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Les Sénateurs Des États-Unis Et La Mise En Oeuvre De La Résolution Vandenberg (1948- 1949)

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Les Sénateurs Des États-Unis Et La Mise En Oeuvre De La Résolution Vandenberg (1948- 1949) "The United States would extend the support which the situation requires": les sénateurs des États-Unis et la mise en oeuvre de la Résolution Vandenberg (1948- 1949) Mémoire Myriam Cyr Maîtrise en histoire - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Myriam Cyr, 2020 RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire se propose d’étudier le processus d’adoption et d’application de la Résolution 239 du Sénat des États-Unis, de 1948 à 1949, une mesure législative pivot dans l’histoire politique américaine. D’une part, nous analysons les raisons pour lesquelles les sénateurs adoptent massivement la résolution proposée par Arthur H. Vandenberg le 11 juin 1948. Il s’agit d’une période névralgique marquée par le début de la guerre froide et la volonté des Américains de se retrouver en position de force à l’échelle internationale vis-à-vis des Soviétiques. C’est aussi la première fois que les États-Unis acceptent de s’allier à des puissances étrangères – européennes de surcroît – dans le but d’assurer une sécurité collective en temps de paix. D’autre part, nous nous penchons sur les échos de la Résolution Vandenberg en examinant les différentes étapes législatives menant à la signature et à la ratification du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord, culminant le 21 juillet 1949. Grâce à l’étude des Hearings et du Congressional Record, journal officiel des débats du Congrès des États-Unis, ce mémoire cherche à identifier quels sont les fondements de la Résolution Vandenberg, les motivations des sénateurs – y compris des dissidents et des abstentionnistes, à analyser le contenu de leur discours et à percevoir l’influence des évènements sur l’évolution de celui-ci. ii ABSTRACT This dissertation proposes to study the process of adoption and implementation of United States Senate Resolution 239, from 1948 to 1949, a pivotal piece of legislation in American political history. First, we analyze the reasons why senators overwhelmingly adopt the resolution proposed by Arthur H. Vandenberg on June 11th, 1948. This is a critical period marked by the start of the Cold War and the will of the Americans to find themselve in a position of strength on an international scale vis-à-vis the Soviets. It is also the first time that the United States agreed to ally itself with foreign powers - Europeans in addition - in order to provide collective security in peacetime. Second, we are looking at the echoes of the Vandenberg Resolution by examining the various legislative stages leading to the signing and ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty, culminating on July 21st, 1949. Thanks to the Hearings study and the Congressional Record, the official journal of United States Congress debates, this dissertation seeks to identify the foundations of the Vandenberg Resolution, the motives of senators - including dissidents and abstainers, to analyze the content of their speeches, and to perceive the influence of events on the evolution of it. iii Table des matières RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... III REMERCIEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... VI INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 QUESTIONNEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 2 HISTORIOGRAPHIE ........................................................................................................................ 3 La politique étrangère américaine et l’avènement de la guerre froide .................................... 4 Les perceptions et les représentations ....................................................................................... 6 Le Congrès des États-Unis ........................................................................................................ 7 Arthur H. Vandenberg et la Senate Resolution 239 ................................................................. 9 HYPOTHÈSES ................................................................................................................................ 11 PROPOS MÉTHODOLOGIQUES ..................................................................................................... 11 Stratégie de recherche ............................................................................................................. 16 PLAN DE LA DÉMONSTRATION .................................................................................................... 18 CHAPITRE 1 ................................................................................................................................... 19 1. LE BIPARTISANSHIP TYPIQUE DES 80E ET 81E CONGRÈS DES ÉTATS-UNIS ...................... 19 2. LA SÉCURITÉ NATIONALE ET COLLECTIVE SELON LES DÉCIDEURS AMÉRICAINS .......... 24 3. UN CONTEXTE INTERNATIONAL PROPICE AUX RÉAMÉNAGEMENTS POLITIQUES .......... 27 4. LE DISCOURS D’HARRY S. TRUMAN DU 17 MARS 1948 ..................................................... 29 5. L’IMPROBABLE DUO : LES RENCONTRES ENTRE ARTHUR H. VANDENBERG ET ROBERT A. LOVETT .................................................................................................................................... 31 6. LES EXECUTIVE HEARINGS DE LA CSRE : DÉBATS PRÉLIMINAIRES ET PRISES DE POSITION PRÉALABLES ................................................................................................................ 36 6.1 La première séance du 11 mai 1948 ............................................................................... 38 6.2 La deuxième séance du 12 mai 1948 .............................................................................. 40 6.3 La troisième et dernière séance du 19 mai 1948 ............................................................ 45 7. LE RAPPORT DE LA CSRE ET LA POLITIQUE ÉTRANGÈRE DES ÉTATS-UNIS .................. 48 CHAPITRE 2 ................................................................................................................................... 52 1. LA PRÉSENTATION DE LA RÉSOLUTION AUX SÉNATEURS ................................................. 52 1.1 Le parrainage de la résolution par Arthur H. Vandenberg .......................................... 54 1.2 Six phrases pour changer le monde ............................................................................... 55 2. « AMERICA’S FRONTIER IS ON THE RHIN » : LES POINTS LITIGIEUX DU DÉBAT ............. 58 2.1 La portée du droit de veto et les conséquences de son retrait ........................................ 58 2.2 Les relations entre les pouvoirs exécutif et législatif ..................................................... 64 2.3 Le respect de la Constitution américaine ....................................................................... 68 2.4 La préservation des relations internationales et la peur de déclencher une Troisième Guerre mondiale ...................................................................................................................... 69 2.5 La face cachée de la résolution ...................................................................................... 75 2.6 Le risque d’affaiblissement de l’ONU ............................................................................ 78 3. LES AMENDEMENTS, LES VOTES ET LES RÉSULTATS ........................................................ 80 3.1 L’amendement proposé par Flanders ............................................................................ 80 3.2 L’amendement proposé par Fulbright ........................................................................... 81 3.3 L’amendement proposé par Pepper ................................................................................ 84 3.4 Le vote quant à la Résolution Vandenberg .................................................................... 86 iv CHAPITRE 3 ................................................................................................................................... 89 1. UN CONTEXTE INTERNATIONAL PROPICE À LA FORMATION D’UNE ALLIANCE .............. 89 2. LES EXECUTIVE HEARINGS DE LA COMMISSION SÉNATORIALE DES RELATIONS ÉTRANGÈRES : DÉBATS PRÉLIMINAIRES ET PRISES DE POSITION PRÉALABLES ..................... 93 2.1 La présentation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord aux membres de la CSRE ................. 94 2.2 La parenthèse du Traité de Washington ........................................................................ 97 2.3 L’identification des points litigieux ................................................................................ 97 2.4 Le rapport de la CSRE .................................................................................................. 109 3. DÉBATS AU SÉNAT ............................................................................................................ 109 3.1 Long processus de ratification du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord ................................... 110 3.2 Amendement, votes et résultats ..................................................................................... 118 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 122 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .......................................................................................................................
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