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Réponse De Deux Herbacées De Sous-Bois, Le Maianthemum Canadense Et L’Eurybia Macrophylla, Au Réchauffement Expérimental En Forêt Boréale Méridionale

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Réponse De Deux Herbacées De Sous-Bois, Le Maianthemum Canadense Et L’Eurybia Macrophylla, Au Réchauffement Expérimental En Forêt Boréale Méridionale Réponse de deux herbacées de sous-bois, le Maianthemum canadense et l’Eurybia macrophylla, au réchauffement expérimental en forêt boréale méridionale Mémoire Marie-Hélène Jacques Programme de maîtrise en biologie Maître ès sciences (M.Sc) Québec, Canada © Marie-Hélène Jacques, 2013 Résumé Les espèces herbacées de sous-bois sont peu étudiées dans le contexte des changements climatiques. L’expérience B4WARMED, une simulation de réchauffement climatique en forêt de l’University of Minnesota, offrait l’opportunité d’étudier la réponse du Maianthemum canadense et de l’Eurybia macrophylla en interaction avec les autres composantes de leur écosystème. Les effets sur leur croissance, leur reproduction, leur phénologie et leurs taux de photosynthèse et de respiration ont été évalués, ainsi que les effets sur la disponibilité de la lumière, de l’eau et des nutriments. En général, ces deux espèces ont été modestement affectées par les traitements réchauffement. Leur émergence hâtive au printemps augmente leur effort reproducteur alors que la diminution du contenu en eau du sol semble avoir des effets négatifs à long terme. Le futur de ces espèces sous un scénario de réchauffement dépend donc, entre autres, de la réponse phénologique des strates supérieures et des changements au niveau des régimes de précipitations. iii Abstract The understory herbaceous species are little studied in the context of climate change. The B4WARMED experiment, a forest warming facility of the University of Minnesota, provided the opportunity to study the response of Maianthemum canadense and Eurybia macrophylla in interaction with other components of their ecosystem. Effects on their growth, reproduction, phenology, photosynthesis and respiration rates were evaluated, along with the effects on the availability of light, water and nutrients. Overall, these two species were modestly affected by the experimental global warming treatments. However, their emergence in early spring promoted their reproductive output while reduced water content of the soil seemed to have negative effects in the longer term. The future of these species under a warming scenario depends, among other things, on the response of the upper strata in terms of phenology and on the changes in precipitation patterns. v Table des matières Résumé ....................................................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ v Avant-Propos ............................................................................................................................................................. xiii Remerciements ............................................................................................................................................................ v Table des matières ..................................................................................................................................................... vii Liste des tableaux ....................................................................................................................................................... ix Liste des figures .......................................................................................................................................................... xi Chapitre 1 - Introduction générale ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Généralités sur les changements climatiques .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problématique .......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Effet de la température sur la croissance des végétaux .......................................................................... 3 1.4 Effet de la température sur la phénologie et l’effort reproducteur ............................................................ 4 1.5 Effet de la température sur la photosynthèse et la respiration ................................................................. 5 1.6 Les changements climatiques et les pathogènes forestiers ..................................................................... 7 1.7 Les dispositifs de simulation du réchauffement climatique ...................................................................... 8 1.8 L’expérience ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.9 Biologie des espèces à l’étude ................................................................................................................. 9 1.9.1 Maianthemum canadense ................................................................................................................... 9 1.9.2 Eurybia macrophylla (Aster macrophyllus) ........................................................................................ 10 1.10 Objectifs et hypothèses .......................................................................................................................... 11 Chapitre 2 - Response of two understory herbs, Maianthemum canadense and Eurybia macrophylla to experimental forest warming: early emergence is the key to enhanced reproductive output .......................................................... 15 2.1 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 RÉSUMÉ ................................................................................................................................................ 16 2.3 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 16 2.4 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 19 2.4.1 Biology of the studied species ........................................................................................................... 19 2.4.2 Study site .......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 The warming technique ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.4 Experimental design .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.5 Light and water availability ................................................................................................................ 22 2.4.6 Total leaf area, reproductive output and phenology .......................................................................... 22 2.4.7 Photosynthesis and respiration ......................................................................................................... 23 2.4.8 Leaf analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 23 2.4.9 Statistical Analyses ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.5 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................... 24 2.5.1 Light and water availability ................................................................................................................ 24 2.5.2 Plant phenology ................................................................................................................................ 27 2.5.3 Total leaf area ................................................................................................................................... 28 2.5.4 Reproductive output .......................................................................................................................... 31 2.5.5 Specific leaf area ............................................................................................................................... 34 2.5.6 Photosynthesis and respiration ......................................................................................................... 36 2.5.7 Leaf nutrients and chlorophyll ........................................................................................................... 39 2.6 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................... 43 2.7 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 48 Conclusion générale .................................................................................................................................................. 51 Références citées ...................................................................................................................................................... 57 vii Liste des tableaux Tableau 2.1. Analysis of variance with mixed effects testing
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