a disorienting public realm. without reference to that kind of structure becomes arbitrary and leads structure of centres, main streets and side streets. Variation of the block variety. It dilutes or counteracts attempts to create a larger scale indistinct and disorienting streets. It undermines legibility and reduces block is not only simplistic but prone to its own problems. It can lead to tool. The potato-print version of urbanism generated by the perimeter is not and cannot on its own be a more effective, wider ranging design But it remains merely a remedy to the specific problem of ‘enclosure’. It It prevents certain things from going wrong. In that respect the perimeter block is not bad. ENOUGH NOT IS MEDICATION row right Bottom row left Bottom Below right Far Right the idea of figure-ground of figure-ground idea the Valley, Hastings Ore series, plot different streets of connecting Valley, Ore Hastings street, Koetter and Rowe Figure-ground after after Figure-ground The block as a result a result as block The The outline of a outline The Examples of Examples Extending Extending

form. an active critical stance and risk thinking more rigorously about urban is time to get off the medication and onto solid food. It is time to take design/urbanism is to be shaken out of its institutionalised torpor, it has turned to a dull stereotype, a weight that holds us back. If urban block has served its purpose. What was Asonce shorthandan effective forrhetorical connected tooland well defined streets, the perimeter the street? issue head on and conceive of the problem and the solution in terms of a form divorced from the thing you are trying to fix? Why not face the University of Birmingham Karl Kropf, Roger Evans Associates and Urban Morphology Research Group, Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 13

VIEWPOINTS by householders. providing for personalisation of dwellings are also a way of Private, planted areas in front

VIEWPOINTS legibility within urban areas. differentiation of public spaces and thus contribute towards better by householders. Variety of planting and hard landscaping can aid the in front of dwellings are also a way of providing for personalisation softening and decorating of the public realm. Private, planted areas and particular, contribution of front gardens is aesthetic, the of biodiversity and the improvement Another,of microclimate. andThe oneadditional, they share with back gardens, is the promotion accept less than six feet.1 no space between the house and the street and only 20 per cent would realm of the street. Only one per cent of buyers said they would accept that they were seen as a buffer between private space and the public very popular with the public. Research commissioned by CABE found What then are the arguments in favour? One is that they are apparently FAVOUR IN CASE THE the public as beautiful. they are not to be found in historic towns and villages regarded• by of space without the provision of significant trees, there is loss of enclosure • townscape they can be used for car parking to the aesthetic detriment of • similar activities associated with back gardens as they are semi-public, they cannot be used for sitting-out or • they reduce density without strong functional reasons for doing so • schemes can be summarised as follows: The case against front gardens for developments in higher density front garden provision. medium and higher densities which commonly feature minimal, or no, now moved into mainstream planning policy and residential schemes at revised version of 1997 and other exemplars such as Poundbury. It has original Essex Design Guide of 1973. It features more explicitly in its gardens in urban residential schemes. This approach goes back to the dominated townscapes have led to the advocacy of minimal, or no, front A legitimate desire for greater containment of space and concern at car- frontfavourgardensofTony in argues Hall GardensFront for Plea A 4| 14 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 9 7

has been towards residents paving over the whole front-garden area to garaging or rear parking), but the whole trend of the past 30 years this result in a car-dominated townscape (whether or not there is also that it is deep enough to accommodate a private car. Not only would of suitably large trees, a compelling reason against such a space is Although it could allow for the containment A space of of space 4.5 bymetres the depth plantingor more, is not to be recommended. principles? schemes in excess of 30d/ha but without prejudice to other design Is there, then, a design solution that would provide for them in PRINCIPLES DESIGN refuse collection facilities. • personalisation leading to greater legibility • planting leading to improved aesthetic biodiversity and microclimate • dwellings is that it can accommodate: In summary, the argument for semi-private space in front of challenge to the aesthetics of the terraced form. external meter cupboards on the front of dwellings, another range of such facilities. It can also help with accommodation of Space in front gives flexibility for the design of the space for a wide kerbside recycling, different numbers and varieties of bins can occur. practical and aesthetic problems. With an increasing emphasis on also be seen in the picture. They are often left in the street, causing problem arises in finding somewhere to Without storesome ‘wheelie’semi-private bins,space at as thecan front in the dwelling, a residents to soften and personalise their environment. The photograph also shows the somewhat desperate attempt by the satisfactory, mainly because the strip is ill defined and unprotected. front improve the situation somewhat but the result is still less than landscaping. The recessed porches and a semi-private strip at the refuse disposal facilities, no soft landscaping and little variety in hard townscape resulting from no scope for personalisation, no space for townscape can result. The picture above Whereshows neitherdegradation hard ofnor soft landscaping is present, a very harsh

1 CABE (2005) the norm rather then the exception. Given the arguments in favour of such provision, surely it could become of modest front gardens, could they not become the standard approach? examples of current higher density residential As thesedesign examplesand theshow provisionno necessary conflict between the best house. This arrangement also provides for the storage of the refuse bins. within curtilage, which is accessed from the gates to the side of the scheme follows the recommendation of the Guide for vehicle storage, space and the use of hard landscaping with a planter. This particular The picture at the bottom shows the use of railings to define the front the right shows how a shallow planted strip can be used to good effect. what can be achieved while still keeping to its precepts. The picture on out according to the overall principles of the revised Essex Guide, show current design guidelines. Recent developments in Chelmsford, carried range, examples can be found of the coexistence of planted space with century terraced houses with such a space. At the narrower end of the shows an example of what is commonly done by occupants of late 19th space of this type. At the deeper A endlot ofcan be the learnedrange, by examining the what picturepeople topdo leftwith existing areas. rubbish collection and meter reading within inner-urban mixed-use 1.5-3.0 metres to accommodate bicycle storage, small gardens, seating, Indeed, the Urban Design Compendium suggests a semi-private strip of is of insufficient depth to accommodate a private car or larger vehicle. it is too small. While it provides the opportunity for personalisation, it Such a depth does not prevent A the semi-private containmentfront ofspace spaceof by1.5-3.5 metresbuildings, is moreas promising. and containment of space through planting. realm but, at the same time eliminates opportunities for personalisation accommodate cars. This not only degrades the aesthetics of the public councils of both the RTPI and TCPA. He has now retired to Brisbane. Tony Hall was Professor of Town Planning at APU, Chelmsford, and a member of the What home buyers want: attitudes and decision making among consumers

Above Middle Top page Opposite A good use of a narrow front garden front of a narrow use A good A shallow planted strip planted A shallow Railings define the space the define Railings No front garden results in a poor townscape a poor in results garden No front Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 15

VIEWPOINTS INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

Above clockwise from left Canterra Tower New condominiums on the Bow River, recent investment in downtown housing 7th Avenue SW, the route for the light rail system, a poor and uninspiring pedestrian experience Stephen Avenue Mall, a wide tree-lined boulevard punctuated with outdoor cafes and mixture of contemporary and heritage architecture: one of the few streets where sunlight can penetrate Opposite page The ‘Three Zones Concept’ devised by the City of Calgary

‘Costly and bureaucratic’ is how many Calgary politicians, business leaders and developers describe urban design

‘buildings are designed with attention only to the building envelope number of initiatives, beginning with the formation of an urban design Downtown Calgary: and the interior’. Workshop participants believed that the way to panel for a run-down district on the edge of downtown. The panel, confront this problem was through comprehensive planning policy which will critique permit applications for the area, is strictly advisory. In Pursuit of Urban Design Quality with a strong urban design ethos. Its success has yet to be evaluated as the current area redevelopment plan is being updated to assist the panel. The plan will include a James White offers an update of urban design in this Canadian city PROMOTING THE BENEFITS OF URBAN DESIGN mandatory urban code, establishing building frontage types, minimum ‘Costly and bureaucratic’ is how many Calgary politicians, business building envelopes within the plot and setting street standards Sitting high on the North American prairie, Calgary has grown from a space is severely limited. These factors leave the visitor leaders and developers describe urban design. Convincing these allowing for shared public space and a central open space. Emphasis western trading outpost to the headquarters of Canada’s prosperous oil uninspired and disoriented. This perception is augmented by the influential players of the value of urban design is critical if Calgary will be placed upon urban design principles, with the aim to create business. Predominantly suburban, it is dominated by a compact central +15 skywalk, an elevated enclosed pedestrian network. It successfully wishes to achieve its urban renaissance. Arguably, the most important an attractive and vibrant mixed-use urban neighbourhood. business district (CBD) formed of a dense cluster of skyscrapers, framed shelters pedestrians from Calgary’s harsh winter but starves street vehicle for this is the Calgary Downtown Association (CDA), a non-profit In 2004, the council resolved to extend the remit of the panel across by the distant Rocky Mountains. level of activity. organisation funded by downtown business whose vision is ‘to be the the whole downtown, making it a key instrument to drive a new urban Calgary has been a planned town from its birth and grew within the These criticisms of downtown are widely shared, but pockets of catalyst for downtown vitality’. Members consider urban design as a structure plan. This will be the first downtown-specific planning policy traditional North American gridiron. Development is controlled by a successful public realm do exist: Stephen Avenue Mall – the heart of key mechanism for achieving their vision and that they are uniquely introduced since the 1980s. Drawing inspiration from neighbouring regulatory planning system, the Land Use By Law (1980): a prescriptive downtown retail – is a vibrant pedestrianised boulevard with a strong positioned to mediate between politicians and business. In 2001 the cities and Calgary Downtown: An Evolving Future, the structure plan zoning mechanism and development permit approval system. In heritage character; Prince’s Island Park, to the north of downtown, CDA published a set of urban design guidelines inspired by the 1998 will have a number of urban design themes contrast to this type of prescription, a number of Calgary’s neighbours is a beautiful space on the Bow River. Overall though, downtown is workshops. Purely advisory, they are intended to foster creativity and The most significant aspect of the plan will be the ‘three zones – west coast cities such as Vancouver and Seattle – have seen their dominated by poor public realm devoid of a sense of place. individuality of design in the evolution of the downtown. The CDA has concept’, residential, office and mixed use. City of Calgary planners planning policy evolve, becoming much more discretionary as they done much to promote urban design in recent years but it is ostensibly see it as the method for creating true neighbourhoods. sought to reshape their cities into more sophisticated forms. Urban CALGARY DOWNTOWN: AN EVOLVING FUTURE a commercial lobby group. It advocates only an advisory design code, design has been enshrined into their planning cultures through design This perception prompted Calgary’s planning and architectural similar to its own, rather than comprehensive mandatory design policy. CONCLUSIONS guidelines and review panels. Both cities have enjoyed a major urban communities to hold a series of urban design workshops entitled Therefore, the development of urban design as a regulatory function Downtown Calgary is at an exciting juncture in its pursuit of urban renaissance. Calgary Downtown: An Evolving Future in 1998. The workshops brought could well be hindered by the CDA. design quality with a wide range of players enthusiastically involved in Today, there is a clear restlessness within Calgary’s planning and together local architects, planners and business leaders and their In 2001, urban design was given its biggest impetus with the the initiatives heralded by Alderman Farrell. When a draft of the urban architectural communities, which observe with envy the success of report was the first document produced by the city that incorporated election of Alderman Druh Farrell to one of the two downtown electoral structure plan is released in the near future the city should promote urban design in other cities. They consider stronger urban design urban design. Its aspiration was clear: to create a vital and memorable districts. Inspired by the increasingly vocal calls of Calgary’s planning the benefits of urban design, preferably with Alderman Farrell at the intervention crucial for the success of somewhere often described as ‘a downtown. Participants felt that in order to stimulate vibrancy the and architectural communities, Alderman Farrell has developed a helm. Only real evidence will convince the sceptics of urban design’s setting in search of a city’. downtown population should be increased from a few thousand people passion for urban design. Recently, her eloquent and evidence-based importance for downtown. Ten years ago Calgary had no urban design to nearer 10,000. Investing in downtown housing would not only reduce approach has succeeded in getting urban design initiatives discussed policy, but in the past few years downtown residential development A BLEAK URBAN ENVIRONMENT suburban sprawl, but increase the range of urban housing choices and and passed at council. The aldermen and the mayor are now excited by has surpassed commercial growth and an urban design vision has been On traversing downtown Calgary one is struck by the impressive opportunity for design innovation. urban design and understand its importance as a policy instrument to established. The downtown now has the opportunity to achieve a skyscrapers that define its character, but quickly realise that the CBD is How to create a memorable environment in a downtown often improve Calgary. unique sense of place and identity. a sterile and claustrophobic environment. The glass buildings stare back described as an urban desert was more complex. University of Calgary blankly, blocking sunlight and creating relentless wind tunnels; the academics Sandalack and Nicolai argue that the hands-off planning URBAN DESIGN AS PUBLIC POLICY James White is a year-out student from the Cardiff University School of City and pedestrian experience is interrupted by fast one-way traffic; and open process in Calgary has resulted in public space being neglected as Since Alderman Farrell’s election, downtown Calgary has witnessed a Regional Planning working for Robert Adam Architects Ltd.

TOPIC Henry Shaftoe asks whether it has anything to do with A conference was held in January 2005 at the be influenced and modified by physical spatial urban design University of Central England, organised by design, to produce socially desirable outcomes?

UCE’s MA Urban Design team, on the subject Many of us educated in the 1960s, which included I want to try to answer two connected questions: of The Design of Urban Space and Anti-social the reading of Jane Jacobs’ chapter on ‘The uses of Is there a link between design of urban spaces and the way Behaviour. Here are written contributions from sidewalks’ in her 1961 book v Death people behave in them? If there is a link of some type, what action should we take to promote positive behaviour and prevent some of the speakers who addressed a very and Life of Great American Cities, were brought up anti-social behaviour? diverse audience. to believe that it can. The sociable streets that she In answering the latter I shall suggest that there are two In our towns and cities there seems to be described were not specifically ‘designed’, but she opposing responses, which lead to very different consequences in terms of the appearance and nature of urban space. a paradoxical concurrence of two recent made it clear that their sociability was constructed developments. On the one hand we have a from the necessary coexistence of certain physical DETERMINISTIC APPROACH renewed interest in the shaping and design elements. From here it is but a short step to The idea that the design of the built environment can determine types of behaviour within it stems from environmental of public urban spaces, and some significant environmental determinism which is the belief psychology theory. The architect Amos Rapoport has probably achievements in that area. It is a major part that physical design can produce predictable been the most influential theorist around what he termed ‘man- environment studies’. Additionally, a number of architects, of what is sometimes referred to as the urban outcomes. This is of course an attractive idea to geographers and criminologists (notably C Ray Jefferies, renaissance. The recent record includes Richard urban designers, as it validates what we do and Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman and Ron Clarke) did some Rogers’ Urban Task Force report, the creation gives us status. But increasingly there seem to be field experimentation in manipulating various aspect of the built environment and seeing if this had any effect on levels of CABE, and later CABE Space, the design of reasons for uncertainty. of crime and anti-social behaviour. Out of this theory and splendid new urban spaces and remodelling of The theory of environmental determinism experimentation came the concepts known as, situational crime way. The prevailing social norm will be An uncomfortable and threatening place old spaces, in London, Birmingham, Newcastle has both authoritarian and liberal wings. The prevention, CPTED (crime prevention through environmental one of mutual responsibility and caring, design) and ‘designing out crime’. both for each other and the environment, and other places, accompanied by countless new authoritarian attitude can involve target The general theory is that there are certain physical situations with the result that crime and anti- books on urban spaces, competitions for urban hardening, perhaps reducing permeability to and environments that encourage anti-social behaviour or allow social behaviour will be ‘crowded out’ spaces, and awards for urban spaces. remove choices of escape routes for criminals, crime to occur. These places tend to be characterised by such by positive peer pressure of the majority things as: brutal designs, harsh environments, poorly designed and the feeling that active citizens will At the same time, we have evidence of both or designing public benches to make them open spaces and a general air of neglect and abandonment. intervene if anything starts to go awry. an increase in aberrant behaviour in public impossible to sleep on. Arguably this approach According to these theorists, we should therefore redesign and New Urbanists and the like, assume secure such places to limit criminal opportunity. that human behaviour can be moulded spaces, and a growing public concern at all levels makes life more difficult and less pleasant for all In a parallel universe, another group of people were looking by positive role modelling whereas from the government down about lawlessness, of us, not just housebreakers and winos. at how the design of the built environment could facilitate Situationalists (ie CPTED and Designing yobbishness and anti-social behaviour of all The liberal attitude may encompass a naive healthy, sociable behaviour, leading to a more pleasant quality out Crime proselytisers) assume that of life for everyone. By default these areas would be safe through human behaviour is mostly fixed. kinds in our streets and squares. Examples range belief that a ‘well-designed environment’, informal social controls. These people, who think they can create These divergent views lead to different from the riots in Bradford and last October whatever that is, will by itself discourage anti- sustainable communities, both social and physical, are the New responses to how we should design and in Birmingham, to illegal street racing, the social behaviour and bring about a more coherent Urbanists (in the USA) and the Urban Villages Forum in the UK. manage the built environment, whether Both these groups take it as given that behaviour is we go for closure and exclusion or widening use of ASBOs in some cities, and society; rather as Pugin believed that an authentic significantly shaped by the design of places and spaces. But is it? permeability and inclusion. not least the current arguments about binge gothic architecture would make people into better My answer would be yes... and no. drinking and our licensing laws. Christians. A more mature response might be one There is no doubt that most people don’t feel comfortable in WHAT IS THE RIGHT THING TO DO? places like the one illustrated above. But would spending too I’m going to hedge my bets here, partly This concurrence seems at least interesting which recognises difference, increasingly a feature much time in the former make you behave badly and turn you because I think there is some truth in if not contradictory as it raises the question of of our society, with all its inherent tensions and into a criminal? I think not. Although we are animals, we are both positions, and partly because I am fairly adaptive and resilient ones, so that our response to stimuli not convinced that design of any kind whether there is in fact any connection between frictions, and seeks to use that as the starting is rather more sophisticated and filtered than that of, say, a rat. determines human behaviour in a rigid the design of space and people’s behaviour in it. point for the design of space. This response would CPTED enthusiasts would argue that it is not so much that ‘cause and effect’ sequence. We increasingly hear the phrase safer spaces used not pretend that we have a coherent, uniform badly designed spaces turn us into criminals, but that existing We clearly need to limit easy criminals have more opportunities to offend in such places, or opportunities for crime, because some by a variety of authorities. But is there indeed society, but would make virtues of diversity and that the thuggish element in all of us has the chance to flourish people will selfishly take advantage of such a thing? Can we legitimately categorise disagreement. in areas that lack defensible space and natural surveillance. situations that present themselves, but places as safe or unsafe? Or putting the Those who would ‘design out crime’ assume that there is a if we take opportunity-reduction to an JOE HOLYOAK, ARCHITECT AND URBAN DESIGNER, AND criminal breed of person, fixed in their determination to offend extreme we will end up with brutal, question more broadly, can human behaviour READER AT BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE and that for many others, our innate tendency towards anti-social and inconvenient places, that will behaviour is only repressed by various legal and situational impoverish everyone. We need to design restraints, a rather pessimistic view of human nature. urban environments that are welcoming New Urbanists and Urban Villagers come, implicitly, if not and inclusive, but with security as a explicitly, with a different view of human nature. They assume background consideration. Most people that, given the opportunity and the right environmental cues, we appear to respond responsibly to cared- will all blossom into sociable animals who interact positively to for places that are built to a high level of support and supervise each other in a healthy and cuddly kind of quality and hospitality.

