01 Hele Avhandlingen 4 Mars 2012

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01 Hele Avhandlingen 4 Mars 2012 TORE LI KORPORATIVT OG STORSKALERT GJENNOMBRUDD AMERIKANSKE, VESTTYSKE OG NORSKE STATSMAKTERS ENGASJEMENT I NATURVITENSKAPELIG OG TEKNOLOGISK FORSKNING 1940 – 1965 Avhandling for doktor philosophiae (dr.philos.) Det samfunnsvitenskapelige fakultet Universitetet i Oslo 2011 © Tore Li , 2012 Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo No. 326 ISSN 1504-3991 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Cover: Inger Sandved Anfinsen. Printed in Norway: AIT Oslo AS. Produced in co-operation with Unipub, Oslo. The thesis is produced by Unipub merely in connection with the thesis defence. Kindly direct all inquiries regarding the thesis to the copyright holder or the unit which grants the doctorate. FORORD En vesentlig del av dagens strukturer for statlig forskningsengasjement innen naturvitenskap og teknologi vokste frem i perioden 1940 til 1965. Det gjelder mange vestlige industriland, blant annet De forente stater, Tyskland og Norge. Økt innsikt i hvordan og hvorfor det kom i stand kan hjelpe oss til å forstå dagens engasjement bedre. Det er utgangspunktet for denne avhandlingen. Arbeidet med studien har vart i drøye fem år. Jeg kunne ikke gitt meg i kast med dette prosjektet uten den ballast jeg har ervervet meg gjennom mange år som deltager og observatør når det gjelder forskningspolitikken i de landene avhandlingen belyser. Jeg er svært takknemlig for at min arbeidsgiver – Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon (NHO) – har gitt meg anledning til å gjennomføre dette prosjektet. Uten NHOs raushet ville dette ikke gått. Det er mange i NHO som skal takkes. Det gjelder især Petter Haas Brubakk, Inger Aarvig, Finn Bergesen jr., Svein Oppegaard, Are Turmo og John G. Bernander. Selv om jeg står som forfatter og ene-ansvarlig for denne avhandlingen, er den ikke et enmanns verk. Svært mange har lånt av sin tid og innsikt for å gjøre studien best mulig. Jeg vil først og fremst takke min nærmeste samtalepartner Olav Wicken ved Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) ved Universitetet i Oslo. Avhandlingen hadde ikke sett dagens lys uten Olavs tålmodighet, positive interesse, kritiske innvendinger og romsdalsk-beroligende kommentarer. Jeg vil også takke TIK-senteret for at det arrangerte et seminar i april 2011, der jeg fikk drøftet viktige problemstillinger knyttet til studien. Flere personer har gitt meget nyttige råd og innspill under prosessen. Dette gjelder blant annet Mats Benner, John Peter Collett, Daniel S. Greenberg, David M. Hart, Egil Kallerud, Otto Keck, Olav Njølstad, Thorsten Nybom, Johan P. Olsen, Daniel Ras-Vidal, Hans Skoie, Thomas Stamm- Kuhlmann, Al Teich, Helmuth Trischler og Vera Schwach. Kei Koizumi og Patrick J. Clemins ved American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) har gitt meg verdifull bistand når det gjelder statistikken over amerikanske myndigheters forskningsengasjement. Det samme har Frank R. Pfetsch gjort for Vest-Tysklands vedkommende. Per M. Koch og Kirsten Wille Maus har sørget for at det nå finnes kvalitativt god statistikk for den norske statens forskningsengasjement fra og med 1939. Bo Sarpebakken ved Nordisk institutt for studier av innovasjon, forskning og utdanning (NIFU) har også bidratt til dette, samt gitt meg gode råd når det gjelder utforming og vurdering av de estimater som jeg bruker i avhandlingen. Nils Roll-Hansen har gitt meg statistisk materiale med hensyn til den norske statens universitetsbevilgninger siden 1800-tallet. En takk til dem alle. Internett er et flott verktøy for en doktorgradsaspirerende eremitt. Men på langt nær tilstrekkelig når de rette bøker og artikler skal finnes. Da er service-innstilte bibliotekarer en velsignelse. Jeg vil takke bibliotekarene ved NIFU for all hjelp med denne avhandlingen. Det gjelder især Kirsten Fuglestved, som ga fantastisk service i min mest bibliotek-masete periode. La meg også takke alle venner og kolleger som gjennom årene har kommet med oppmuntrende – og tidvis noe velment-ironiske – kommentarer til mitt doktorgradsarbeid. At andre bryr seg om hva en driver med er viktig, især når man er inne i en langdryg avhandlingsprosess. Tar du omverdenens interesse fra en selvopptatt, doktorgradssøkende mann, tar du også livslykken fra ham. Med dette håper jeg at også resultatet av mitt doktorgradssøkende arbeid kan fatte omverdenens interesse. Oslo, oktober 2011 Tore Li INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE Side 1. KORPORATIVT OG STORSKALERT GJENNOMBRUDD 1 1.1 Statlig forskningsvekst og nybrott 1 1.2 Forskningens og statens gjensidige innrullering 4 1.2.1 Vitenskapens og teknologiens doble oppskalering 4 1.2.2 Statens storskalering og korporativisering 7 1.2.3 Statens økte tro på forskningen og forskningens økte tillit til staten 