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Le Roman Comiaue De Paul Scarron: Les Techniques Comiques Et Leurfonction Satirique

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Le Roman Comiaue De Paul Scarron: Les Techniques Comiques Et Leurfonction Satirique Le Roman comiaue de Paul Scarron: les techniques comiques et leurfonction satirique by Sally Elizabeth de Bruyn B.A., University of Victoria, 1979 Dip. Ed., McGill University, 1982 M.A., Universite de Montreal, 1985 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of French We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1988 © Sally Elizabeth de Bruyn, 1988 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of pYt/woi/\ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date 2_v^oL Qc/bObtr \M% • DE-6 (2/88) ii Sommaire Le Roman comiaue de Paul Scarron a paru a l'apogee de la popularity des romans comiques au dix-septieme siecle. Ce memoire a pour but une analyse des deux premieres parties du Roman comiaue (un roman inacheve) a la lumiere des elements comiques parsemes tout le long du roman. On trouve que l'aspect parodique apporte par le burlesque joue un role important dans le type de satire—la satire menippee—que Ton voit dans Le Roman comioue. iii Table des matieres Sommaire.. ii Table des matieres iii Remerciements iv Introduction 1 Chapitre I 2 Un apercu biographique 2 Chapitre II 6 I. Le roman en France au dix-septieme siecle ....6 II. Les romans ou histoires comiques 10 Chapitre III .14 I. Le comique 14 II. Le burlesque ...29 Chapitre IV 46 I. La satire sociale 49 II. La satire litteraire 61 Chapitre V 78 Bibliographie 81 iv Remerciements Je tiens a exprimer ma vive gratitude a mon directeur de recherche, Monsieur Richard Hodgson, professeur au Departement de francais, pour tous ses conseils. Je dois aussi beaucoup de remerciements aux assistants au Open Access Computer Laboratory de the University of California- Santa Barbara. Et, bien sur, je n'aurais jamais pu terminer ce memoire sans le constant appui moral de mon mari, John. 1 Introduction Des nombreux ecrivains en France au dix-septieme siecle, Paul Scarron en etait un des plus celebres, et son chef-d'oeuvre, ecrit en deux parties (dont la premiere a ete publiee en 1651 et la deuxieme en 1657) etait Le Roman comiaue. roman inacheve.1 Ne d'une reaction contre les romans sentimentaux et hero'iques et faisant partie des romans dits <<comiques>>, Le Roman comiaue est de la litterature a la fois plaisante et satirique. Cette etude a pour objet une analyse des elements comiques des deux premieres parties du Roman comiaue afin de mieux comprendre la fonction satirique du roman. Ce memoire est divise en cinq chapitres. Le Chapitre I est une introduction a la vie de Paul Scarron et situe Le Roman comioue dans son contexte historico-litteraire. Au Chapitre II on expose les grandes lignes du developpement du roman en France au dix-septieme siecle, et on presente une discussion des romans comiques. Apres une description de quelques techniques comiques, le Chapitre III continue avec plusieurs exemples de ces techniques tires du Roman comioue. Au Chapitre IV on examine la satire dans Le Roman comiaue a la lumiere des techniques comiques. Dans la derniere section, Chapitre V, on recapitule les conclusions afin d'eclaircir la fonction satirique du Roman comiaue. Jpaul Scarron, Le Roman comiaue (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1985). Toute autre reference a cette edition est faite dans le corps du texte, en citant la partie, le chapitre et la page. 2 Chapitre I Un apercu biographioueJ Des sa naissance a Paris le 4 juillet 1610, Paul Scarron n'etait pas destine a mener une vie heureuse, malgre le fait que son pere, appele T<<Ap6tre>>, etait Conseiller au Parlement de Paris. Quand Scarron n'avait que trois ans, sa mere est morte, et en 1617 son pere s'est remarie. Malheureusement, suivant la meilleure tradition litteraire, sa belle-mere n'aimait pas les enfants du premier manage, et ainsi Scarron est alle vivre chez un parent a Charleville. II est revenu a Paris en 1624 afin de poursuivre ses etudes. En 1629 Scarron s'est voue a la carriere ecclesiastique et a pris le <<petit collet>>. Ceci ne l'a pas empeche de mener une vie mondaine, depourvue d'austehte grace a une allocation de son pere. II a profite de sa situation pour aller au theatre et pour frequenter les salons, surtout celui de Marion de Lorme. Mais sa belle-mere, avare et dominante, n'etait pas contente de voir tant d'argent donne a un fils <<debauche>> du premier manage. El 1 e a insiste pour qu'on lui trouvat un emploi. Scarron, qui ne voulait pas quitter la gaTete et la vie intellectuelle.de Paris, est alle travailler pour Charles de ^n ne presente ici qu'une breve introduction a la vie de Paul Scarron. Pour un expose plus detail 1 e, voir, entre autres: Naomi Phelps, The Queen's Invalid (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1951); Paul Morillot, Scarron. Etude biographiaue et litteraire (Geneve: Slatkine Reprints, 1970); Emile Magne. Scarron et son milieu (Paris: Emile-Paul Freres, 1924) et Frederick A. de Armas, Paul Scarron (New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1972). 