TOPIC are trying to make safer. What works in one place won’t automatically be viable in a different context. Different geographical and locational contexts mean that standardised specifications are doomed to failure. An example of this is the Secured Car Parks initiative promoted by the police. Initially, if a car park met a standard security specification, it would be awarded a certificate of approval by the police. It soon became apparent, however, that some car parks in particularly problematic areas were still susceptible to crime, whereas others, usually in the suburbs or more rural areas, just didn’t need the levels of security and surveillance recommended. We also need to bear in mind that things change over time and places need to be adaptable. We may design for one anticipated use and find that another use takes over. Or we may design a space with the best of intentions, only to find that the potential users want something else. Apparently inappropriate use of space may just indicate that suitable facilities are lacking. This is particularly the case for young people. With regard to the design and administration of built environments, I think we are heading too far in an exclusionary direction. Personally, convivial and integrated public spaces become eroded, as they Opposite page top Inappropriate use of space may indicate the lack of I like the unfettered use of public do not necessarily lead to any direct commercial profit through suitable facilities particularly for young people Opposite page bottom Closure and exclusion, one approach to design and spaces, it is a mark of civilised living. consumption. management Privatising and closing off as much Even if we have the best of inclusive intentions, I don’t believe Above Inclusion and permeability, another approach to design and management of the built environment as possible we can just design convivial spaces from a standard blueprint. Below Some good places don’t succeed either and controlling what remains with A number of public spaces have been designed and built in CCTV and harsh lighting seems to be the past few years, to considerable critical acclaim from the Different geographical and locational a symptomatic response to a society design professions (see examples in Billingham and Cole’s Good that does not trust its own citizens. I Place Guide). Yet in some cases they still haven’t succeeded in contexts mean that standardised believe there are many things we can attracting the heterogeneous range of uses and activities that specifications are doomed to failure do, beyond the scope of physical design indicate success. (and I am thinking here of personal and This is because design factors are only some of the social development activities such as considerations (others might include location, micro-climate early childhood and parenting support, and the way the space is managed and ‘animated’) that make for good education and leisure facilities a successful space which people will use in a positive, sociable REPRESSION INTEGRATION and community development) that can way. If we get it wrong, the space will be abandoned or will just Exclusion Inclusion produce responsible citizens, rather than be a location for anti-social activity. Zero Tolerance Tolerance assuming that everyone will get up to no Driving out crime Crowding out crime good in urban spaces if we don’t repress Henry Shaftoe, Lecturer at the School of Housing and Urban Studies, University of Privatisation of public space Promotion of public space their criminal urges. the West of England (eg gated shopping centres) (eg markets, street entertainment) Gated communities and access Actual neighbourhoods and A BALANCED APPROACH Those who would ‘design out control systems urban villages But ultimately there is a policy deci- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING crime’ assume that there is a Brute security (eg solid steel Subtle security (eg hinge bolts, sion to be made about whether we want Billingham J & Cole R (2002) The Good Place Guide. Batsford, London Clarke RV (1997) Situational Crime Prevention - Successful Case Studies. Harrow shutters and grilles) solid doors and welcome light exclusive and predominantly privatised criminal breed of person and Heston, Albany, New York Formal surveillance Informal surveillance ( ‘living urban Davis M (1992) City of Quartz. Verso, London (policing, tagging and CCTV) over the shop’, residential infill, Surely in a democratic society it is Jacobs J (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House, New York citizens on the streets for all citizens to decide what kind of Newman O (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. Banning people with problems Providing facilities and services urban spaces they want, rather than Macmillan, New York Rapoport A (1977) Human Aspects of Urban Form: Towards a Man-environment (arrests, moving on young for people with problems (drop-in leaving it to the flow of market forces Approach to Urban Form and Design. Pergamon, Oxford people, curfews) centres, detached youth workers) to determine the shape and nature of Alcohol and busking bans ‘café culture and cultural our towns and cities. All the evidence animation from the USA, where the free market is at its most developed, suggests that

20 | Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 21 the police, but requires wider partnerships to be formed. The Much of the public space in the ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDER IN NOTTINGHAM Government is intent on doing this, but at the same time is proposing a greater liberalisation of licensing hours, which may

city centre at night time, TOPIC TOPIC Stephen Green searches for solutions to alcohol related problems of have a counter-productive effect. Nottingham city centre Regulation, through planning and through the liquor particularly at weekends, is licensing system, in conjunction with design, both have an important role to play. It needs to be emphasised that the present characterised by drunkenness arrangement of the city centre, with its concentration of licensed and danger premises, its large numbers of drinkers, and the consequent unacceptable violent crime statistics, was not designed by city a coalition of other interests, which can planners or by urban designers. Effectively, it was designed define criteria for a more inclusive kind by the drinks industry, which constitutes a powerful sector of of city centre. market forces, acting in its own self-interest. If we are to have a city centre which reflects the needs and culture of a wider and Stephen Green, Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire more diverse community, that dominance must be challenged by Police

The consumption of alcohol has a very economic investment and a number of urban regeneration close relationship with many kinds programmes. In the city centre, the main economic drivers are CREATING SAFER PLACES of crime, and is responsible for a great retail, financial services, and leisure and entertainment. proportion of crimes committed. Alcohol This last factor is the one that particularly concerns us here. Gary Taylor draws lessons from the success of Brindleyplace is associated with, and to some extent Driven by economic investment programmes, the city centre responsible for: has developed a high profile in recent years as an entertainment • 40 per cent of all violent crime destination venue. There has been an aggressive expansion by • 78 per cent of all assaults the various branches of the entertainment industry, in order to Disorder hotspots in • 32 per cent of violence towards exploit this profile to the full. Within the one square mile of the years 1997, 2000, 2002 domestic partners city centre, a typical weekend night sees up to 100,000 visitors • 5,000 people per year glassed to bars, restaurants, clubs and other entertainment venues. (assaulted with drinking glasses) These visitors come in a variety of social groupings, but include • 125,000 facial injuries per year. many, among them a large number of hen and stag parties, In all, there is a cost to society of £7.3 explicitly intent on consuming considerable amounts of billion per year, through the criminal alcohol, or binge drinking. justice system, which is caused by the This expansion of licensed premises has been rapid. In 1997, consumption of alcohol. the potential occupancy of licensed premises in the city centre These facts are reflected in was 61,378 people. By 2002, it had risen to 104,978 – an increase consequences for police forces such of nearly 42 per cent. This increase is reflected dramatically in as mine, in our case particularly in the number of offences involving violence recorded in the area. connection with the major concentration The maps show the increase across these five years in offences of licensed premises in the centre of the including woundings, violent disorder, common and racially city of Nottingham. They bring about aggravated assaults, assaults on a constable, and various classes a concentration of violence and public of harassment, between the hours of 10.00pm and 3.00am. disorder offences within the city centre. The bar chart, for the year 2002, shows clearly the concentration This causes an overstretching of police of these offences between those hours. resources which are allocated to the city The huge geographical concentration of, and increase in, centre, which in turn causes resources to alcohol-fuelled violence, has the unwelcome consequences for be abstracted from outlying areas of the the police force and its customers that I have already pointed Brindleyplace, a force into the city centre in order to cope out. But it also has equally unwelcome consequences for the well designed and well with drink-related problems. The result is character of public spaces in the city centre. Much of the public used space that many people in the county who need space in the city centre at night time, particularly at weekends, and deserve policing are unable to receive is characterised by drunkenness and danger. This is not an Brindleyplace in Birmingham, developed by Argent, is a mixed- it. The situation is unacceptable, and it is acceptable profile for a city which needs to make itself attractive use development of 17 acres, containing bars, restaurants, hotel, In making a successful location, getting worse. to many different kinds of citizen and visitor if it is to succeed in an aquarium, an art gallery, houses, apartments and high quality the quality of the public realm Nottingham, while having some the economic competition which modern cities must engage in. office space built around three public squares. There are also special qualities, in many ways is How are we to bring about an improvement in this situation? spaces to park 900 cars. It is busy and vibrant, and yet it is secure. is crucial characterised by the same socio-economic There seem to be five possible avenues: I want to examine how this combination of qualities is achieved. changes as most British cities. It is a city • voluntary restraint Firstly we must ask, where is the value of property created? been parked, there have been only three of around 280,000 population, serving as • enforcement In Brindleyplace we have found that it exists not merely in incidents of car crime. Two of these were the centre of a conurbation of about half • problem solving bricks and mortar, but more importantly, in streets and squares. by the same person, and he is now in jail. a million. It has two universities, with • regulation Occupiers choose successful locations first, and property second. The car park is well used and has a high 53,000 students, and contains venues • design. In making a successful location, the quality of the public realm is degree of well-lit visibility inside; people which are the focus for national sporting Voluntary restraint, by either providers or consumers of crucial; it needs to be safe, clean, and well maintained and a place can see and be seen. events. The city recorded around 70,000 alcohol, appears to be an unlikely prospect unless there is an where people want to work, live or spend their leisure time. crimes in 2004. economic advantage to be gained. Enforcement we do as well The record of Brindleyplace in this respect is exceptional. In ten SAFETY FACTORS As in other cities, Nottingham’s old as we can, with resources that are overstretched. Problem years, there has been just one incident of graffiti: a small scrawl, These are the elements that make the industrial profile has changed radically, solving, involving tackling the root causes of over-consumption which was quickly removed. In the six years that the multi-storey place safe: and it now has significant inward of alcohol and of aggressive violence, is not a matter only for car park has been open, during which over four million cars have

TOPIC that customers can eat and drink outside Rachel Eaton suggests that place making can prevent only while sitting at tables, not standing anti-social behaviour in groups. Every summer, we have to warn businesses that the lease of their external space can be terminated if its terms are not respected. The orderliness and security of Brindleyplace is achieved at a modest cost. The total annual service charge amounts to a spend of £828,000, representing a sum equivalent to 65p per square foot. This pays for in- house personnel of 28 security staff, 12 cleaning staff, 25 reception staff, and six management staff.

CONCLUSIONS In summary what are the lessons that we have learnt from the success of Brindleyplace? We think they are as follows: • both a high standard of master planning and detailed design are important to Tavistock Gardens, achieve quality London. New • it is necessary to manage the whole, not infrastructure includes low walls, steps, the parts railings footpaths and • keep it mixed benches Another successful • the presence of people • larger schemes in single ownerships space in Brindleyplace • well-designed streets and squares work best There is a huge national demand for better quality parks and are important given the significance of • the right ground floor uses • those who own or occupy property urban spaces. A recent MORI poll1 revealed that 91 per cent of littering in Wilson and Kelling’s Broken • lots of visibility should also manage the public realm the public believe that parks and public spaces improve people’s Windows theory which established that • security staff and CCTV. • the need to protect value is a powerful quality of life. People want to be able to enjoy their public spaces, such minor, seemingly insignificant quality- The net result of these is that everyone feels comfortable in motivation to maintain order. yet with many parks and streets neglected and run down, people of-life crimes were often found to be the Brindleyplace. The number of security staff is not large; at any There is a telling contrast between feel scared to use them. There is evidence to show that some precursor for more serious and violent time, there are seven officers in all, two of them watching CCTV Brindleyplace and the older arterial people are afraid of using parks and urban green spaces in crimes and the ultimate long-term decline of screens, and probably another two off shift (on holiday or on route of Broad Street, which forms one particular as they believe they are more likely to encounter a neighbourhood. routine breaks). The master plan for Brindleyplace summarised of its edges. When Brindleyplace was in anti-social behaviour in these environments. In What are we Scared of? the cultural in four very simple drawings, identified the key elements which its earlier stages of planning, in the late commentator Charles Landry describes how have since produced prosperity and security: 80s, Broad Street was a rundown place. A PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION in run-down environments ‘the sense of • streets and squares of quality design With the opening of the International There is, however, little statistical evidence that high rates of powerlessness, vulnerability and impotence • spaces well-connected to each other Convention Centre and the subsequent crime and anti-social behaviour are a particular problem in urban begins to shape self-identity. The responsible • distribution of land uses growth of Brindleyplace, the economy of green spaces. The Local Environmental Survey of England 2003/4 individual as potential maker, shaper and • pedestrian movement made clear and encouraged. Broad Street also prospered, and it became shows environmental crime indicators such as fly-tipping, fly- creator of the environment becomes a The well-designed squares are fundamental to creating value. a vibrant nightlife location, which was at posting and graffiti in public open space to be no worse than passive individual always on the receiving On Central Square, we were able to realise office rents of £20 per its best in 98/99. in the rest of the public realm. The Royal Parks Constabulary end. He or she negotiates the world as square foot when the prevailing rate in the best offices in the But since then, while remaining very crime statistics show a falling rate of reported crime annually a dangerous jungle with risks lurking immediate vicinity was £15. popular and busy, it has declined in from 2000/1 to 2002/3. Furthermore, in the quarterly update to in the undergrowth beyond the control We have come to believe in what we call the restaurant test. quality, and become a byword for binge June 2004, The British Crime Survey states statistically significant of humanity.’ We find that restaurants succeed only in environments where drinking and disorder. The restaurants falls in fear of crime across all of the seven individual anti- Poor standards of maintenance are highly people feel comfortable visiting at all times. If restaurants are have disappeared, to be replaced by more social behaviour measures compared to the previous year. The visible to the public and communicate flourishing – at lunchtime and evenings, on weekdays and bars, which have grown also in size. measures include indicators which are problems that can affect a lack of care, authority and ultimately weekends, for young and old, on business and for pleasure - the There has been little control over the the wider public realm as a whole: abandoned and burnt-out cars, respect. Whether or not anti-social environment is right. changes, which appear to be motivated rubbish or litter lying around, people being drunk or rowdy in behaviour is actually witnessed in these by price and volume, not quality. We are public places and teenagers hanging around on the streets. spaces, the sense of its presence exerts such LEASEHOLDER CONTROL hoping that in the near future a business Despite the statistics, fear of crime and anti-social behaviour a negative effect on public perception that it We have found it necessary to write tight user controls into our improvement district will be agreed, is a major barrier to people using public space. The Use of Public must be taken seriously. leases so that the space can be used only as a restaurant, because which may bring about a better mix of Parks in England 2003 states that eight per cent of people did not The Government’s response to the we cannot rely on either the licensing system or the planning uses. visit parks for fear of their personal safety. CABE Space also found Urban Green Spaces Taskforce which system to maintain controls. Under the old planning use classes, that the thing the public most dislikes about parks and public called for parks and green spaces to be at a Class A3 restaurant can change to become, not only a bar but, Gary Taylor, director of Argent Estates Limited space is they are not kept clean or safe. the heart of the urban renaissance agenda, as has happened on nearby Broad Street, a lap-dancing club, Further research by ENCAMS, the environmental charity picked up on the theme of ‘quality-of-life without requiring approval for change of use. We have learnt how which campaigns on issues such as graffiti, litter, fly posting and crimes’ and the significance of perception, to control uses to ensure quality. So we used a carrot to attract abandoned vehicles, demonstrates that people are less likely recognising that ‘dirty and dangerous places Raymond Blanc to open up in Brindleyplace, but we also use a big to litter in an area that is clean and tidy and more likely to do encourage graffiti, vandalism and anti-social stick to ensure that the premises remain in use as a restaurant. so in an area that is already dirty and run down. Such findings behaviour’.

TOPIC management and maintenance of public space have a vital role to play in ensuring that place making is a key component of preventing and reducing anti-social behaviour. The prevalence of anti-social behaviour in public space - whether real or perceived - need not result in the continued fortification of our urban environment.