12 1.2.4 Forskersamfunnets og statssamfunnets gjensidige innrullering 14 1.3 Utover nasjonen selv – krig og velferd 16 1.4 Statlig engasjement gjennom ulike lag 24 1.4.1 Fremveksten av basis engasjementet 26 1.4.2 Fremveksten av det særspesifikke engasjementet 31 1.4.3 Formutilstrekkelighet og formgjennombrudd 34 1.4.4 Fremveksten av det korporative engasjementet 36 1.4.5 Fremveksten av storskala engasjementet 45 1.5 Nasjonsbyggingens og nasjonsbeskyttelsens håndgripelige og 50 forestillingsmessige behov 1.6 Vekstmønster, engasjementsmodeller og formålsregimer 55 1.6.1 Vekstmønster 55 1.6.2 Engasjementsmodeller 58 1.6.3 Formålsregimer 61 2. GRENSELAND, AKTØRER, BESLUTNINGER 68 2.1 Hvordan og hvorfor korporativt og storskalert engasjement? 68 2.2 Grenselandet mellom forskning og politikk 72 2.2.1 Grenseland 72 2.2.2 Forskningens republikk og republikkens forskning 76 2.2.3 Politikk for forskning og forskning for politikk 79 2.3 Aktører og aktørnettverk i grenselandet 82 2.3.1 Grensevandrere 82 2.2.2 Grensenettverk 86 2.4 Data og metode 88 2.4.1 Grunnleggende tilnærminger og fremgangsmåter 88 2.4.2 Sammenligningens muligheter og begrensninger 95 2.5 Ledetråder 98 Side 3. AKADEMISK FORSKNING INNEN NATURVITENSKAP OG 100 TEKNOLOGI - MELLOM FORSKNINGSFRIHET OG STATSAVHENGIGHET 3.1 Korporativ oppblomstring 100 3.2 Statens engasjement i akademisk forskning innen 102 naturvitenskaper og teknologi i USA, Vest-Tyskland og Norge – et lite oversiktsbilde 3.2.1 Noen milepæler og beslutningsbrennpunkter i det statlige 102 engasjementet for akademisk forskning i De forente stater, Tyskland/Vest-Tyskland og Norge 3.2.2 Bevilgninger til akademisk forskning innen naturvitenskaper og 104 teknologi i De forente stater, Tyskland/Vest-Tyskland og Norge 3.3 National Defense Research Committee – kontraktsbasert og 116 komitéstyrt korporativt engasjement 3.4 Office of Naval Research – det korporative engasjementets 139 militære realitet 3.5 National Science Foundation – det korporative engasjementets 147 vingeklippede ideal 3.6 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft – korporativ forskningsfremme for 162 okkupasjonsmaktene 3.7 Notgemeinschaft – forskersamfunnets og delstatenes korporative 184 kontinuitet 3.8 Deutscher Forschungsrats skjebne – mislykket korporativ elitisme 198 3.9 Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Forskningsråd – korporativt 213 engasjement for gjenreising og modernisering 3.10 Lov om tippemidler til forskningen – korporativt engasjement 225 gjennom spillinntekter 3.11 Norges almenvitenskapelige forskningsråd – det korporative 232 allmenn-engasjementets nyttekompromiss 3.12 Formålsforankret korporativt engasjement 242 4. ANVENDT ATOMFORSKNING – FOR FRYKT OG 257 FORVENTNING 4.1 Atombasert storskala gjennombrudd 257 Side 4.2 Statens engasjement i atomforskningen i USA, Vest-Tyskland og 258 Norge – et lite oversiktsbilde 4.2.1 Noen milepæler og beslutningsbrennpunkter i det statlige 258 engasjementet for anvendt atomkraft i De forente stater, Tyskland/Vest-Tyskland og Norge 4.2.2 Bevilgninger til atomforskning i USA, Tyskland/Vest-Tyskland og 261 Norge 4.3 Manhattan-prosjektet – gjennombruddet for storskala 268 engasjementet 4.4 Atomic Energy Commission – institusjonalisering av storskala 284 engasjement i fredstid 4.5 Forbundsministeriet for atomspørsmål – storskala engasjement 294 for suverenitet 4.6 Kjernereaktoren i Karlsruhe – storskala engasjement på vesttysk 314 4.7 Kjeller-reaktoren – storskala engasjement på norsk 327 4.8 Storskala engasjement for frykt og forventning 345 5. ROMVIRKSOMHETEN – LANGS DEN KALDE KRIGENS 352 FLYTENDE FRONT 5.1 Storskala utvidelse mot rommet 352 5.2 Statens engasjement i romvirksomheten i USA, Vest-Tyskland og 353 Norge – et lite oversiktsbilde 5.2.1 Noen milepæler og beslutningsbrennpunkter i det statlige 353 engasjementet for romvirksomheten i De forente stater, Tyskland/Vest- Tyskland og Norge 5.2.2 Bevilgninger til romvirksomhet i USA, Tyskland/Vest-Tyskland og 355 Norge 5.3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration – supermaktens 358 storskala reaksjon i småskala 5.4 Måneprogrammet – supermaktens storskala reaksjon i superskala 370 5.5 Vest-Tysklands medlemskap i ELDO og ESRO – nølende 384 storskala partner 5.6 Norges nei til medlemskap i ELDO og ESRO – småstatens 403 storskala nytte 5.7 Storskala engasjement som reaktiv storpolitikk 415 Side 6. FORSKNINGSFORSERING FOR INNSKJERPET 422 NASJONSMODERNISERING 6.1 Helhet og samvirke i grenselandet 425 6.2 Langsiktige trender og katalyserende hendelser 433 6.2.1 Trendendringer og kontinuerlige, katalyserende hendelser 433 6.2.2 Variasjoner i trender og katalyserende hendelser 436 6.3 Formgjennombrudd for forskningsforsering 438 6.3.1 Noe innenfor storskalert og korporativ stat 440 6.3.2 Formgjennombruddets grunntrekk 441 6.3.3
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