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Resource Guide for Heavy-Duty LNG Vehicles, Infrastructure, and Support Operations

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Resource Guide for Heavy-Duty LNG Vehicles, Infrastructure, and Support Operations GRI-02/0105 Resource Guide for Heavy-Duty LNG Vehicles, Infrastructure, and Support Operations FINAL REPORT March, 2002 Prepared by Kevin L. Chandler Matthew T. Gifford Brian S. Carpenter BATTELLE 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201 For Brookhaven National Laboratory 75 Rutherford Avenue Upton, NY 11973 and Gas Technology Institute 1700 Mount Prospect Road Des Plaines, IL 60018 GRI Project Manger Mark Perry LEGAL NOTICE This report was prepared by Battelle as work sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC (Brookhaven), and Gas Technology Institute (GTI). Neither DOE, Brookhaven, GTI, members of these organizations, nor any person acting on behalf of them: a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe on privately-owned rights; nor b. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report. Furthermore, any reference to trade names or specific commercial products, commodities or services in this report does not represent or constitute an endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the sponsors or Battelle of the specific commercial product, commodity, or service. ii REPORT 1. REPORT NO. 2. 3. Recipient’s Accession No. DOCUMENTATION GRI –02/0105 PAGE 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date March 2002 Resource Guide for Heavy-Duty LNG Vehicles, Infrastructure, 6. and Support Operations 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Rpt. No. Kevin L. Chandler, Matthew T. Gifford, Brian S. Carpenter 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. G003958 Battelle 11. Contr. (C) or Grant (G) No. 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201-2693 12. Sponsoring Organization Names and Addresses 13. Type of Report & Period Covered Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-5000 Gas Research Institute, 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, Illinois 60018 14. 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract (Limit 200 Words) This Guide is designed to assist decision makers and fleet managers, in considering the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in heavy-duty vehicles. The objective of the Guide is to answer questions regarding implementation of LNG fuel in the fleet, e.g., getting started, likely costs, benefits, and lessons others have learned. This Guide also provides you with contact information for representatives of companies now using these fuels, manufacturers and suppliers of the fuels, and technical and governmental reference materials. The information in the Guide is intended to be useful for both new and existing end-users of heavy-duty LNG vehicles, so that operations can be initiated or conducted in a cost-effective manner with minimal disruptions related to the new fuel technology. 17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors Liquefied natural gas, LNG b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms Fleet Management, LNG vehicles, LNG, LNG Infrastructure, LNG Maintenance and Support, LNG Implementation c. COSATI Field/Group 18 Availability Statement 19 Security Class (This Report) 21. No. of Pages Unclassified Availability Unlimited 20. Security Class (This Page) 22. Price Unclassified iii Acknowledgments/List of Participants The authors wish to acknowledge the support and contributions of Jim Wegrzyn from Brookhaven National Laboratory and Michael Gurevich of U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Heavy Vehicle Technology. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Mark Perry, Lou Lautman, and Rajeana Gable of Gas Technology Institute. Thanks also to Denny Stephens and Helen Latham from Battelle. The support for this effort from the industry has been significant and is gratefully acknowledged. Several industry contributors and reviewers of this report are listed below: Charles Powars, St. Croix Research Gary Pope, USAPro Hank Seiff, Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition Cindy Sullivan, Bob Nguyen, California Air Resources Board Leslie Eudy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Stan Taylor, Blue Fuels Ken Henrie, United Parcel Service Don Keski-Hynnila, Detroit Diesel Corporation Erik Neandross, Gladstein & Associates Steve Gregory, ATC-Tempe Carlos deLeon, City of Tempe, Arizona James Ortner, Orange County Transit Authority Darryl Spencer, Dallas Area Rapid Transit George Kalet, Patrick Hutson, NexGen Jim Harger, ENRG Stan Sasaki, Raley’s Paul Gagnon, Jerry Simmons, Waste Management iv Reporting Comments The authors have attempted to present complete and accurate information. However, with all reports, there may be unintended omissions and errors that evade the editing process. Please report any omission or error to the following people. If there are future updates to this report, changes and additions will be made as appropriate and as resources allow. Mark Perry Gas Technology Institute 1700 South Mount Prospect Road Des Plaines, IL 60018 Telephone: (847) 768-0787 Fax: (847) 768-0501 e-mail: [email protected] or Kevin Chandler Battelle 505 King Avenue Columbus, OH 43201 Telephone: (614) 424-5127 Fax: (614) 424-5069 e-mail: [email protected] v Table of Contents Page Acknowledgments/List of Participants......................................................... iv Reporting Comments ................................................................................... v Acknowledgments/List of Participants.......................................................... v Acronym List ...............................................................................................xii Introduction ..................................................................................................1 Organization of Resource Guide..................................................................1 SECTION 1 - THE BASICS What’s In This Section? ...............................................................................3 Why Alternative Fuels? ................................................................................3 What Is LNG?...............................................................................................5 How Do We Get Started?.............................................................................6 How Do We Resolve LNG Problems? .......................................................14 What Are the Safety Considerations for LNG Vehicle Operations? ...........15 Is LNG Readily Available? .........................................................................19 What Will This Cost Me?............................................................................21 Where Can I Find More Answers?.............................................................23 vi Table of Contents (Continued) Page SECTION 2 - THE SCIENCE & DETAILS What’s In This Section? ...............................................................................4 Why Alternative Fuels? ..............................................................................24 Alternative Fuel Descriptions ............................................................................................25 Legislative Drivers.............................................................................................................28 Incentives ...........................................................................................................................33 What Is LNG?.............................................................................................34 Natural Gas Characteristics................................................................................................35 Natural Gas as a Vehicle Fuel............................................................................................36 LNG Background...............................................................................................................37 LNG Characteristics...........................................................................................................37 LNG Saturation..................................................................................................................41 LNG Vehicles ....................................................................................................................45 LNG Fueling Stations ........................................................................................................49 Weathering of LNG Fuel ...................................................................................................54 LCNG Characteristics........................................................................................................55 How Do We Get Started?...........................................................................57 Equipment and Operational Differences with LNG ..........................................................58 Implementation Timeline...................................................................................................61 Build the LNG Implementation Team ...............................................................................64 Start Early to Collect Data and Build a Network...............................................................65 Build An Implementation Strategy and Plan (The Roadmap)...........................................68 Corporate Commitment, Communication, and Promotion................................................69 The Purchasing Process
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