SAFE PLACE MAKING The role of place making in curbing anti-social behaviour is not a new concept. A major objective of the Victorians’ creation of many new public parks was to create opportunities for improving public behaviour. Their design principles often included laying out serpentine paths and terraces, which Above The Tavistock Gardens community appreciates and respects its new park Opposite page The new design incorporates disparate interests in a contemporary created opportunities for people to observe one another, and for security measures. One block’s resident association put up small open landscape with clear sight lines surveillance. In addition there were strict rules of conduct for picket fences and created a community garden, they organised Investing initially in good quality All photos: Notting Hill Housing Trust the public. The Select Committee on Public Walks in 1833 stated events and gardening rotas. Residents in a similar block 500 yards planning and design and ensuring that, among other benefits, the creation of public parks would away had a seven-foot high solid fence erected, concreted the create an alternative form of recreation to the tavern and would area and put in a playing field. This latter block, which appears long term maintenance remains More recent government initiatives also reduce social tensions, since all members of society use safer, actually had higher crime levels, higher disorder, graffiti, include Cleaner, Safer, Greener parks and would therefore have the opportunity to learn from nuisance and vandalism and more people reporting fear of crime. the driver for improvement Communities which have been set in each other. Initiatives such as Operation Gate advocate a balanced place to address a range of challenges Over 100 years later, Green Places, Better Spaces further approach, encouraging the use of security measures including as an umbrella to the local authority, facing neighbourhoods today. The Home highlighted the role of good quality parks and public spaces gates, bollards, fencing and CCTV only where appropriate. the Royal Borough and Notting Hill Office Action Plan, Together Tackling Anti- in fostering ‘social inclusion, community development and However, the strong headline message and the scheme’s high Housing Group, the area’s largest social Social Behaviour, notes the impact of citizenship’ and further emphasised the central role of design in profile can bolster the belief that tough security measures are the housing landlord. Through consultation anti-social behaviour on ‘young mothers, place making stating that, ‘Many issues can be designed out by only effective response to problems of anti-social behaviour. The with the local community, the Tavistock afraid to use the park with their children removing the opportunities for vandalism... Spaces should be growing climate of fear in which decisions are made to protect Improvement Group succeeded in raising and people living in streets covered designed to reduce situations that are perceived as threatening. our urban environment helps to tip the balance; choices are not a regeneration grant of £250,000, part in rubbish and graffiti’. It puts at the Lines of sight and inter-visibility of one space with another need always based on a rational analysis of threat. of which was used to launch a design heart of its agenda the desire not just to careful consideration. Exits should be visible and long corridor ‘Decent Parks? Decent Behaviour?’ established that investing competition for local architects. reduce crime and disorder, but also to spaces with no alternative ways out should be avoided... Passive in the design and care of high quality public places is more The winning design was created by support ‘civil renewal – to strengthen surveillance from surrounding areas should be exploited in the effective in tackling anti-social behaviour than the blanket use of Robert Ian Barnes Architects and made communities, revitalise our democracy design. The ODPM’s publication, Safer Places, also offers valuable tough security measures such as closed circuit television (CCTV) good use of the limited space and also and provide opportunity and security guidance to planners, architects and developers to make street, and gated communities. increased visibility through the park for all’. homes and parks safer places. Nevertheless, carefully targeted security measures are often from the surrounding area. Signage to People’s perceptions of safety are linked closely with feelings part of successful improvement projects. In Mile End Park, and on the site was erected and new TARGET HARDENING OR PLACE MAKING? of enclosure and lines of sight for park users. Forsyth (2003) London for instance, a key success was achieving funding for lighting installed around the perimeter of Two very different and distinct concluded, ’Many people fear natural areas for safety reasons. a limited number of CCTV cameras, and Mowbray Park in the park, as a further deterrent to crime. approaches are emerging in response Parks are perceived as risky when they are more densely Sunderland is closed at night. Ultimately, local solutions are A separate, fenced, dog-free area is to the problem of anti-social behaviour vegetated, particularly when that vegetation is not obviously necessary, although the evidence shows that investing initially used for children’s play, and a fenced area in public space. Both aim to tackle maintained.’ It is worth noting that the key point here is that in good quality planning and design and ensuring long-term of lawn is dog-free. There are plenty of behaviour by changing the environment, people feel safer if a place is visibly maintained. Authors are maintenance remains the driver for improvement. dog-litter bins throughout the park. The but use very different methods. generally aware that, however vital, design has only one part to first phase of the project was completed Target hardening involves redesigning play, and Brunsdon et al in Safety, Crime, Vulnerability and Design CASE STUDY: TAVISTOCK GARDENS, LONDON in December 2001. The second phase, and/or providing facilities and equipment – a proposed agenda of study – states that design cannot ever deal Tavistock Gardens, located just off Portobello Road, in Notting involving the construction of the new which are near indestructible and with the reasons why people offend in the first place. Thus it is Hill, was once dark and overgrown and known locally as ‘Dog children’s play area, was completed in therefore less susceptible to theft, important to resist taking blanket measures to remove shrub Shit Park’. It was the scene of anti-social behaviour including 2003 at a cost of £60,000. vandalism and abuse. Adopting measures beds or prune low-lying tree branches. As one member of the drug dealing and using and with a narrow, steep, brick staircase such as CCTV, security gates and the community puts it, ‘If you choose, you can buy and sell that led into a gloomy interior as an entrance it was hardly Rachel Eaton, landscape architect, and research and removal of more vulnerable elements drugs on street corners these days. It is not necessary to hide surprising that people avoided the site and that it was no-go area. policy advisor for CABE Space of the public realm, can result in the behind a tree.’ The gardens are just a little over two hectares in size, and creation of ugly, bland and oppressive are an important green lung in an area surrounded by densely NOTE environments that can foster greater WHAT ROLE FOR TARGET HARDENING? populated low-rise apartment blocks and Victorian terraces. This article is based on the publication Decent Parks? social problems. Government funding of CCTV has increased dramatically Sixty per cent of the predominantly minority ethnic residents Decent Behaviour? which was published by CABE Space in May 2005 and which provides practical suggestions What is also needed is consideration over the past few years - £170 million was allocated for CCTV in Colville Ward (where the gardens are located) live in social for improving public spaces in ways that can help of the overall design and care of public schemes between 1999 and 2003. This accounts for more housing, and almost half of these live on or below the poverty reduce vandalism and other anti-social behaviour. The space and recent research commissioned than three-quarters of total spending on crime prevention. line. publication was informed by research commissioned by CABE Space established that a better A comprehensive review of government spending on CCTV When representatives from the Royal Borough of Kensington by CABE Space in 2004 and carried out by GreenSpace, solution to tackling anti-social behaviour revealed the overall reduction in crime was only five per cent. & Chelsea visited the site, they were shocked at the state of which involved over 20 local authorities and 75 community representatives concerned with green is to invest in place making, thereby A parallel review carried out by the Home Office that looked at neglect and they agreed that minimal maintenance and the lack spaces. improving public spaces to prevent the effectiveness of street lighting, however, found a reduction of permanent staff based on-site had contributed to its decline the onset and escalation of anti-social in crime of 20 per cent. and offered financial support for remedial community initiatives. behaviour problems. By prioritising Security without the spikes, is a resource pack created for the The All Saints Road Business Community Association the design, staffing and maintenance of Home Office’s £2.3 million scheme Operation Gate. It highlights spearheaded a campaign to get it cleaned up, forming the public space to create environments and two London tower blocks to illustrate the impact of aggressive community-led Tavistock Improvement Group. The Group acts

permeability can bring TOPIC

TOPIC Tim Stonor advocates for better evidence to support design decisions with it the risk of movements in public space, as well as underused linkages speaking with users and mapping their behaviour, Space Syntax has developed methodologies for predicting movement THE PERMEABILITY PARADOX through the web of paths and streets that One of the most important challenges make up our towns and cities. we face is that, although the role of Assisted by ever more sophisticated space and the importance of the user are methods of computer modelling, increasingly acknowledged in policy user-focused methodologies have and practice, we are time and again fundamentally influenced urban seeing that certain principles are poorly design thinking through an emphasis understood and therefore poorly applied. on connectivity and integration. The The most common error seems to be in ODPM Social Exclusion Unit (Making the dealing with the concept of permeability, Connection, February 2003) and the DfT where the creation of connections per accessibility planning agenda stress the se is perceived by many as being a kind importance of ease of movement and of panacea. In reviewing urban design accessibility to all types of activities. projects, we commonly find too many The ODPM, Home Office and CABE have connections, where once we would published guidance on the significant typically find not enough. Too much criteria that are particularly relevant permeability can bring with it the risk to safe movement in sustainable of underused linkages. Access without communities. Last year’s publication use is a formula for abuse. of Planning Policy Statement 1 went Safer Places puts it well, “Too few further than any in its emphasis on the connections can undermine vitality, need to understand ‘place’ at every scale too many – and especially too many and, in particular in its advocation of underused or poorly thought out Syntax to contribute to the tackling of this problem is to make Elephant & Castle spatial planning over traditional land use connections – can increase the better available the analytic methodologies that allow spatial proposed land use - differentiated through planning. opportunity to commit crime. The right design factors to be measured. Fortunately, progress is being spatial planning If policy is over-generalised or level and type of access resulting in places made in the publication of research findings, development of inflexible then it is inherently limiting. that are both well connected and secure design guidance and production of user-friendly and affordable Yet, the thrust of PPS 1 is towards the is achieved through careful and creative methodologies, as well as in the training of design specialists. Elephant & Castle While the planning system in this country in founded on development of ‘specific understanding’, design based upon local assessment.” transport interchange: guidelines and policy, in practice it operates through a process and this is both encouraging and exciting. Another contentious issue is the cul PRACTISING AND PREACHING pedestrian movement study of negotiation between government and people. In those Of benefit to us – concerned as we are de sac. At the very highest and most Armed with quantitative techniques, urban designers no longer negotiations it helps to have good arguments, and essential to about the relationship between policy eminent levels of design discussion we need to guess (however expert, it is still usually a guess). We can good arguments is good evidence. and practice - is the fact that the space have heard spoken ill of the cul de sac. be more objective. We can say, run the analysis; see if our ideas This article is about the process of master planning that Space syntax methodology is ‘refined’, ‘space In fact, the research shows clearly that work; change them if they don’t; refine them when they do; let a Syntax goes through in designing schemes. Integral to this is specific’ and ‘adaptable’. Importantly culs de sac can be safe. It is a question of wider range of options be tested; perhaps even show that the so- the way in which evidence is collected, tested and then used for the urban design process, the layout and design, whether these create called ‘crazy’ idea is not so crazy after all but instead something creatively in the design of places. The process for both public and techniques are most useful when used intervisibility between dwellings and that will really work. private sector clients is essentially identical because at the heart experimentally to test design proposals. street users and whether residential plots For our own part, we have been given ample opportunity in of every successful development is the understanding of users. Experiment and conjecture are as offer multiple opportunities for burglars recent years to show how space syntax theory can be creatively This is the key to sustainable development, to create a socially essential as measurement and evaluation. to gain access. applied. Although much of our work has been research- and economically successful development that will last long into One of the (urban) myths about space Safer Places provides a useful checklist: based – in a wide range of areas including residential crime, the future and places that are convenient and safe. When these syntax is that the process restricts design • Have the consequences of the number traffic modelling, hospital design evaluation and retail rental properties are not present, anti-social behaviour thrives. creativity. Twenty years of practice has and nature of all connections been distribution patterns – a growing portfolio of design projects has shown us that nothing could be further considered? allowed us to develop a method of ‘evidence-based urban design’. UNDERSTANDING THE USER from the truth. Working alone, or in • Do all routes lead to somewhere people Brindleyplace, Broadgate and Trafalgar Square are high-profile Much post-war architecture in the UK has left a poor legacy. partnership with others, we actively seek want to go? Are all routes necessary? examples of successful applications. The Millennium Bridge When design fails, the social and economic structure of a place out new forms of urban design and are • Do routes provide potential offenders wobbled because the people came to use it. is undermined – shops and businesses close and residents do not not beholden to fixed ideas about what with ready and unnoticed access to The process of evidence-based design has two key stages: want to live there. We believe the main reason that design has the city should look like. We manage potential targets? diagnosis and prognosis. The medical analogy is a good one: failed its users is that no one really understood the user in the to accommodate catholic tastes when • Are routes for different users segregated touch your patients and take their temperature, before you take first place. it comes to the outward appearance of when they could be integrated? a knife to them. We think the same principle should apply with Both Space Syntax Limited (the consulting firm) and the built forms and this is testament to the • Will pedestrians, cyclists and drivers people in urban areas: learn about them before you intervene Space Syntax Laboratory (the research and teaching group at the inherent flexibility of the theoretical and be able to understand which routes they – diagnose before you prognose. Observe people, understand Bartlett) spend a lot of time trying to understand how people use methodological concepts underpinning should use? them and then move into designing for them by sketching, space. We watch people using public spaces, understanding, for space syntax. We hope the recent, large • Is it easy to understand how to travel experimenting, and negotiating. instance, why they cross the road at a certain point; why some uptake in space syntax software usage through an area? streets are busier than others; why certain land uses thrive and among students and academic researchers ELEPHANT & CASTLE others fail; how local economies are supported by patterns of will push these boundaries even further. While sound, the advice given remains This is the process we have been going through at the Elephant human activity; why some places are safer than others. Through capable of subjective interpretation. & Castle in London. Safety and convenience has been central years of experience watching and recording people’s ordinary It seems that one clear way for Space to the development by Southwark of a master plan designed to

TOPIC Roger Evans argues for an inclusive public realm

When we talk about urban design and anti-social behaviour, there is a presumption that we are dealing with a problem. I would like to think that we are also dealing with an opportunity, and wish to make a case that the public realm belongs to all. Further, urban spaces are essential for the formation and functioning of society and need to cater for everyone, whether, as individuals, we like the behaviour of others or not. I am going to argue that all parts of our towns and cities should be liberal, tolerant and accommodate not just those with money to spend but a wider expression of human activity. While there is an undoubted problem in many town centres of dealing with anti-social behaviour, an over-reaction to that by trying to segregate and privatise poses a greater threat.

IS ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE STREET A NEW ISSUE? There is perhaps a perception that anti-social behaviour in the

Above left Elephant & Castle existing spatial integration pattern public realm is a recent issue. Certainly, over the past 25 years Above right Elephant & Castle proposed spatial integration pattern there has been a succession of measures to manage or eliminate ‘undesirables’ from our town centres. clarify their position in current and future Alongside these big moves is a series of supporting analyses Is anti-social behaviour in public places something new? The negotiations with residents, politicians and design responses. One key element of work has been in the public realm has always provided a setting for a wide range of and with the private sector that will help harmonisation of spatial integration potentials with the fine- human activity and, inevitably, this has generally included some deliver the vision. scale land use pattern, such that more footfall-dependent uses activities that have been less appealing than others. Offering an On the large-scale map of the Elephant have been purposefully located on more integrated routes, with early insight into the relationship between urban morphology & Castle you can see that, although all quieter uses placed on less integrated locations. The aim is to put and social mores, the 16th-century playwright Ben Jonson roads in south London converge on the spatial potentials and land uses in synchrony with each other. observed that “Too many lanes and back doors doth make for Elephant, they do not quite connect. We are not trying to force people to use areas which are not thieves and whores”. The 18th century saw press gangs roaming There is a large roundabout and a spatially accessible, but rather to create a multiplier effect the streets, while Hogarth recorded scenes of drunkenness network of subways that keep people between location and use, to attract even more people into outside the gin houses of the day. apart and do not make things happen already attractive locations. Urban space has always served as a ‘common ground’ in both – the ‘urban buzz’ is missing. In strategic At the level of the block, this has led to the creation of local a geographic and social sense. Lynch noted that “The traditional terms, we believe the near-miss nature of character, with land uses changing from one face of the block street served many functions beyond that of passage. It was a the strategic connections at the Elephant to the next: retail on the more accessible face, office uses on the market, a workroom and a meeting hall.” Webber noted that “The has two implications. First, there is a very flanks and perhaps residential or service uses at the quieter rear. idea of a ‘city’ is really indistinguishable from the idea of society. significant opportunity here: if we can In general, opposing street frontages have similar land uses. In If we lack consensus on an organising, conceptual structure for get the large-scale routes to connect, then this way, the emphasis is placed on the character of the place and the city, it is mainly because we lack a structure for society as a there is the potential to create a major not the architecture of the building, which then will follow. whole.” Changes in the physical urban centre for London. In other words, By combining spatial potentials with land use attraction The natural corollary of this is that development planning this is not just local development: it is a potentials and then with one further element, proximity to cannot be undertaken in isolation from the broader issue of the environment need to be planned metropolitan opportunity. Second, it will transport nodes (bus, tube, train and tram), we have created a needs of a neighbourhood and the individuals within it. This take a degree of spatial surgery to bring ‘movement economy model’ for the Elephant & Castle. This has suggests that that the central attention of urban planning will integrally with the the routes together. allowed us to forecast pedestrian flows from street segment to have to shift from land development to human development, and changing needs of the social The techniques available to us have street segment, and even across pedestrian crossings. We have that changes in the physical environment need to be planned allowed us to test route options and to been able to properly balance pedestrian considerations integrally with the changing needs of the social environment. environment focus on those that achieved the key against vehicle considerations and to engage in the kind of The increasing interest in urban design, with its focus on the spatial objectives – of creating a local creative dialogue – in this case with transport advisors JMP – that public realm, is evidence that this is happening. centre but of integrating that with the apparently fails to happen in many instances when pedestrian that we deem inappropriate have been Above Dancing in the wider context and, especially, with the evidence is not presented and, as a consequence, the spreadsheets IN SHAPING THE CITY, ARE WE SHAPING SOCIETY? generally directed to removing unwanted street, Barcelona: Try this in your local Walworth Road area to the south. We have of the transport assessment win out. Today, there is widespread recognition of the importance behaviour from where it is bad for mall! discovered, ultimately, that what unlocks The urban street need not be a battleground for consulting of urban space. Many researchers and commentators have business to where there is less impact on the Elephant is the establishment of a disciplines. Our belief is that the creative application of identified and recorded relationships between the design of commercial activity. direct connection between the Walworth space-based policy offers a new way forward. One of the most urban space and the behaviour of its users. Road to the south and the large roundabout interesting relationships may well be between urban designers The debate about ‘architectural determinism’ appears ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL BEHAVIOUR IN to the north. Once created, this extends and transport planners. But, if it is to be effective, creative unresolved but we broadly accept that the form we give our PUBLIC SPACES the Walworth Road as a high street for the practice needs to be built on careful understanding of evidence towns and cities ultimately forms us, at least for our tenure in There is nothing new in attempts to entire area. This move is complemented by and not on assumptions drawn from headlines. Otherwise, the that environment. Such research is, however, largely based on control unwanted behaviour in public the transformation of the roundabout into debate will divide between, for example, cul de sac advocates and observation techniques applied to relatively small areas. Do spaces. The Victorians renamed streets, a major civic space on the scale of Trafalgar cul de sac enemies in a simplistic way. This will serve no one, not interventions in the built environment change us or do they often replacing earthy Anglo Saxon Square. The associated removal of the least the user. simply filter out different members of society? Is there a certain names with gentrified new names in pedestrian subways is something both amount of good/bad behaviour at any one time and are we just an attempt to portray a different type symbolic and highly functional: turning Tim Stonor, managing director of Space Syntax pushing it around? Does developing part of the town into an area of activity. (For example, try looking up the great barrier of a roundabout into a where there is zero opportunity for anti-social behaviour simply medieval maps of market towns such as place for people. move the problem elsewhere? Efforts to suppress behaviour Parsons Lane, Banbury.)