3 Beaumanoir de Lavardin, eveque du Mans. Apres un court sejour a Rome ou il avait accompagne son maitre en 1635, Scarron est revenu au Mans. En 1638 il est devenu chanoine et a ete pourvu d'une prebende. Cette prebende est devenue contentieuse et le proces qui a suivi n'e ete termine qu'en 1640, ou Scarron enfin l"a recue. Mais entre-temps, en 1638, il a ete atteint du mal qui allait completement changer sa vie. Paralyse de ce que les medecins appellent aujourd'hui une <<polyarthrite chronique evo1utive>>, Scarron etait encore attaque par les vicissitudes de la vie.2 En 1640 Scarron a du quitter Le Mans pour aller a Paris, soit par l'espoir d'une guerison de sa maladie, soit pour plaidoyer de la part de son pere, exile de Paris a cause de son opposition a des mesures de Richelieu. Scarron poursuivait des cures l'annee suivante a Bourbon-l'Archambault et y est retourne prendre les eaux encore en 1642. Bien que les bains ne Taient pas gueri, S.carron a ete bien accueilli par la belle societe qui y venait. De plus, il y a compose Les Deux Legendes de Bourbon au sujet de Gaston d'Orleans. Ces ouvrages eteient des lettres en vers a Marie^de Hautefort qu'il avait deja rencontree exilee au Mans en 1639 et qui lui etait gentille et amicale. Le succes des Legendes a encourage Scarron, qui 2L.S. Koritz. Scarron satirique (Paris: Klincksieck, 1977), p.20. II ecrit que cette maladie est aussi definie comme <<rhumatisme deformant en ankylosant>> (p.20, note 1 1). D'autres diagnostics ont ete offerts, par exemple, <<rhumatisme articulaire qui se compliqua de myelite>> (Morillot, p.25), mais Phelps explique que ce debat de diagnostic vient du developpement de la terminologie medicale (Phelps, pp.55-56). Tout cela veut dire, neanmoins, que Scarron souffrait interminablement et devait passer la plupart du reste de sa vie perclus progressivement de ses membres. 4 voulait obtenir alors le succes financier afin de continuer ses remedes. Marie de Hautefort, en faveur alors, a presente Scarron a la reine-mere, Anne d'Autriche, de qui il a recu une pension. En 1646 Scarron est retourne au Mans afin de proteger sa prebende. Batissant sur ses succes, Scarron a continue d'ecrire, et pendant les annees 1640 a 1651, sa popularity est venue de ses oeuvres burlesques. Entre autres, il a ecrit le.Recueil de auelaues vers burlesques (1643), Suite des oeuvres burlesques de Mr Scarron (1644) et Typhon ou la Gigantomachie (1644), un <<poeme burlesque dedie a Mgr L'Eminentissime Cardinal Mazarin>>. Sa premiere tentative au theatre a paru en 1645, Jodelet ou le Mattre valet. Cette oeuvre, comme d'autres comedies, etait dans le style <<espagnol>> si populaire a cette epoque, bien qu'elle n'ait pas ete adaptee directement des pieces de theatre espagnoles. En 1648 ont paru les deux premiers livres du Virgile travesty en vers burlesques de Monsieur Scarron. et l'annee suivante le troisieme et le quatrieme livres. Pendant ce temps, Scarron a participe dans la Fronde. Sa Mazarinade. ecrite en 1649, n"a ete publiee qu'en 1651. En cette meme annee a ete publiee la premiere partie du Roman comiaue. Ce roman marque une transformation graduelle du poete burlesque, qui n'ecrivait que pour gagner de l'argent, a 1'ecrivain serieux, dont ce roman temoigne la reussite. C"est a travers une lecture des oeuvres espagnoles de l'Age d'Or que Scarron a laisse tomber le burlesque et la farce purs. II a du trouver un equilibre entre la preciosite et le burlesque, deux extremes, et c'etait le romanesque qui l'a aide a le faire. 5 L'annee suivante, en 1652, Scarron s'est marie avec la belle et jeune Franpoise d'Aubigne. (Plus tard, apres la mort de Scarron, elle est devenue Madame de Maintenon, maitresse de Louis XIV.) Ne pouvant rester a Paris car, la Fronde finie, Mazarin y est revenu, pret a prendre revanche, Scarron et sa femme ont failli emigrer en Amerique.
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