TOPIC of others. Designing-in inclusivity need not be seen as just another developer ‘cost’ in securing a planning consent. There are real benefits too for developers, investors and operators. Just as the origin of historic centres is the movement structure, the starting point for any new development or urban intervention should be pedestrian movement. If that structure provides an efficient, legible and attractive public realm, then it will attract people; places that attract people also attract investment. Those three criteria for pedestrian movement need to be applied not just to any individual site but also need to serve the wider area. If we are to regard urban space as a ‘habitat’ for human activity, then clearly we should have regard for the characteristics of urban space which acknowledge man’s physical and social characteristics and permit a wide range of activities. Shopping centres have perhaps caused the greatest damage to town centres in recent years. They have been largely I have never seen a Big Issue for auditioning street entertainers. Given the exotic and often driven by a desire to filter out those less 2. Loss of public realm/retention of historic street patterns eccentric street performers who lighten our day, the idea of likely or able to spend, and channelled Most town centres have lost public streets in the pursuit of sale in a private mall auditions in a council room in front of a suited town centre the remaining shoppers between points site assembly for large projects during the past few decades. manager is Monty Python territory. which maximise the footfall across the We should not only retain existing streets but seek to repair Above Copenhagen: The 1960s brought the shopping centre, Most attempts to control behaviour are concerned with rent-paying frontages in the centre, past damage by reinstating lost streets when redevelopment No fear of the public privately policed and managed with the outlawing ‘non-conforming’ behaviour. Is this sanitisation of the typically at the expense of footfall in the opportunities arise. realm here Opposite page understandable objective of maximising public realm beneficial? wider area. However, an approach which Sodermalm, revenues. This management approach is both inclusive (compare for example 3. Filtering out users/access for all Stockholm: An inclusive public is not just concerned with keeping out A Nick Cave lyric parodies the trend: the design and management of Italian The pursuit of ‘exclusive’ developments has covertly discouraged realm anti-social behaviour; a side effect is to galleria), and forms an intelligible part or overtly barred those who are not financially beneficial to a make unwelcome, or expel, those with We’ve laid the cables and the wires of the wider town centre makes for a project. Now, all streets and other public places should encourage little money to spend - children, teenagers We’ve split the wood and stoked the fires more successful town. Ultimately, it is access for all. ‘hanging-out’, the elderly looking for We’ve lit our town so there is no place for crime to hide the success of the whole town centre, or a place to watch the world go by. The Our little church is painted white city quarter, which will have a greater 4. Mono functional/multi functional development of shopping centres has And in the safety of the night effect on determining yields than the new Large, single-use development segregates communities. Multi- largely resulted in public streets being We all go quiet as a mouse... development which seeks to select and functional uses are the way forward and this requires more than closed to make way for private malls; appropriate footfall at the expense of its token mixed-use. investors have sought to maximise That stuff is for the big cities surroundings. control the environment and this has Our town is very pretty 5. Privatisation of public realm/public realm, publicly owned often been done by replacing adopted We have a pretty little square PAST ATTITUDES/CURRENT AGENDA Privatisation of the public realm has been seen as a way of streets with internal malls. We have a woman for a mayor For the quality of the public realm to achieving improved levels of management and maintenance In the private mall or court behaviour Our policy is firm but fair... improve, bringing social and economic without public expense. The result is that public rights of way is supervised, and innocent activities We’ve got no time for that stuff here benefits to a wider area as well as are maintained only at the precarious means of a Section 106 come under suspicion. Vendors such Zero crime and no fear immediate surroundings, there are obligation and a CCTV monitor in a distant location. Public as Big Issue sellers are a regular feature We’ve bred all our kittens white perhaps five key issues. How these have realm is not a commodity and should return to public ownership of most town centres, but I have never So you can see them in the night been handled in the past is very different enabling full integration with the rest of the town. seen a Big Issue for sale in a private mall. And at night we’re on our knees to the current agenda: Try sitting around too long or taking a As quiet as a mouse. When a society stops policing itself, it has failed. If everyone in photograph and you will generally be 1. Cherry picking the public realm/ a society can’t enjoy all the public spaces within a town then it asked to leave. When this happens on ARE THINGS GETTING CREEPY IN STEPFORD? consideration of the whole town can’t police itself. In order to achieve that, we need a public realm ground that was once a public street, A common ground Planning has tended to identify ‘enclaves’ which comprises not just well designed spaces, but which is there is an acute sense of loss, and Real towns and cities are messy, not sanitised; they contain where the public realm can be enhanced, integrated into a wider morphology and which is inclusive. development in that respect at least has surprises, have room for differences, complexity and often historic or conservation areas; not been for the better. contradiction, things to dislike as well as to thrill. We are not all these enclaves are then connected by an Roger Evans, principal of Roger Evans Associates, and past chairman of the Urban ‘Learning the lessons of the shopping the same, yet we all should all be able to share the experience infrastructure spaghetti where urban Design Group mall’ was a mantra of both urban design of the same public realm; it is our common ground and, if not design responsibility is often abdicated. education and town centre management shared by all, separation can fracture neighbourhoods and the Urban design must now address the Nick Cave, courtesy of Mute Song Ltd in the 80s and 90s. In recent years, some cohesiveness of society probably lessened. morphology of the whole town, not just town centre managers have taken to Cities which have inclusive cultures do seem to have also cherry pick the photogenic bits.

Opposite plan Master plan 2004 HafenCity, model: Korol, illustration: Schiebel HCH Above left Elbphilharmonie Herzog and de Meuron Above Magellan-Terrassen, model: Korol, illustration: Schiebel HCH Left Sandtorkai 3, photo: lab3 Mediendesign Hamburg

HafenCity: Hamburg’s New Riverfront District Daniela Lucchese describes how Hamburg is expanding its city centre

Hamburg, a beautiful hanseatic city with a population of about 1.6 THE MASTER PLAN the aim to create strong connections with the inner core of the city. information centre offering guided tours and an exhibition venue million, lies on the river Elbe and is home to the sixth largest container An opportunity for redeveloping and changing the use of the area In terms of transport, the area is already integrated into the bus generating 200,000 visitors per year. harbour in the world. Unlike other port cities, its harbour is in the arose during the 1990s and was strongly supported by political network while the two proposed underground stations are still at Its beautifully designed water steps resolve the almost five metre heart of the city and its skyline, with its characteristic container ships, representatives. Job creation and additional accommodation were the planning stage. difference in level, allowing the space to constantly alter its shape docks and cranes, is an integral part of the city’s image. Nowadays, fundamental in halting the migration of citizens (and taxpayers) to Although it was the planners’ intention that the Speicherstadt according to the ebb and flow of the tide. The two basins will house a however, the working port is drifting down river and the city is the surrounding countryside, and the redevelopment of several disused would function as both the heart and the symbol of the new marina and a museum harbour for historic ships, suggesting an almost rediscovering its waterside and converting its centrally located former harbour areas, starting with the HafenCity site, offered the chance to development, it was unfortunately not included in the master plan clichéd version of the lost harbour. harbour district. This high-quality, attractive and vibrant extension of provide the urgently required space for growth within the city core. process, missing out on the opportunity to strengthen the link with Herzog & de Meuron’s proposal for a new Philarmonie, with hotel, the city centre, the HafenCity, has proved to be an urban and cultural Approximately 155 hectares of harbour area (including water and the city. Only the height and materials of the buildings adjacent to restaurants and luxury apartments, at the western tip of the HafenCity, magnet for residents and tourists alike, providing homes for 12,000 and land) will be restructured, increasing the city centre by around 40 per the Speicherstadt, and the views left between the buildings, seem will bestow the city with an unexpected and extraordinary landmark. workspace for a further 40,000. cent. New buildings, with a gross floor area of 1.8 million sq m, will to respond to the historic warehouse complex. The original plan was to dismantle the listed building from the 1960s, emerge on a 100 hectares site after a private investment of about five but public opinion led by Hamburg’s architects fought against it, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND billion Euros. A previous master plan concept provided a baseline audit THE SANDTORKAI favouring the alternative proposal by the Swiss architects. The history of this area is shaped by the city’s decision to enter and the initial step for the planning and development of the HafenCity. The use of competitions has helped to encourage high standards of a customs union with the German Empire in 1888. The city was Eight interdisciplinary consortia were chosen by the selection panel architectural quality. Indeed the first buildings completed in the initial WHAT’S NEXT FOR THE HAFENCITY? eventually granted of a free port status which had to be located in from 174 bidders worldwide to attend a co-operative competition quarter of the HafenCity, the Sandtorkai, located on the north-west At the moment the competitions for the Ueberseequartier, the a separate and uninhabited area bounded by the Zollkanal. As the process held in 1999. The first step was a design symposium partly end of the site, comprising three commercial and five mixed use (offices commercial and tourist heart of the HafenCity, as well as the storage for the new harbour had to be close to the inner core of the city, open to the public covering a range of issues connected with the site. and residential) buildings, are of extremely high quality. However, at Dallmannkai have been laid out and agreed. Hopefully the anticipated the municipality decided to demolish two adjacent neighbourhoods, This offered the design teams the chance to work separately through first glance the eight buildings, embedded in a rigid structure, lined up liveliness will not simply rely on another shopping district but also Wandrahm and Kehrwieder. Twenty thousand residents along with the initial design concepts and, to present themselves to the wider public. one next to each other, look isolated and repetitive. As the HafenCity benefit from family-friendly and more socially mixed environment with shops, warehouses and homes were forced to relocate. The result was The competition winner was the ‘hamburplan’ group together with the is not protected from flooding, all ground levels need to be raised by community facilities and attractions. Despite the strong marketing the Speicherstadt – a ‘city within a city’ situated on the northern side Rotterdam based Kees Christiansen/Astoc. Their master plan was finally three metres. Therefore the buildings on the Sandtorkai stand on a image, the goal of a vibrant living quarter is yet to be achieved. of the river Elbe. approved following numerous revisions in February 2000. wharf in which ground parking is allocated, increasing the distance However, given that the project has a 15-20 year time span, it deserves This new district, near the city hall and stock exchange in the The master plan concepts are based on a clear and structured grid from the water, This makes the urban design situation questionable, to be given the space and opportunity to develop its own flair. city’s business heart, lacked a proper mix of uses, and rather served to which, although not overly ambitious, offer a restrained, durable since pedestrians walk alongside a wall with car parking entrances Overall the project has been an undoubted success and indeed intensify the architectural, spatial and functional separation between and yet highly flexible approach. Without altering the layout of the and floodgates on the north side and along the wharf wall under the what Hamburg needed to revive itself. What practitioners in the UK Hamburg’s city centre and its harbour. Over the years the city became harbour basins, it respects and responds to the structure of the site protruding buildings on the south side. might take from the HafenCity experience is the benefit of investing accustomed to having a harbour skyline, but gradually turned its back and divides it into eight ‘quarters’, each of them intended to develop Alongside the very strong and rigid urban structure, a playful open significant effort and resource in evolving the master planning vision on the riverside. Despite this, there is no doubt that the Speicherstadt, its own distinct identity. The realisation will allow smooth and space design has been introduced by the Barcelona-based EMBT which and concepts using a workshop process. The popularity of the project represents a unique and rich architectural legacy which together with consistent development which should be relatively resistant to possible won the open space competition for the western part of the HafenCity. among Hamburg’s citizens is evidence that the ongoing consultation the harbour landscape provides a magnificent setting for the new fluctuations in the economy, as well as fickle design trends. It sets out The first square, the Magellan-Terrassen comprising some 4,700 process has clearly paid dividends. HafenCity. a diverse open space structure ranging from the 35 hectares of parks, sq m, was completed earlier this year and is located between the cruise green spaces and a network of squares, paths, water areas and more terminal and the Sandtorkai. It has already become an attraction Daniella Lucchese, urban designer than 10 kms of promenades. The strong north-south links illustrate for residents and visitors alike, capitalising upon the popular on site

34 | Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 35 CASEVIEWPOINTS STUDIES everybody’s property. It was by spending the budget selectively rather because there would clearly Neighbours nothad be to enough make to decisions do about everythinghow forto spend the money a new set of windows for free. whole street would be improved, only some would benefit from getting decided to put the money towards the windows. While the look of the other houses might not, so there would be a dilemma if the residents hedges and flower beds, etc. One house might need new windows, while building pergolas and trellises, redoing driveways, gates, planting new painting the fronts of houses, putting in new doors and windows, planting, knocking down broken old front walls, rebuilding these, context (or lack of it) and its current condition. These included tree improvements were possible depending on the original historical vision, it was the residents who did all the work. A whole range of needed more, they had to Forraise it the themselves.series, each Whilestreet Beenyhad a had seed a budget of £10,000. If they results in a good street makeover programme. of budget and time constraints to improve their streets, potentially the interrelationships of neighbours working together under pressure Combining this with the popularity of reality television, focusing on better properties down, thereby reducing the market value of all. additions or subtractions and without any clear identity, will let the conceded that a shabby, cluttered, ill-kept street with unsympathetic to them and increases our overall quality of life. Moreover, it is now the quality of the street and neighbourhood context that adds value that, while individual property makeovers are Theimportant, televisionit is andequally property industries increasingly seem to accept house, it creates a better environment for everyone.’ concentrating on the look of the entire street rather than the individual about fundamentally improving the outsides of people’s houses and by makeover genre with Streets Ahead. Sarah Beeny maintains: ‘This is Ladder, they have put an ambitious and original spin on the property by TalkbackThames. Riding on the success The ofseries is thefronted very bypopular Propertyproperty guru Sarah Beeny and produced the urban design profession to be inspired and encouraged. programmes on television. Channel 4’s Streets Ahead is good cause for inputs were actively sought in the latest offering of popular property sources. An example is how landscape and urban design skills and involved with the broader effort can come from the most unexpected a ‘whole that is more than the sum of the parts’. Opportunities to be designers can well relate to having been trained to always try to achieve ‘Nice house, shame about the street’ is a popular sentiment urban IDEA THE HugoFrieszo relates how urban design canmake good reality television Ahead Streets 6| 36 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 9 7

people had never met their neighbours, yet by the end of each project, streetscape, ‘It’s really brought us together as a community’. A lot of sparks. Nevertheless, one Nottingham resident said of her regenerated to their own, was not always perceived as equitable and did cause some Improvements and benefits of their neighbours’ properties in relation was achieved, but convincing the residents of this was never easy. than equally that the greatest benefit for the overall streetscape their entire street.’ This included lack of agreement over the vision, traumas, tears and tantrums as 30-odd amateurs attempted to renovate team spent every weekend... on the street Demetris tryingcommented, to ‘Over capture the the next four weekends, the production group of neighbours thrust together to work as a team of builders. the street budget, scheduling specialist contractors and managing a but. He had his hands full juggling the material deliveries, monitoring project was going to be straightforward. It turned out to be anything Like everyone else, managing director Ian Eggers initially thought the company Mace to provide day to day project management. - and then totally ignore’. Talkback approached project management out professional suggestions that the residents would duly listen to part turned out to be the easy bit. Sarah Demetris wouldcontinued, arrive‘To on site myand surprise,dish getting the residents to take manager Penny Anderson. of characters if we had cast actors in a soap,’ observes production out. ‘We could not have herded together a better cross-section next-door neighbours who were once good friends but had since fallen couple, a young family, a middle-aged pair, two octogenarians and the an opera singer, a builder, a university lecturer, a decorator, a gay the dream cast: a mathematics professor, With a the van pilot driver; projecta busin Walthamstow,controller, Demetris recalls finding an hour with them. interesting and diverse for the television audience to want to spend for four weekends; and, that the residents themselves should be properties; that there should be enough jobs to keep them occupied of the work; that there should be common problems affecting all the and that all residents be interested in taking part and doing the bulk The selection criteria included that there be no more than 20 houses once they had agreed, getting them to actually do all the hard work.’ finding shabby streets, convincing the people to take part and then, Series producer Peter Demetris maintains ‘The biggest problems were PROCESS THE through. a strong sense of community (and a much improved streetscape) shines

and excited at the prospect of regenerating their street with some wanted to do their own thing, but the majority was usually supportive be one or two households who would remain unconvinced and who us at the coalface of community participation. There would always developing a preferred option. The experience was invaluable and saw 12 residents/owners to gauge their With reactionsone street, beforewe committingeven to presented the short listed options to all interesting television. course, some disagreement was inevitable and indeed desirable to make of all the residents of a given street and convince them into action. Of graphical presentation which Sarah Beeny would use to get the inputs was to translate the ideas into a clear and understandable design and before presenting it to the residents for their inputs. Our final job be costed in more detail to confirm both its appeal and feasibility board. The final selected option would then be developed further and and agreed from the outset, to get It all was the imperativeteam andthat a residentsclear vision on and design could be generated and assisted bricklaying and plastering. themselves, including demolition, light carpentry, painting, planting achievable tasks and mini-projects that residents could ultimately do use minimal resources to maximum effect and include several bite-size from the previous one. The trick was to find design solutions that would regenerating the next streetscape, which also needed to be different aspirational and contemporary, as well as within budget, for generated ideas which had to be contextual, creative, innovative, sessions supported by resident profiles, site and SWOT analyses options for each street in a very short space of time. Brainstorming team were under the usual pressure Underto generatea tight a productionseries ofschedule, design Sarah and her new expanded on the next five streets. and proposals, and Allen Pyke Associates was finally selected to work entertainment sector. A few firms were shortlisted for their experience the grassroots streetscape regeneration effort driven by the television the design decision-making. These disciplines had become involved in good idea to get some landscape and Forurban designthe expertisefollowing to assist streets,in TalkbackThamesIN decided that it would be a DESIGNER URBAN AN GET TO DECISION THE and judicious splashes of colour on non-brick fronted terraces. with new front garden brick piers and funky cast-iron fencing, planting weeks was unbelievable: 13 beautifully restored Victorian properties and a whole lot more. Nevertheless, the final product after four long unforeseen changes, on-site problems and delays, personality clashes All photos courtesy of TalkbackThames and Channel 4 Channel and of TalkbackThames courtesy photos All Right Above page Opposite page Opposite The community did most of the work of the most did community The Walthamstow Street before and after and before Street Walthamstow right left Penge Street after Penge Street Bexleyheath Street after Street Bexleyheath anything but boring. series of streetscape regeneration sagas and triumphs. It promises to be sense of place and identity at the grassroots level? Tune in to the next things, all working to achieve the same final product – an enhanced flow of new opportunities, new ideas, other ways and means of doing design also not about questioning our sacred cows and going with the But then again, while we hold true to our placemaking values, is urban unconventional vehicle of our involvement Perhapsdriven oneby ofpopular television.the most interesting aspects of all this is the saw his finished house.’ speaking terms, or the 92-year-old man who cried tears of joy when he warring neighbours who after two years of conflict are finally now on years ago and now regularly socialises with the rest of the street, the the man who had become a recluse since his wife passed away seven there was always some little moment that made it all worthwhile. Like inspiring was, as Peter Demetris relates, ‘At the end of every project declaring a 10-15 per cent enhancement in property value. What was short of astounding. Property agents would have no hesitation in implementation stages but the end results were invariably nothing A typical pattern of trials and tribulations followed on site during the VALUE THE planning permission to meet production deadlines. authorities supported this grassroots regeneration effort and expedited help and their own sweat, blood and tears. Even some progressive local upon-Thames. planning, urban design and landscape architecture consultancy, based in Kingston- Hugo Frieszo is Urban Design Associate at Allen Pyke Associates, an environmental Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 37

CASEVIEWPOINTS STUDIES ADAPTING BUILDINGS AND CITIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE TRANSPORT TERMINALS & MODAL INTERCHANGES: PLANNING & DESIGN SUE ROAF, DAVID CRICHTON AND FERGUS NICOL, ARCHITECTURAL PRESS, 2005 CHRISTOPHER BLOW, ARCHITECTURAL PRESS, 2005, PB £44.99

car design, and combined heat and been achieved by passive buildings but by text defining common standards examples are merely covered by a photo power are being dragged centre stage shifted to high energy buildings in the and dimensional criteria of which the and an extremely short description. once again. 20th century, exposing other drawbacks. airport part is fullest and most useful. The lack of information about the most Roaf demonstrates the devastating Her alternative solution is to sell comfort The final section termed ‘21st Century heavily used airport in the USA and effects of global warming on building and air quality as a product rather than Trends’ argues for the reclamation of the omission of airports in Japan is BOOK REVIEWS technologies. Her archaeological work an attribute or property of the building the interchange as a social, community disappointing. BOOK REVIEWS in Iraq shows the positive effects itself, where comfortable and healthy and sustainable element in the urban The introduction emphasises how of passive heating and cooling of indoor conditions are created by good fabric. It is illustrated by two south important the ease of transfer is as a traditional mud brick houses; meanwhile building design characteristics, including east projects by Scott Brownrigg but contribution to mobility. If more people in Dubai, copies of wind towers built massing and micro-climates. results in limited conclusions where the are to be attracted to public transport in concrete are added as decorations She criticises high technology urban design lessons could have been this is a key objective for all transport to contemporary air conditioned ‘neo- missionaries, who push privatisation and highlighted to a greater extent. authorities particularly at the local level vernacular’. Throughout, she focuses market forces, which without regulation There are six examples of vertical of regional/local interchanges. on the interaction between buildings and planning would jeopardise the separation and six of contiguous The author works at Scott Brownrigg and their adaptability to their users. A environment even more. The media, ISBN 0 7506 5693X separation the first including Heathrow Ltd and is a visiting Professor at the ISBN 0750659114 thoroughly researched chapter by Nicol, designers, architects, engineers, terminals 4 and 5 and the second Hong University of Surrey where research Rudge and Kovats examines the effects educators, the building industry, This book addresses the key issue of Kong which has received many design was supported by his firm. The office’s For those who take the threat of climate of cold and heat on adaptive behaviour, quangos, building owners, occupiers, ways in which interchanges between awards. The lack of a national rail route projects and the sponsored research change seriously, Adapting Buildings outlining the limits of discomfort. There managers, and insurers all have their modes of transport can be affected, connected directly to Heathrow, addressed are given coverage in the book but and Cities for Climate Change is a must. are a number of chapters on specific role to play. She mentions the American concentrating mainly on the relationship within the text, prevents its proper the research work which is illustrated The book compounds the expertise of a climatic changes and their effects on Problem, being in denial of global to air transport. The early sections integration into the wider transport system by theoretical diagrams misses designer, an insurance practitioner and living conditions and our responses to warming, and concludes that people from include institutional statements about by comparison with cited examples such the opportunity to provide clearer a researcher into building technologies, them. She also analyses the future of all walks of life will ‘need to ‘reorder 21st century initiatives followed in the as Zurich and Schipol. The third category, recommendations for action. a background of climate change and fossil fuels, concluding that we can no normality, by rearranging the paths they main part of the book by a taxonomy air/rail/linked adjacent, seems to offer The book that uses black and how it has already affected ecological longer rely on a constant, reliable, high take, the costs they apportion, to make of different forms of interchange where the greatest flexibility for the future and white images provides a useful range building practices. ‘If only the global quality supply of energy. These chapters buildings happen, to plan carefully to 36 examples are examined: airport/ involves transit connections to subsidiary of examples and outlines key standards community had acted more firmly in the are packed with facts, well presented futureproof their own lives’. Those who rail analysed as vertically separated, terminals, an aspect which should probably particularly for airports which will be 1970s’, says Roaf, ‘when they saw the statistics and tables, easy to read read her book can gain inspiration to contiguous, adjacent or remote. This is have been given greater attention in the helpful for practitioners less familiar with challenges ahead perhaps we would not scientific explanations and details on the think again and change the way they followed by contiguous forms of rail/bus, text. this field although the book’s cost may now be facing the predicaments around Kyoto agreement, various forms of heat design the built environment. coach/car, ship and ferry terminals which Whilst the book undoubtedly put off potential purchasers. us!’ But it didn’t and we do. A generation loss, the impact of 9/11, etc. have more limited lessons to reveal. provides a wide selection of airports, the hence, ideas about alternative renewable After this contextual material, Roaf Judith Ryser The taxonomy section is followed information varies in depth and some John Billingham energy production, energy efficient and returns to building technology and emission reducing building technologies, analyses air conditioning which had SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURES; CULTURES AND NATURES IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA SIMON GUY AND STEVEN A MOORE (EDS), SPON PRESS, £29.99 MARKETING FOR ARCHITECTS AND DESIGNERS HAROLD LINTON, LAURA CLARY AND STEVEN ROST, W W NORTON, 2005, £34.00, academics from each side of the Atlantic. Theory, practice and proof - Learning The authors of the papers, which compose from buildings that teach. Yet the first The title of this book emphasises the role is also a detailed checklist of activities the chapters that form the four parts of the two are grouped under the Modelling of marketing for architects, but it could which is likely to extend anyone’s book, are drawn from the UK, the US, the design heading. To judge a paper by apply to any of the design professions understanding of the possible coverage of Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark. The its title alone is clearly unfair; closer including urban designers; the work of marketing and promotion. authority and relevance of this collection reading, however, confirms the muddled five members of the UDG is featured. All practices are involved in seems assured. Doubts begin to emerge impression. Janda and von Meier’s paper The book includes an extensive range of marketing, even if they do not call when the titles of the four parts are is anecdotal in style whereas Moore and graphics illustrating how marketing is it that, and what this book does is examined: just what do Modelling design, Engstrom’s verges on the obscure. used within various sizes of practices, to remind readers of ways in which Responding design or Competing design The papers present a wide range of mostly from the USA where the authors the activity can be both focused and mean? Part three Alternative design at viewpoints but more rigor in the selection are based. diversified to provide benefits in least seems clear. The titles of the chapters might have produced a useful voice in The introduction defines the maintaining or developing contacts themselves are also intriguing. the debate. Who is this book aimed at? marketing process and under ‘positioning’ for future work. The book is filled Closer examination reveals that this Not the practitioner because it presents lists identity, brochures, newsletters, with illustrations of work from over ISBN 020341280X is a muddled collection of papers, drawn no clear vision or challenge to existing advertising, reprints, awards, press 50 practices and if nothing else it seems, from what ever source has fallen views; not the interested layman as its releases, articles and speaking; this will act as an inspiration for using Sustainability looms high on the agenda into the editors’ hands. Exactly why academic caution fails to inspire. Could ISBN 0 393 73100 6 paraphrases the seven chapters devoted graphic communications in a new and today and any book that makes a they have chosen to divide the papers it be that it is essay fodder for students? to specific topics, the only aspect imaginative way. contribution to our knowledge about the into the parts they have selected is not This is not essential reading but the book excluded being digital communications subject is to be welcomed. Sustainable clear. The social construction of green is well laid out, the text clear and legible which has a dedicated chapter. There John Billingham Architectures would seem to offer such building codes, an offering from Moore and the black and white illustrations well knowledge, a view reinforced by the and Engstom, seems to have a closer link presented. credentials of the co-editors. Simon Guy to The politics of design in cities, than and Steven A Moore are both respected it does to Janda and von Meier’s paper Richard Cole

38 | Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 39 URBAN HOUSING FORMS was 52 and was responsible for a wide was published in 1936, the year of his developing field of city planning. But for JING MIN ZHOU, INTRODUCTION BY IAN COLQUHOUN, ARCHITECTURAL PRESS, 2005, £35.00 range of publications. In his last years early death, with two others finished by his early death he could have become an in Berlin he was increasingly involved in associates. equally leading figure. introduction by Colquhoun sets the scene in high intensity development. These writings against Hitler and eventually He was considered to be ‘one of the The book covers his life in six chapters; by establishing the context, reflecting illustrate projects that exemplify the was forced to leave Germany and found best authors and critics of his time’, wrote it desirably would have reflected more on regeneration programmes and policies sort of urbanism that the UDG promotes. his way to New York. After a short period, eloquently about Berlin’s history, and of his philosophy and contained better around the world, and the changes that Schemes such as Bo01 in Malmo, Makuhari Joseph Hudnut then Dean at Columbia according to this book, he was ‘denied and more significant illustrations, but are taking place in residential development Bay in Tokyo, housing on Rue de Meaux invited him to establish a town planning the acclaim... comparable to Le Corbusier, it whets the appetite for knowing more in the light of the rediscovery of urban and Parc de Bercy in Paris, Murray Grove studio with Henry Wright. He was able Raymond Unwin and Lewis Mumford.’ It is about his ideas on universal urbanism. BOOK REVIEWS BOOK REVIEWS design. So there is less ‘heroic’ architecture in London and the love-it-or-leave-it to express his philosophy about housing difficult for a reader of only the English here, and greater concern and emphasis on ‘Whale’ in Amsterdam are all distilled and and planning in a series of books City texts to share that view but nevertheless John Billingham NEWS AND EVENTS human scale, enclosure and community. illustrated. One criticism is that there is Planning: Housing the first of which he made important contributions to the NEWS AND EVENTS The book is usefully divided into five no design rationale and little in the way sections, each illustrating the implications of background; we therefore don’t know of different densities. Examples from how a scheme relates to its immediate FUTURE CITY around the world show the ways that neighbours (if that) or the wider JURGEN ROSEMANN, STEPHEN READ AND JOB VAN ELDIJK (EDS), ROUTLEDGE, 2005 different architects have dealt with the community. No clues of the urban design issues surrounding development intensity. constraints or opportunities are indicated. different is that it mixes the experience cities from around the world, this book Type-plans and a short description So, this book remains traditional in its of a particular urban place with a more studies the extraordinary changes that accompany lush photos of the schemes. It approach to the case studies, namely general discourse about the nature of cities have undergone, and looks at how ISBN 0750656301 is easy to be seduced by blue skies, white architecture without context. urbanism today. It does not simply cities have invented and re-invented This is the third book by Jing Min Zhou stucco, and large areas of glazing, and it is This collection of typologies based concentrate on the nature of ‘physicality’ themselves in the competitive global and Ian Colquhoun to deal with different true that much of our housing appears dull on density is useful as an aide-memoire. of place, as many other books do, but context. It tackles the causes of these forms of housing. With the majority of by comparison. Examples of the exuberance However, it falls between coffee table book discusses the many strands that need to changes, and looks at how the planning the world’s population living in cities, of the low density Urban Villas Mariagrun and reference book. More architectural be woven together to make a successful and design of cities can shape the urban the form and nature of housing can be a in Graz, Austria, or the higher density Les and urban design information and facts urban metropolis such as the factors of future. Through its accessible visual and critical element in the success or failure Glycines in Ivry, France, are juxtaposed by on the sustainability of these various employment, economy, social hierarchy writing style of beautifully photographed of urban living. We know this very well. the austerity of the Delft Blauw in Holland, interventions would have made it a really and politics. gritty, grainy urban images and Our towns are littered with examples of or the calm of Jestico and Whiles’s Camden useful addition to one’s library. Still it is The format is simple, yet effective. discourse, it links practical examples and failed estates. The importance of urban Garden. This is not to say that we should good that we are exploring house-types Split into three parts, 18 well-known theory and provides a stimulating source design and sustainability is obvious. Zhou demur from learning how to incorporate that represent the kind of development urbanists were asked to look at cities of ideas and vision for all readers. and Colquhoun’s previous book on Housing excitement and variety into high-density envisaged in the Urban Renaissance around the globe and the different ways My only real criticism is a mere and Community explored participation in housing. CZWG spearhead that aspect with that Zhou and Colquhoun refer to. Most they are changing, and discuss their quibble: the black and white diagrams, design and local management issues, as their development at Dundee Wharf in volume builders are still worlds away from ISBN 0 4152 84511 vision for the future. The book also while stylistically in keeping with the integral parts of the design process. This London’s Docklands. considering these urban models. If this features a widely exhibited collection aesthetic of the book, are not easy publication takes a step back, away from In the latter chapters –dealing book helps close that gap then it has Many books are written year after year of images by NEXT Architects comparing to decipher. Why, oh why, do graphic the arguments on sustainability to a more with densities of 50 dwellings per played a valuable role. by academics on the phenomenon of and contrasting 18 metropolitan designers and publishers insist on traditional ‘objectivisation’ of residential hectare and over - we can start to see urbanisation and competition between cities around the world. Interleaved sacrificing legibility for what they think design. That having been said, the the opportunities for design excellence Jon Rowland cities on a global scale. Some are throughout the book, are short is visual harmony? instantly forgettable, others occasionally theoretical pieces on issues relating to worth second glance, a rarer few will urban change written by leading urban Sherin Aminossehe be bought and digested, but only a theorists, offering a series of critical, WERNER HEGEMANN AND THE SEARCH FOR UNIVERSAL URBANISM couple are truly worth reading from well thought-out perspectives. CHRISTIANE CRASEMANN COLLINS, W W NORTON, 2005, £35 cover to cover. What makes Future City Featuring useful case studies of

fundamentally a biography of Hegemann, at international events and this took him which will mean more to an American initially to the USA where he was also audience than to a British one. invited to prepare planning proposals for ALSO RECEIVED Werner Hegemann was born in such places as Oakland. The First World Mannheim in 1881 and from his youth War began during his visit and he settled onwards travelled extensively, acquiring for a few years in Milwaukee where he THE ARCHITECTURE TRAVELLER S LEBLANC, WW NORTON, 2005 £16.99, ISBN 0 393 73156 1 a wide knowledge of urban situations. carried out some subdivision design He graduated as an economist, then with landscape architect Elbert Peets. A This is an updated paperback guide to architecture in the USA 1889-2004 containing over 250 buildings, studied in Paris and Philadelphia. He noteworthy result of those years was the each described on one page. It contains many developments of interest in New York, Chicago, San Francisco believed strongly in the influence of book written with Peets - The American and Los Angeles plus individual places such as Kresge College and Arcosanti, but it has a narrower focus exhibitions on policy and action and was Vitruvius: An Architects’ Handbook of than urban design. involved initially in the 1909 Boston Civic Art - influenced by Camillo Sitte, Planning exhibition, which led to his which sought to extend ideas beyond being appointed as Secretary General the City Beautiful movement; this is the OUT OF THE ORDINARY for the Planning Exhibition in Berlin in closest to an urban design approach of POLLARD THOMAS EDWARDS ARCHITECTS, BLACK DOG PUBLISHING, 2005, £19.95, ISBN 0 393 73156 1 ISBN 1 904772 34X 1910. Apart from the significance he its time. Hegemann was a restless person I was attracted to the book by the title placed on exhibitions to influence public and in 1922 he moved back to Europe; by Although this is an advertorial publication presenting the work of Pollard Thomas Edwards Architects - who wouldn’t be? - we all want to find opinion, he was similarly concerned with 1925 he was formally appointed editor at (PTEa), it is also more than that: it offers the firm’s philosophy about the city. PTEa is particularly the holy grail of urbanism. However, the importance of housing policy and a Wasmuth, the foremost German publisher. interested in the mundane against the iconic and the book shows how its schemes connect with the existing that is not easy to find in this book, regional context. He was asked to speak He stayed there until 1933 when he fabric. It is beautifully illustrated.

40 | Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 Urban Design | Winter 2006 | Issue 97 | 41 Directory of practices, corporate ARNOLD LINDEN BAKER ASSOCIATES BROADWAY MALYAN ARCHITECTS BUSINESS LOCATION SERVICES LTD CIVIC DESIGN PARTNERSHIP CONROY CROWE KELLY ARCHITECTS DEGW PLC ARCHITECTS & CONSULTANTS organisations and urban design Chartered Architect, The Crescent Centre, Temple Back, Bristol 3 Weybridge Business Park, Weybridge, Innovative Urban Design and Planning 22 Sussex Street, London SW1V 4RW 65 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Ireland 8 Crinan Street, London N1 9SQ courses subscribing to this index. 54 Upper Montagu Street, London W1H 1FP BS1 6EZ Surrey KT15 2BW 2 Riverside House, Heron Way, Newham, Tel 020 7233 7419 Tel 00 353 1 661 3990 Tel 020 7239 7777 The following pages provide a service Tel 020 7723 7772 Tel 0117 933 8950 Tel 01932 845599 Truro, Cornwall TR1 2XN Fax 020 7931 8431 Fax 00 353 1 676 5715 Fax 020 7278 3613 to potential clients when they are Fax 020 7723 7774 Fax 0117 925 7714 Fax 01932 856206 Tel 01872 222777 Contact Peter J Heath Email [email protected] Email [email protected] INDEX looking for specialist urban design Contact Arnold Linden RIBA Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Fax 01872 222700 Led since 1990 by architect and town Website www.cck.ie Website www.degw.co.uk INDEX advice, and to those considering Dip Arch Dip TP Contact Claire Mitcham Website www.broadwaymalyan.com Email [email protected] planner Peter Heath, the practice Contacts Clare Burke B Arch MSc UD MRIAI Contact Lora Nicolaou taking an urban design course. Integrated regeneration through the Urban design is an integral part of Baker Contact David Moore Website www.bls.co.uk undertakes all aspects of public realm David Wright Dip Arch (Hons) Dip Development planning and briefing. participation in the creative process of Associates’ town planning and regeneration A multi-disciplinary practice providing the Contact Russell Dodge BSc(Hons) MRTPI projects throughout the UK for public and UD MRIAI Masterplanning and urban design. Strategic Those wishing to be included in future the community and the public at large, of work. The firm provides a wide range of highest quality services in masterplanning, BLS provides a multi-disciplinary approach private sectors. Recent London projects Architecture, urban design, masterplanning, briefing and space planning. Architecture include proposals for the setting of issues should contact the streets, buildings and places. design services in urban and rural locations urban regeneration and funding. Planning, to town planning, urban regeneration, town village studies, urban frameworks. and interiors. Parliament, regeneration in Fulham and UDG, 70 Cowcross Street, including townscape and site context architecture, landscape architecture, grant funding, economic development and The practice advocates the design of mixed appraisals, urban design and regeneration pedestrianisation plans for Trafalgar and London EC1M 6EJ ARUP SCOTLAND interior design and sustainable energy property consultancy. used residential developments with a strong DENIS WILSON PARTNERSHIP Scotstoun House, South Queensferry, frameworks, area action plans, master efficient design. We also have offices Parliament Squares. 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CAP accepts London SW15 2SH Contact Kedrick Davies DipTP DipUD(Dist) masterplans and management strategies for Masterplanning, new buildings, historic sites, comprehensive and innovative design BROWNE SMITH & BAKER ARCHITECTS historic areas, regeneration, topic Tel 020 8780 1800 Tel 01372 726140 MRTPI implementation. buildings, urban renewal, feasibility guides, urban regeneration, brownfield Morton House Morton Road, studies, buildings, settings, new design, Fax 01372 740055 Urban design, planning and development. Fax 020 8780 2646 studies, exhibition design and inspiration. sites, and major urban expansions. Darlington DL1 4PT conservation solutions and expert witness Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Integration of land-use planning and urban CLARKE KLEIN & CHAUDHURI Contact Nicola Hamill (BA Hons) MAUD MLI Tel 01325 462345 commissions. Website www.devereux.co.uk THE BECKETT COMPANY design. Collaborative and community ARCHITECTS ALAN BAXTER & ASSOCIATES Multi-disciplinary practice of urban Fax 01325 381419 Contact Nic Allen Consulting Engineers, Architecture and Urban Design working to enhance the environment. 5 Dryden Street, London WC2E 9NW planners, landscape designers, transport Email [email protected] Feasibility studies and design. COOPER CROMAR Designing projects including significant 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ planners, urban designers, architects and Beauchamp Lodge, 73 Coten End, Warwick Website www.brownesmithbaker.com Tel 020 7829 8460 Newton House, 457 Sauchiehall Street, public space has generated Devereux’s Tel 020 7250 1555 CV34 4NU Fax 020 7240 5600 environmental planners, specialising in Contact D D Brown CHAPMAN TAYLOR Glasgow G2 3LG urban design work. Master planning covers Fax 020 7250 3022 Tel 01926 490220 Email [email protected] masterplans, development frameworks Urban design, master planning and digital 96 Kensington High St, London W8 4SG Tel 0141 332 2570 major health and education developments. Email [email protected] Fax 01926 490660 Contact Wendy Clarke and concepts, development briefs, visualisation services with a specialist, in Tel 020 7371 3000 Fax 0141 332 2580 Website www.alanbaxter.co.uk environmental assessment, environmental Email house team. Clients include One Northeast, Small design-led practice focusing on Fax 020 7371 1949 Email [email protected] DLA LANDSCAPE AND URBAN DESIGN Contact Alan Baxter FIStructE MICE MConsE improvements, town centre renewal, traffic [email protected] Taylor Woodrow, Lovell, and District of custom solutions for architectural, planning Website www.coopercromar.com 6 Saw Mill Yard, Round Foundry, Holbeck, Email [email protected] or urban design projects. Emphasis on An engineering and urban design practice management and contaminated land. Contacts Roger Beckett DArch, Dip TP, Dip Easington. Architecture and urban design for inner Leeds LS11 5DW Website www.chapmantaylor.com research and detailed briefings to explore with wide experience of new and existing Urban Design/Sarah Grierson BA city commercial, residential and offices. Contacts Adrian Griffiths/Paul Truman the potential for appropriate and innovative Tel 0113 297 8400 buildings and complex urban issues. AUKETT ASSOCIATES Hons, Dip LA BUILDING DESIGN PARTNERSHIP Masterplanning and feasibility studies for Chapman Taylor is an international firm of urban design proposals. Fax 0113 297 8401 Particularly concerned with the thoughtful 2 Great Eastern Wharf, Parkgate Road, Waterside regeneration and community 16 Brewhouse Yard, Clerkenwell, London business and industrial parks. architects and urban designers specialising Email [email protected] integration of buildings, infrastructure and collaboration – our partner led approach to London SW11 4NT EC1V 4LJ in mixed-use city centre regeneration Website www.dla-design.co.uk movement, and the creation of places which the creation and repair of places turns the COLIN BUCHANAN & PARTNERS Tel 020 7924 4949 Tel 020 7812 8000 projects throughout Europe. CUNNANE STRATTON REYNOLDS Contact Mark Bust, Helen Hudson are capable of simple and flexible renewal. Fax 020 7978 6720 vision into a coherent reality. Fax 020 7812 8399 Newcombe House, 45 Notting Hill Gate, 3 Molesworth Place, Dublin 2, Ireland London W11 3PB Urban design studies, 3-D modelling, Email [email protected] Email [email protected] CHARTER CONSULTANTS ARCHITECTS Tel 00 353 1 661 0419 development frameworks, site evaluation, ALLEN PYKE ASSOCIATES THE BELL CORNWELL PARTNERSHIP Tel 020 7309 7000 Contact Nicholas Sweet Website www.bdp.co.uk Architecture and Urban Design Fax 00 353 1 661 0431 site planning, landscape and visual impact Urban Design, Landscape Architecture, Oakview House, Station Road, Hook, Fax 020 7309 0906 We are a multi-disciplinary design group Contact Andrew Tindsley 2 St Stephen’s Court, 15-17 St Stephen Road, Email [email protected] assessments, landscape design, public Environmental Consultancy offering architecture, urban design, Hampshire RG27 9TP Email [email protected] BDP offers town planning, masterplanning, Bournemouth, Dorset BH2 6LA consultation, contract documentation, The Factory, 2 Acre Road, Kingston upon engineering, landscape architecture and Tel 01256 766673 urban design, landscape, regeneration and Contact Michael Wrigley MSc MRTPI MCIT cost advice and landscape management Tel 01202 554625 DAVID HUSKISSON ASSOCIATES Thames, Surrey KT2 6EF interiors. We operate through 14 European Fax 01256 768490 sustainability studies, and has teams based Planning, regeneration, urban design, strategies. Fax 01202 294007 17 Upper Grosvenor Road, Tunbridge Wells, Tel 020 8549 3434 offices and specialise in large-scale Email [email protected] in London, Manchester and Belfast. transport and traffic management and Email Kent TN1 2DU Fax 020 8547 1075 commercial, mixed-use masterplanning. Website www.bell-cornwell.co.uk market research from offices in London, DPDS CONSULTING GROUP [email protected] Edinburgh, Bristol and Manchester. Tel 01892 527828 Email [email protected] Contact Simon Avery BURNS + NICE Fax 01892 510619 Old Bank House, 5 Devizes Road, Old Town, Contact Hugo Frieszo AUSTIN-SMITH:LORD 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Contact Martin Dobbs Specialism in area based regeneration, town Specialists in urban and masterplanning centres and public realm design. Email [email protected] Swindon, Wilts SN1 4BJ Innovative, responsive, committed, Architects Designers Planners Landscape and the coordination of major development Tel 020 7253 0808 Charter is committed to the delivery of excellence in design and service and offers Contact Rupert Lovell Tel 01793 610222 competitive. Process: Strategy, framework, Architects proposals. Advisors on development plan Fax 020 7253 0909 expertise and project experience in diverse COLOUR URBAN DESIGN LIMITED Landscape consultancy offering Fax 01793 512436 masterplan, implement. Priorities: People, 5–6 Bowood Court, Calver Road, Warrington, representations, planning applications and Email [email protected] sectors including; leisure, mixed use, Milburn House, Dean Street, masterplanning, streetscape and urban Email [email protected] spaces, movement, culture. Places: Cheshire WA2 8QZ appeals. Professional witnesses at public Website www.burnsnice.com residential, commercial, retail, education, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 1LE park design, landscape design and Website www.dpds.co.uk regenerate, infill, extend, create. Tel 01925 654441 inquiries. Contacts Marie Burns BA (Hons) MAUD health and government facilities. Tel 0191 242 4224 implementation, estate restoration, Contact Les Durrant Fax 01925 414814 DipLA MLI MIHT FRSA or environmental impact assessments and Town planning, environmental assessments, Based in four national offices, Bedford, Fax 0191 242 2442 ANDREW MARTIN ASSOCIATES Email [email protected] BISCOE & STANTON ARCHITECTS Stephen Nice BA (Hons) MAUD expert witness. Quality assured practice. architecture, landscape architecture and Bournemouth, London and Ipswich, Email [email protected] Croxton’s Mill, Little Waltham, Chelmsford, Contact Andy Smith Studio 2 10 Bowling Green Lane, London Dip LD MLI MIHT Charter employs over 100 committed and urban design: innovative solutions in Essex CM3 3PJ Also at London, Cardiff and Glasgow EC1R 0BQ Urban design, landscape architecture, enthusiastic staff. Website www.colour-udl.com DAVID LOCK ASSOCIATES LTD masterplanning, design guidance and Tel 01245 361611 Multi-disciplinary national practice with Tel 020 7490 7919 environmental and transport planning. Contact Peter Owens 50 North Thirteenth Street, Central Milton development frameworks. Fax 01245 362423 a specialist urban design unit backed Fax 020 7490 7929 Masterplanning, design and public Concept to completion on site. Delivery CHILD GRADDON LEWIS ARCHITECTS of design oriented projects with full Keynes, Milton Keynes MK9 3BP Email [email protected] by the landscape and core architectural Email [email protected] consultation for community-led Studio 1, 155 Commercial Street, London Tel 01908 666276 DNA WALKER STUART LIMITED Website www.amaplanning.com units. Wide range and scale of projects Contact Henry Shepherd regeneration including town centres, public client participation. Contemporary public Bridge House, Waterside, Upton upon Severn, E1 6BJ spaces, regeneration, development, Fax 01908 605747 Contacts Andrew Martin/Richard Hall providing briefing, concept development, As commercial and residential architects, open space, transport, infrastructure and Tel 020 7539 1200 Email [email protected] Worcestershire WR8 0HG masterplanning, design guidance, masterplanning, residential, education and Strategic, local and masterplanning, we are especially interested in meeting the commercial development projects. Fax 020 7539 1201 Website www.davidlock.com Tel 01684 594367 urban design, project coordination and implementation and management. healthcare. challenges of designing on urban sites, Email [email protected] Contact Will Cousins DipArch DipUD RIBA Email [email protected] implementation, development briefs with mixed uses and higher densities; BURRELL FOLEY FISCHER Planning, urban design, architecture, land Website www.dnawalkerstuart.co.uk and detailed studies, historic buildings, BABTIE GROUP experienced in existing buildings and new Website www.cgluk.com COLVIN & MOGGRIDGE York Central, 70–78 York Way, London use and transportation planning. Urban Contact Mark Newey conservation and urban regeneration and all construction. Architects and master planners specialising 4 Bourlet Close, London W1H 6BU School Green, Shinfield, Reading, Berks N1 9AG regeneration, mixed use projects including Urban design practice providing a forms of environmental impact assessment. RG2 9XG in the creation of attractive, sustainable Tel 020 7323 9752 Tel 020 7713 5333 and inclusive urban environments and town and city centres, urban expansion responsive and professional service by Tel 0118 988 1555 BLAMPIED & PARTNERS LTD Fax 020 7323 9777 experienced urban designers from both Fax 020 7713 5444 communities in areas requiring renewal and areas, new settlements and historic ANTHONY REDDY ASSOCIATES Fax 0118 988 1666 Areen House 282 King Street, London Email [email protected] districts. Strategic planning studies, area landscape and architectural backgrounds. Email [email protected] regeneration with particular experience in Dartry Mills, Dartry Road, Dublin 6 Email [email protected] W6 0SJ Contacts Martin Bhatia (London)/Michael development frameworks, development Website www.bff-architects.co.uk East London and the West Midlands. Tel 00 353 1 498 7000 Contacts Bettina Kirkham Dip TP BLD MLI/ Tel 020 8563 9175 Contact John Burrell MA AADip RIBA FRSA Ibbotson (Glos) 01367 860225 briefs, design guidelines, masterplanning, EATON WAYGOOD ASSOCIATES Long established practice of landscape Fax 00 353 1 498 7001 Paul Townsend BSc (Hons) CEng Fax 020 8563 9176 Urban regeneration and arts and implementation strategies, environmental 8 High Street, Stockport, Cheshire SK1 1EG CHRIS BLANDFORD ASSOCIATES architects with expertise in the full range Email [email protected] MICE MCIT MIHT Email [email protected] cultural buildings – museums, galleries, statements and public inquiries. Tel 0161 476 1060 1 Swan Court, 9 Tanner Street, London SE1 3LE and complexity of projects including Website www.anthonyreddy.com A truly ‘one-stop’ consultancy of landscape Website www.blampied.co.uk theatres, cinemas. Redevelopment of Fax 0161 476 1120 Tel 020 7089 6480 planning and design of public and private Contacts Tony Reddy/Brian O’Neill architects, architects, urban designers and Contact Clive Naylor redundant estate land, urban housing. Email Fax 020 7089 9260 space in towns and cities. Architecture, planning, urban design, planners specialising in town and landscape Architectural masterplanning, urban design, New settlements. New design in historic [email protected] Email [email protected] project management. Masterplanning, assessment, urban design frameworks, tourism, education, commercial expertise contexts. Waterfront buildings and Contact Terry Eaton BA (Hons) Dip LD development frameworks, urban regeneration visions and strategies, quality United Kingdom and overseas. strategies. Website www.cba.uk.net Environmental artists concerned with the regeneration, town centre renewal, public space design, integrated strategies Contacts Chris Blandford/Mike Martin fusion of art and public space in urban residential, and mixed-use development. of public consultation. Also at Uckfield regeneration including sculpture, lighting Landscape architecture, environmental and landscape architecture. assessment, ecology, urban renewal, development economics, town planning, historic landscapes, conservation of cultural heritage. 42 | Urban Design | Autumn 2005 | Issue 96 Urban Design | Autumn 2005 | Issue 96 | 43 EC HARRIS LLP FAULKNERBROWNS GARSDALE DESIGN LTD GVA GRIMLEY HOLMES PARTNERSHIP KEMBER LOUDON WILLIAMS LTD LDA URBAN DESIGN LLEWELYN-DAVIES The Royal Exchange, Manchester M2 7EH Dobson House, Northumbrian Way, Newcastle High Branthwaites, Frostrow, Sedbergh, Enterprise House, 55-59 Adelaide Street, 89 Minerva Street, Glasgow G3 8LE Ridgers Barn, Bunny Lane, Eridge 15 Little Portland Street, London W1W 8BW Brook House, 2 Torrington Place, London Tel 0161 214 0214 upon Tyne NE12 0QW Cumbria LA10 5JR Belfast BT2 8FE Tel 0141 204 2080 Near Tunbridge Wells TN3 9HA Tel 020 7323 9523 WC1E 7HN Fax 0161 214 0215 Tel 0191 268 3007 Tel 01539 620875 Tel 02890 726027 Fax 0141 204 2082 Tel 01892 750018 Fax 020 7637 9671 Tel 020 7637 0181 Email [email protected] Fax 0191 268 5227 Fax 01539 620682 Fax 02890 726061 Email [email protected] Fax 01892 750019 Email [email protected] Fax 020 7637 8740 INDEX Website www.echarris.com Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Contact Harry Phillips Email [email protected] Contact John Phillips, Nick Shute Email [email protected] INDEX Contact Chris Standish Contact Neil Taylor Website www.garsdaledesign.co.uk Contact Justine West Urban design, planning, renewal, Website www.klw.co.uk EXETER Contact Simon Gray Specialist in understanding the process Architectural design services from inception Contact Derrick Hartley MCD BA(HonsArch) Also at London and Manchester development and feasibility studies. Contact Juliet Billingham Tel 01392 411300 Architecture, planning, urban design, of urban design. Engagement and to completion: Stages A–M RIBA plan of Garsdale Design provides master planning Planning, development and urban Sustainability and energy efficiency. Fax 01392 411308 development and masterplanning; urban empowerment of local stakeholders. work. Expertise in transport, urban design, and urban design, architecture and heritage regeneration consultancy with Commercial, industrial, residential, health KOETTER, KIM & ASSOCIATES (UK) LTD Email [email protected] regeneration, town centre and conservation Project management from a regeneration masterplanning, commercial and leisure services. One of its principals is teaching multidisciplinary teams of urban designers, care, education, leisure, conservation and 71 Kingsway, London WC2B 6ST Contact Bernie Foulkes studies; urban design briefs, landscape and perspective. Early win projects. Community projects. 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Winchester, Hants SO21 1WG public realm strategies, design guidance Belgravia, London SW1W 0AU EDAW PLC Middle East. KKA is pre-eminent in the planning 2RH Tel 01962 711 600 movement of new urbanism, which seeks and community participation as well as Tel 020 7901 9911 1A Lonsdale Square, London N1 1EN Tel 01509 672772 HALCROW GROUP LTD Fax 01962 713 945 to enhance the sense of place, historical landscape design and ecology. Tel 0121 329 7976 Tel 020 7700 9500 Fax 01509 674565 GILLESPIES 44 Brook Green, Hammersmith, London Email [email protected] context and cultural continuity in the city. 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Fax 01252 844800 Burley, Leeds LS3 1JY Contact Irina Merryweather Fitzroy Robinson is an internationally new communities and brownfield sites; Tel 01491 872185 Tel 01625 873356 development briefing, design guidance, Email [email protected] established firm of architects who work Tel 0113 243 5808 urban design framework studies; fine grain Fax 01491 874109 Fax 01625 859459 design enabling and community initiatives. Contact Colin Darby BSc DipTP Dip Urban primarily, although not exclusively, in the Fax 0776 458 8932 ENTEC UK LTD studies addressing public realm design Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Design MRTPI Gables House Kenilworth Road, Leamington workplace, retail, hospitality, residential and improvement. Specialists in retail and LAND USE CONSULTANTS Email [email protected] Architecture, planning, masterplanning, and masterplanning sectors. Contacts Ian Hankinson Dip Arch/Moira Contact Colin Parry Spa, Warwicks CV32 6JX economic regeneration. 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Development masterplanning, sustainable development, Tel 020 7377 9262 Our design decisions are not based on any JOHN THOMPSON AND PARTNERS Fax 020 7247 7854 within broad based multidisciplinary Website www.gmw-architects.com planning, new settlements, environmental land use planning, EIA, SEA in UK and LIVINGSTON EYRE ASSOCIATES environmental and engineering consultancy. systematised approach, rather a considered Contact Terry Brown assessment, re-use of redundant buildings. Wren House, 43 Hatton Gardens, London overseas. Offices in London, Glasgow and Email [email protected] response to the client, brief, site and 35–42 Charlotte Road, London EC2A 3PD Related expertise in project management, Land development appraisals. Urban EC1N 6EL Bristol. Website www.mjparchitects.co.uk budget. We endeavour to create spaces that Tel 020 7739 1445 consultation, transportation, sustainability, planning and regeneration strategies. HEPHER DIXON Tel 020 7405 1211 Contact Liz Pride make people feel special. Fax 020 7729 2986 contaminated land remediation, ecology Formulation of development and design Fax 020 7405 1221 LATHAM ARCHITECTS Range from major masterplans to small, 100 Temple Chambers, Temple Avenue, Email [email protected] and air and noise quality assessment. briefs including packaging to suit London EC4Y 0HP Email [email protected] St Michael’s, Queen Street, Derby DE1 3SU bespoke buildings. We have designed FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE AND Contact Laura Stone appropriate funding strategies. Masterplan Tel 020 7353 0202 Contact John Thompson MA DipArch RIBA Tel 01332 365777 acclaimed contemporary buildings for URBAN DESIGN Landscape architecture, urban design, FABRIK design studies. 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Email [email protected] design, landscape, and ecological issues to of masterplanning, detail design for which specialises in delivering It is one of Europe’s leading architectural Website www.jrud.co.uk CR7 8JJ provide robust design solutions. construction, EIA work and urban regener- a high quality service in masterplanning, practices, offering talented and experienced Contact Jon Rowland AADipl MA RIBA Tel 020 8768 1417 ation studies, with particular emphasis on urban design, landscape design, people in a diverse range of building types, Urban design, urban regeneration, Fax 020 8771 9384 high quality prestige landscape schemes. development planning, architecture, Email [email protected] skills and markets. Tim Gale heads the development frameworks, site appraisals, sustainable design and energy efficient landscape planning and urban design group. town centre studies, design guidance, Contact John Parker Dip Arch ARIBA public participation and masterplanning. buildings and transportation – from DipTP FRTPI FRSA inception through to implementation and Town planning, architecture, urban management. design and conservation related to: traffic schemes, pedestrians, townscape, security, town centres, masterplans, marina development and environmental impact assessment.

44 | Urban Design | Autumn 2005 | Issue 96 Urban Design | Autumn 2005 | Issue 96 | 45 MASON RICHARDS PLANNING MOORE PIET + BROOKES NJBA ARCHITECTS & URBAN DESIGNERS POLLARD THOMAS EDWARDS RANDALL THORP RTKL-UK LTD track record of successful community SPAWFORTH ASSOCIATES 155 Aztec, West Almondsbury, Bristol 33 Warple Mews, Warple Way, London 4 Molesworth Place, Dublin 2 ARCHITECTS Canada House, 3 Chepstow Street, 22 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HP involvement and careful consultation with Junction 41 Business Court, East Ardsley, BS32 4NG W3 0RX Tel 00 353 1 678 8068 Diespeker Wharf 38, Graham Street, London Manchester M1 5FW Tel 020 7306 0404 diverse stakeholder groups and building Leeds WF3 2AB Tel 01454 853000 Tel 020 8735 2990 Fax 00 353 1 678 8066 N1 8JX Tel 0161 228 7721 Fax 020 7306 0405 users. Tel 01924 873873 Fax 01454 858029 Fax 020 8735 2991 Email [email protected] Tel 020 7336 7777 Fax 0161 236 9839 Email [email protected] Fax 01924 870777 INDEX Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Website homepage.eircom.net/~njbrady1 Fax 020 7336 0770 Email [email protected] Website www.rtkl.com SHEPPARD ROBSON Email spawforth.co.uk INDEX Website www.masonrichardsplanning.co.uk Contact Colin Moore Contact Noel J Brady Dip Arch SMArchS Email robin.saha–[email protected] Contact Pauline Randall Contact Gregory Yager 77 Parkway, Camden Town, London NW1 7PU Website www.spawforth.co.uk Contact Roger Ayton Regenerating the public realm environment MRIAI Website www.ptea.co.uk Masterplanning for new developments Multidisciplinary practice of urban Tel 020 7504 1700 Contact Adrian Spawforth Sustainable strategies for residential to enhance the quality of people’s lives: Integrated landscapes, urban design, town Contact Robin Saha–Choudhury and settlements, infrastructure design designers, planners, architects and Fax 020 7504 1701 Urbanism with planners and architects and commercial development: strategies, masterplans, community centres and squares, strategic design and LIVERPOOL for new developments and urban renewal, environmental designers with expertise Email [email protected] specialising in master planning; community brownfield regeneration, site promotion, participation, design guides, imaging and planning. Unit S204, Second Floor, Merchants Court, design guides and design briefing, public in urban regeneration, mixed use Website www.sheppardrobson.com engagement (including workshops, development frameworks: detail design legibility. Implementation of town centre, Derby Square, participation and public inquiries. development, urban residential design, Contact Nick Spall exhibitions, theme groups and town teams); and implementation: development guides, streetscape, park, waterway, environmental NOVO ARCHITECTS Liverpool L2 1TS master and corporate masterplanning. MANCHESTER visioning; development frameworks. and business area improvements. design statements and planning enquiries 2 Meard Street, London WIV 3HR Tel 0151 703 2220 RANDOM GREENWAY ARCHITECTS 113-115 Portland St, Manchester M1 6DW for public and private sector. Tel 020 7734 5558 Soper Hall, Harestone Valley Road SAVILLS – PLANNING AND URBAN Contact Phil Doyle STUART TURNER ASSOCIATES MOUCHEL PARKMAN SERVICES LTD Fax 0151 703 2229 Fax 020 7734 8889 Email [email protected] Caterham Surrey CR3 6HY DESIGN Planners, urban designers and architects. 12 Ledbury, Great Linford, Milton Keynes MATRIX PARTNERSHIP 209 - 215 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8NL Contact Tim Poulson Tel 01883 346 441 Brunswick House, Brunswick Place, Strategic planning, urban regeneration, MK14 5DS 40-42 Scrutton Street, London EC2A 4PP Tel 020 7803 2600 Contact Roo Humpherson Urban design and masterplanning, Masterplanners, urban designers, developers, Fax 01883 346 936 Southampton SO15 2AP development planning, town centre Tel 01908 678672 Tel 020 7655 4540 Fax 020 7803 2601 creative and innovative design solutions architects, listed building and conservation Email Tel 02380 713900 renewal, public realm planning, new Fax 01908 678715 Fax 020 7655 4530 Emai [email protected] for brownfield and other complex sites to area designers; specialising in inner city [email protected] Fax 02380 713901 settlement planning, tourism development. Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Contact David Orr DipLA MLI MIHT realise single or mixed use development mixed-use high density regeneration. Contact R Greenway Email [email protected] Associated offices across USA. Website www.studiost.demon.co.uk Website www.matrixpartnership.co.uk Integrated urban design, transport opportunities. Architecture, planning and urban design. Website www.savills.com Contact Stuart Turner Dip Arch (Oxford) SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL INC Matrix Partnership provides a fully and engineering consultancy providing PRINGLE BRANDON New build, regeneration, refurbishment and Contact Colin Richards Dip UD (PCL) RIBA integrated approach to urban design services in changing the urban landscape OCA 10 Bonhill Street, London EC2A 4QJ restoration. Savills combines innovation with commercial 30 Millbank, London SW1P 3SD Architecture, urban design and in a positive manner, creating places for combining planning, architecture and 5 Manchester Square, London W1A 1AV Tel 020 7466 1000 acumen to provide deliverable urban design Tel 020 7798 1000 environmental planning, the design of new landscape. Work is focused on masterplans, sustainable living. Tel 0870 240 6775 Fax 020 7466 1050 RICHARD REID & ASSOCIATES solutions including, concept design, Fax 020 7798 1100 settlements, urban regeneration and site regeneration strategies, development briefs, Fax 020 7486 9917 Whitely Farm, Ide Hill, Sevenoaks, Kent masterplanning, landscape, feasibility, Email [email protected] development studies for commercial and site appraisals, urban capacity studies, MURRAY O’LAOIRE ARCHITECTS Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Contact Alison Anslow TN14 6BS sustainability, design briefing and coding. Contact Roger Kallman housing uses. design guides, building codes and concept Fumbally Court, Fumbally Lane, Dublin 8 Contact Peter Ching/Peter Verity Tel 01732 741417 Also at Chicago, New York, Washington, San visualisations. Offices, hotels, workplace design. Tel 00 353 1 453 7300 A significant design practice covering: Fax 01732 740569 SCOTT WILSON Francisco, LA, Hong Kong SURFACE INCLUSIVE DESIGN RESEARCH Fax 00 353 1 453 4062 planning, development planning, PROJECT CENTRE LTD Email richardreid.co.uk 3-4 Foxcombe Court, Wyndyke Furlong, International multi-disciplinary CENTRE MAX FORDHAM LLP Email [email protected] urban design, new community design, Saffron Court, 14b St Cross Street, London Contact Richard Reid Abingdon Business Park, Abingdon, Oxon practice. Masterplanning, landscape School of Construction & Property 42-43 Gloucester Crescent, London NW1 7PE Website www.murrayolaoire.com regeneration, tourism, architecture, OX14 1DZ architecture, civil engineering and urban Management Tel 020 7267 5161 EC1N 8XA Contact Sean O’Laoire landscaping. RICHARD COLEMAN CONSULTANCY also at Birmingham, Leeds, London, design. Urban regeneration schemes, University of Salford M5 4WT Fax 020 7482 0329 TRANSFORM is Murray O’Laoire Architects’ Tel 020 7421 8222 business park masterplans, university Fax 020 7421 8199 Bridge House, 181 Queen Victoria Street, Manchester, Plymouth Tel 0161 295 5279 Email [email protected] urban design and planning unit. This multi- PAUL DAVIS AND PARTNERS Tel 01235 468700 campus, transportation planning. Fax 0161 295 5011 Email [email protected] London EC4V 4DD Associated services: environmental Contact Adam Ritchie disciplinary unit synthesises planning, 178 Ebury Street, London SW1W 8UP Fax 01235 468701/2 Email [email protected] urban design, architecture and graphic Website www.projectcentre.co.uk Tel 020 7329 6622 impact assessments, design guidelines, Tel 020 7730 1178 Fax 020 7329 6633 Email [email protected] Website www.inclusive-design.it MELVILLE DUNBAR ASSOCIATES design to produce innovative solutions Contact Peter Piet infrastructure strategies. Fax 020 7730 2664 Email [email protected] Website www.scottwilson.com Contact Rita Newton The Mill House, Kings Acre, Coggeshall, Essex in comprehensive masterplanning, urban Email [email protected] Multi-disciplinary consultancy providing quality services including landscape Contact Lewis Eldridge Contact Paj Valley, Ken Jores CO6 1NN regeneration, strategic planning and Contact Charlotte Stephens SMEEDEN FOREMAN PARTNERSHIP sustainable development. architecture, urban design, urban Advice on written assessment of Urban design, planning, landscape, 8 East Parade, Harrogate HG1 JLT TAYLOR YOUNG URBAN DESIGN Tel 01376 562828 regeneration, street lighting design, architectural quality, urban design, economic and architectural design Chadsworth House, Wilmslow Road, Email [email protected] PEGASUS Tel 01423 520 222 MULTICULTURAL URBAN DESIGN planning supervision, traffic and and conservation, historic buildings expertise supported by comprehensive Handforth, Cheshire SK9 3HP Contact Melville Dunbar 6-20 Spitalgate Lane, Cirencester, GL7 2DE multidisciplinary skills in project Fax 01423 565 515 4 Clifton Avenue, Altrincham, Cheshire transportation, parking, highway design, and townscape. Negotiation with and Tel 01625 542200 Architecture, urban design, planning, Tel 0128 564 1717 management, tourism, public consultation, Email [email protected] WA15 8HE traffic signal design and road safety audits. production of supporting documents for the Fax 01625 542250 masterplanning, new towns, new neighb- Fax 0128 588 5115 local and national bodies involved in these transportation, environmental and wide- Contact T A Foreman Tel 0161 2330292 Ecology, landscape architecture and Email [email protected] ourhoods, neighbourhood centres, urban Email [email protected] PRP ARCHITECTS fields, including environmental statements, ranging engineering skills. regeneration, conservation studies, design Fax 0161 2330292 urban design. Environmental assessment, Contact Stephen Gleave MA DipTP (Dist) Website www.ppg-llp.co.uk Ferry Works, Summer Road, Thames Ditton, listed buildings/area consent applications. DipUD MRTPI guides, townscape studies, design briefs. Email [email protected] SCOTT BROWNRIGG LTD detailed design, contract packages and site Contact Mike Carr Surrey KT7 0QJP supervision. LIVERPOOL Web www.mudonline.org RMJM St Catherine’s Court, 46–48 Portsmouth Masterplanning, design codes, sustainable Tel 020 7653 1200 Tel 0151 702 6500 METROPOLITAN WORKSHOP Contact Alyas Khan design, development briefs, development 83 Paul Street, London EC2A 4NQ Road, Guildford GU2 4DU Fax 020 7653 1201 SMITH SCOTT MULLAN ASSOCIATES Urban design, planning and development. 14-16 Cowcross Street, Farringdon MUD brings together creative individuals frameworks, expert witness, community Tel 020 7549 8900 Tel 01483 568686 Email [email protected] 378 Leith Walk, Edinburgh EH7 4PF Public and private sectors. Town studies, London EC1M 6DG from diverse cultural origins, to bring a involvement, sustainability appraisal. Fax 020 7250 3131 Fax 01483 575830 multicultural dimension to spatial and visual Contact Barry Munday Dip Arch PNL RIBA Tel 0131 555 1414 housing, commercial, distribution, health Te 020 7566 0450 Offices also at Birmingham, Bristol and Email [email protected] Email [email protected] aspects of urban regeneration. It provides FFB Fax 0131 555 1448 and transportation are current projects. Fax 020 7566 0460 Cambridge. Website www.rmjm.com Website www.scottbrownrigg.com a range of communications and community Multi-disciplinary practice of architects, Email Specialist in urban design training. Email [email protected] planners, urban designers and landscape Contact Lis Kennish, Business Contact Luis Juarez engagement services for the private, public PHILIP CAVE ASSOCIATES [email protected] Website www.metwork.co.uk architects, specialising in housing, urban Development Manager Providing an integrated service of TEP and voluntary sectors in the field of urban 5 Dryden Street, London WC2E 9NW Contact Eugene Mullan BSc Hons Dip Arch Contacts David Prichard/Neil Deely regeneration, design and planning. regeneration, health, special needs, Email [email protected] architecture, urban design, planning, Genesis Centre, Birchwood Science Park, Metropolitan Workshop has experience Tel 020 7829 8340 education and leisure projects. International architects and urban masterplanning, interior architecture and ARIAS RIBA MSc UD Architects and urban designers dedicated to Warrington, Cheshire WA3 7BH in urban design, land use planning, Fax 020 7240 5800 designers with a strong track record in the technical services, involved in several major MWA PARTNERSHIP LTD producing high quality design solutions for Tel 01925 844 004 regeneration and architecture in the UK, Email [email protected] masterplanning, design and implementation mixed-use schemes regenerating inner city Parkway Studios, Belmont Business Park, QUARTET DESIGN our clients. Particular experience of working Fax 01925 844 002 Eire and Norway. Recent projects include Website www.philipcave.com of major developments and individual and brownfield sites. 232-240 Belmont Road, Belfast BT4 2AW The Exchange, Lillingstone Dayrell, Bucks with communities in the analysis, Email [email protected] Ballymun Dublin, Durham Millennium Contact Philip Cave BSc Hons MA (LD) MLI buildings. MK18 5AP design and improvement of their urban Website www.tep.uk.com Quarter, Adamstown District Centre Dublin, Tel 028 9076 8827 Design-led practice with innovative yet SHEILS FLYNN LTD Tel 01280 860500 environment. Bjørvika Waterfront Oslo. Fax 028 9076 8400 practical solutions to environmental Bank House High Street, Docking, Kings Lynn Contact David Scott Fax 01280 860468 ROGER EVANS ASSOCIATES Multi-disciplinary consultancy in MICHAEL AUKETT ARCHITECTS Email [email protected] opportunities in urban regeneration, town Email [email protected] 59–63 High Street, Kidlington, Oxford PE31 8NH environmental planning and regeneration Atlantic Court, 77 Kings Road, London Contact John Eggleston centre projects, urban parks, community SOLTYS: BREWSTER CONSULTING OX5 2DN Tel 01485 518304 masterplanning, landscape and urban SW3 4NX The planning and design of the external art, public participation. Large-scale Contact David Newman 87 Glebe Street, Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan Tel 01865 377 030 Fax 01485 518303 design, ecology, urban forestry, Tel 020 7376 7525 environment from feasibility stage through site/masterplanning through to small scale Landscape architects, architects and CF64 1EF Fax 01865 377 050 Email [email protected] arboriculture, land stewardship, community to detail design, implementation and future detailed design, from studies to constructed urban designers with wide experience of Tel 029 2040 8476 Fax 020 7376 5773 Email [email protected] Contact Eoghan Sheils consultation and graphics. management. projects. Specialist expertise in landscape masterplanning, hard landscape projects in Fax 029 2040 8482 Email [email protected] urban areas and achieving environmental Website www.rogerevans.com Creative urban design taken from Website www.michaelaukett.com architecture. Email [email protected] NATHANIEL LICHFIELD & PARTNERS LTD sustainability objectives. Contact Roger Evans MA (UD) RIBA MRTPI conception to implementation. Award TERENCE O’ROURKE Contact David Roden RIBA winning town centre regeneration schemes, Website www.soltysbrewster.co.uk 14 Regent’s Wharf, All Saints Street, London PLANIT EDC LTD A specialist urban design practice Everdene House, Deansleigh Road, Architectural, urban design and QuBE providing services throughout the UK and urban strategies and design guidance. Contact Simon Brewster N1 9RL David House, Cecil Road, Hale WA15 9PA Bournemouth BH7 7DU masterplanning services. Regeneration and Building 7, Michael Young Centre, Purbeck abroad. Expertise in urban regeneration, Specialists in community consultation and Assessment, design, planning in UK and Tel 020 7837 4477 Tel 0161 928 9281 Ireland. Expertise includes urban design, Tel 01202 421142 development frameworks for mixed use, Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL quarter frameworks and design briefs, team facilitation. commercial, retail, residential, leisure, Fax 020 7837 2277 Fax 0161 928 9284 masterplans, design strategies, visual Fax 01202 430055 Tel 01223 271 850 town centre strategies, movement in cultural, transport and business park Email [email protected] Email [email protected] impact, environmental assessment, Email [email protected] Fax 01223 271 851 towns, masterplanning and development SHEPHEARD EPSTEIN HUNTER developments. Website www.nlpplanning.com Contact Peter Swift regeneration of urban space, landscape Website www.torltd.co.uk Email [email protected] economics. Phoenix Yard, 65 King’s Road, London Also at Newcastle upon Tyne and Cardiff WC1X 9LW design and project management. Award Contact Terence O’Rourke MBE DipArch Contacts Andy Thompson/Jon Burgess winning design and innovation. MONO CONSULTANTS Contact Nick Thompson BA BPI MA PMP RPS Tel 020 7841 7500 DipTP RIBA MRTPI FRSA Integrated urban design, planning Town planning, masterplanning, 32–34 Gt Titchfield St, London W1W 8BG (UrbDes) MRTPI Wellington House, 8 Upper St Martins Lane, at London, Birmingham, Bristol, Swindon, Fax 020 7841 7575 and conservation practice specialising SPACE SYNTAX urban design, architecture, landscape Tel 020 7462 6940 Independent planning consultancy: London WC2H 9DL Oxford, Durham Email [email protected] in developing site specific design 11 Riverside Studios, 28 Park Street, London architecture, environmental consultancy, Fax 020 7462 6941 analytical and creative. Urban design, Tel 020 7836 9932 Tel 0800 587 9939 Contact Steven Pidwill solutions related to urban design and SE1 9EQ graphic design. Urban regeneration, Contact Simon Chapman masterplanning, heritage/conservation, Fax 020 7497 5689 Email [email protected] Shepheard Epstein Hunter (SEH) is a visual appraisal, regeneration, daylight/ masterplanning; site development briefs; Tel 020 7940 0000 town centre studies, new settlements and Email Email [email protected] public realm design; historic building Website www.rpsplc.co.uk user-friendly, award-winning architects complex urban design problems. [email protected] sunlight assessments, public realm Contact Tessa O’Neill firm, known for the quality of its work in Fax 020 7940 0005 strategies and environments as well as conservation Part of the RPS Group providing a wide Planning consultancy; economic Medium sized practice specialising in retail appraisals and management plans for range of urban design services including regeneration, education, housing, master Email [email protected] development and regeneration strategies. and urban architecture, interior design and buildings, spaces and places; community masterplanning and development planning, mixed-use and healthcare Contact Tim Stonor MSc DipArch RIBA Provision of funding advice and application project management. consultation. frameworks, design guides and statements, projects. An established practice of Spatial masterplanning and research- to a range of sources; environmental regeneration strategies, detailed sensitive and thoughtful designers, SEH based design; movement, connectivity, consultancy and advice including EIA. architectural design and implementation, delivers demanding projects through a integration, regeneration, safety and and environmental planning throughout depth of experience and training in project interaction. Strategic design and option the UK. management, CDM roles and a range of appraisal to detailed design and in-use support services. SEH also has a proven audits.

46 | Urban Design | Autumn 2005 | Issue 96 Urban Design | Autumn 2005 | Issue 96 | 47 TERRA FIRMA CONSULTANCY TURNBULL JEFFREY PARTNERSHIP URBAN SPLASH WHITE YOUNG GREEN PLANNING EDUCATION INDEX UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL ENGLAND IN 28 The Spain, Petersfield, Hants GU32 3LA Sandeman House, 55 High Street, Edinburgh Timber Wharf, 16-22 Worsley Street, 21 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3DQ BIRMINGHAM Tel 01730 262040 EH1 1SR Castlefield, Manchester M15 4LD Tel 029 2039 8681 Birmingham School of Architecture and THE POET AND THE CARDIFF UNIVERSITY Fax 01730 262050 Tel 0131 557 5050 Tel 0161 839 2999 Fax 029 2039 5965 Landscape, UCE, Perry Barr, School of City & Regional Planning, Welsh Email [email protected] Fax 0131 557 5064 Fax 0161 839 8999 Email [email protected] Birmingham B42 2SU INDEX School of Architecture, Glamorgan Building CITY Contact Lionel Fanshawe Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Contact Gordon Lewis Tel 0121 331 7755 King Edward V11 Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3WA Independent landscape architectural Contacts Geoff Whitten BA(Hons) MLI, Contact Jonathan Falkingham/Bill Also at London, Newcastle, Manchester, Fax 0121 331 5114 Tel 029 2087 6293 practice with considerable urban design Karen Esslemont BA(Hons) Maynard Leeds, Bristol and Southampton Email [email protected] Fax 029 2087 4845 (in memory of Philip K Dick) ENDPIECE experience at all scales from EIA to project MLI Dip UD Property development and investment. Urban design, town planning, economic Contact Noha Nasser delivery throughout UK and overseas. 2004 Award winning design-led landscape Project management, implementation and development, architecture and landscape Email [email protected] MA Urban Design. This new course enhances Contact Mike Biddulph LGN Street Design Award winners for best architect practice. Expertise: Landscape construction. Architecture, interior design architecture for public and private sector the creative and practical skills needed to In the shadows of empty office blocks, home zones and runners up in waterside architecture, urban design, masterplanning, and graphic design. Multi-disciplinary urban clients. Regeneration and development One year full-time and two year part-time deal with the diverse activities of urban category for recently completed projects in landscape design and implementation, regeneration specialists concentrating on strategies, public realm studies, economic MA in Urban Design. Further information on design. Modes of attendance are flexible: between the car parks and the temporary taxi repair depots Portsmouth and Paddington. environmental/visual impact assessment, brownfield regeneration projects. development planning, masterplanning www.cardiff.ac.uk/cplan/ma_urbandesign full-time,. Part-time or individual modules you sometimes see them. urban regeneration, environmental for urban, rural and brownfield land as CPD short courses. The course attracts TERRY FARRELL AND PARTNERS strategies. URBED (THE URBAN AND ECONOMIC redevelopment. EDINBURGH COLLEGE OF ART/HERIOT students from a wide range of backgrounds. Walking purposefully across the empty corners, 7 Hatton Street, London NW8 8PL DEVELOPMENT GROUP) WATT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF past the lights of the city modular hotel foyer, Tel 020 7258 3433 WILLIE MILLER URBAN DESIGN & ARCHITECTURE TWEED NUTTALL WARBURTON 10 Little Lever Street, Manchester M1 1HR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON they try to avoid being seen. Fax 020 7723 7059 Chapel House, City Road, Chester CH1 3AE Tel 0161 200 5500 PLANNING Lauriston Place, Edinburgh EH3 9DF Development Planning Unit, The Bartlett, 9 Email [email protected] Tel 01244 310388 Email [email protected] 20 Victoria Crescent Road, Glasgow G12 9DD Tel 0131 221 6175/6072 Endsleigh Gardens, London WC1H 0ED They turn, suddenly, into the lobby Website www.terryfarrell.com Fax 01244 325643 Website www.urbed.com Tel 0141 339 5228 Fax 0131 221 6154/6006 Tel 020 7388 7581 and mumble their names to the porter. Contact Maggie Jones Email [email protected] Fax 0141 357 4642 Contact Leslie Forsyth Contact David Rudlin BA MSc Fax 020 7387 4541 In the half darkness he ticks the name, for security. Architectural, urban design, planning and Contact John Tweed B Arch RIBA FRSA Also 19 Store Street, London WC1E 7DH Email [email protected] Diploma in Architecture and Urban Design, Contact Babar Mumtaz masterplanning services. New buildings, Architecture and urban design, Tel 020 7436 8050 Contact Willie Miller Dip TP Dip UD MRTPI nine months full-time. Diploma in Urban MSc in Building and Urban Design in Laid out in a grid across the floor there are models, refurbishment, conference/exhibition Design, nine months full time or 21 months masterplanning. Urban waterside Urban design and guidance, Conceptual, strategic and development work Development. Innovative, participatory perfect and white, of the future city. centres, art galleries, museums, studios, environments. Community teamwork masterplanning, sustainability, in urban design, masterplanning, urban part-time. MSc in Urban Design, 12 months and responsive design in development and theatres and visitor attractions, offices, enablers. Design guidance and support consultation and capacity building, regeneration, environmental strategies, full-time or 36 months parttime. MPhil and upgrading of urban areas through socially The purposeful shadows enter the lift in the bare concrete wall, PhD, by research full and part-time on and retail, housing, industry, railway for rural village appraisals. Visual impact housing, town centres and urban design and development briefs, townscape and culturally acceptable, economically ascend to the fourth floor, infrastructure and development. assessments and design solutions within regeneration. audits and public realm studies. off-campus. viable and environmentally sustainable delicate conservation environments. interventions. gradually gathering in the spot lit meeting room, behind heavy TETLOW KING GROUP VINCENT AND GORBING LTD YELLOW BOOK LTD LEEDS METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY doors; Lone Barn Studios, Stanbridge Lane, Romsey, URBAN DESIGN FUTURES Studio 1010, Mile End, Abbey Mill Business SCHOOL OF ART, ARCHITECTURE AND Sterling Court, Norton Road, Stevenage, UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH where harsh halogens carve the earth colours of the walls into Hants SO51 0HE 97c West Bow, Edinburgh EH1 2JP Hertfordshire SG1 2JY Centre, Paisley PA1 1JS DESIGN School of Architecture and Landscape, Tel 01794 517333 Tel 0131 226 4505 Tel 01438 316331 Tel 0141 561 2325 Brunswick Terrace, Leeds LS2 8BU Oakfield Lane, Dartford DA1 2SZ orbits. Tel 0113 283 2600 Fax 01794 515517 Fax 0131 226 4515 Fax 01438 722035 Fax 0141 561 2328 Tel 020 8316 9100 Visions of the city are spoken slowly, perfectly enunciated, Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Email Email [email protected] Fax 0113 283 3190 Fax 020 8316 9105 Contact Melvyn King MA (Urban Design) Website www.urbandesignfutures.co.uk [email protected] Contact John Lord Contact Edwin Knighton Contact Richard Hayward the rhythm and pitch just so. Master of Arts in Urban Design consists of MSAI MCIOB FRSA Contact Selby Richardson DipArch DipTP Website www.vincent-gorbing.co.uk MA in Urban Design for postgraduate Unfamiliar phrases and notions are explained; Multi disciplinary practice incorporating MSc ARIAS MRTPI one year full time or two years part time architecture and landscape students, full Contact Richard Lewis BA MRTPI MA Urban or individual programme of study. Shorter foreign phrases put in context. urban design, architecture, town planning Innovative urban design, planning Design CORPORATE INDEX time and part time with credit accumulation and landscape. Specialising in urban programmes lead to Post Graduate Diploma/ and landscape practice specialising in Multi-disciplinary practice offering transfer system. Reference points to the city. design strategies in masterplanning and BROXAP LIMITED Certificate. Project based course focussing masterplanning, new settlements, urban architecture, town planning and urban development frameworks for both new on the creation of sustainable environments to the history of the poem, regeneration, town and village studies, design services for private and public sector Rowhurst Industrial Estate, Chesterton, UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE development areas and urban regeneration. through interdisciplinary design. public space design, environmental clients. Masterplanning, design statements, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs ST5 6BD Department of Architecture, Claremont Tower, or to the circles of hell are explained. improvements, design guidelines, character assessments, development briefs, Tel 01782 564411 University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne Outside darkness surrounds them, turns the streets to voids, TIBBALDS PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN community involvement, landscape design Fax 01782 565357 LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS residential layouts and urban capacity Cities Programme, Houghton Street, London NE1 7RU 19 Maltings Place, 169 Tower Bridge Road, and management. exercises. Email [email protected] leaves only a few landmarks highlighted. WC2A 2AE Tel 0191 222 7802 London SE1 3LJ Contact Robert Lee Fax 0191 222 8811 In the offices below the last technicians disconnect, Tel 020 7089 2121 URBAN INITIATIVES WEST & PARTNERS The design and manufacture of street Tel 020 7955 6828 Fax 020 7955 7697 Contact Tim Townshend descend, run to the station, meet in the bar on the corner, Fax 020 7089 2120 1 Fitzroy Square, London W1T 5HE Isambard House, 60 Weston Street, London furniture, cycle and motorcycle storage MA/Diploma in Urban Design. Joint Email [email protected] Tel 020 7380 4545 SE1 3QJ solutions and decorative architectural Email [email protected] programme in Dept of Architecture and Dept and leave these dreamers on the fourth floor. Website www.tibbalds.co.uk Fax 020 7380 4546 Tel 020 7403 1726 metalwork in cast iron, mild steel, stainless Contact Dominic Church of Town and Country Planning. Full time or LSE runs a MSc in City Design and Social A cleaner rustles round. Carefully collecting the useless visions Contact Andrew Karski BA (Hons) MSc Email [email protected] Fax 020 7403 6279 steel, concrete, timber, Duracast™ part time, integrating knowledge and skills (Econ) FRTPI Website www.urbaninitiatives.co.uk polyurethane, plastic and recycled plastic. Science which can be studied full time over a from town planning, architecture, landscape. along with the discarded memoranda. Email [email protected] one year period or part-time over two years. A multi disciplinary urban design and Contact Kelvin Campbell BArch RIBA MRTPI Contact Michael West Words that are unfamiliar here are written on the flip chart. planning practice, with a team of architects, MCIT FRSA ISLAND DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE The course is designed for social scientists, UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE Masterplanning for achievable development engineers and architects. Words that have no meaning in this world of construction, planners, urban designers, landscape Urban design, transportation, regeneration, within (and sometimes beyond) the PO Box 43, St Peter Port, Guernsey GY1 1FH, Dept of Architecture and Building Science, designers and tourism specialists. Expertise development planning. creative interpretation of socio-economic, Channel Islands Urban Design Studies Unit, do not hold together funding packages and cost benefit analyses. in masterplanning and urban design, Tel 01481 717000 LONDON SOUTH BANK UNIVERSITY physical and political urban parameters: Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, 131 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NG One of them speaks of a wall of pin pricks, cutting into the map of sustainable regeneration, development URBAN INNOVATIONS retail, leisure, commercial, residential, Fax 01481 717099 Tel 0141 552 4400 ext 3011 frameworks and design guidance, design 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA flesh. 1st Floor, Wellington Buildings, 2 Wellington listed buildings, expert witness evidence, Email [email protected] Fax 0141 552 3997 advice, town planning and consultation. Street, Belfast BT16HT statutory development plan advice. Contact W Lockwood Tel 020 7815 7353 One of them tells of a ghost that grows from the wind and the Fax 020 7815 5799 Contact Hildebrand Frey Tel 028 9043 5060 WHITE CONSULTANTS The Island Development Committee plays Urban Design Studies Unit offers its TP BENNETT URBAN PLANNING leaves in the gutters. Fax 028 9032 1980 18–19 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3DQ a similar role to a local authority planning Contact Dr Bob Jarvis Postgraduate Course in Urban Design in CPD, One America Street, London SE1 0NE Email [email protected] Tel 029 2064 0971 department in the UK. MA Urban Design (one year full time/two Diploma and MSc modes. Topics range from One of them, deadpan, tells a story of a man and his dog, arrested Tel 020 7208 2029 years part time) or PG Cert Planning the influence of the city’s form and structure Contacts Tony Stevens/Agnes Brown Fax 029 2064 0973 based course including units on place and and released. 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