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Review on Cryogenic and Jet Engine International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 07 | July 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Review on Cryogenic and Jet Engine Abhishiktha Pagadala1, G Ritvik2, Lagumavarapu Venkata Guru Abhiram3 1,2,3Student, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - This paper gives an insight to the technology Jet engines are reaction engines. They are mainly used behind jet and cryogenic engines. A cryogenic engine uses to propel aircrafts. They draw air from the atmosphere, liquid fuel and oxidizer stored at extremely low temperatures increase its pressure by squeezing it and hence, use it for combustion, whereas a jet engine burns its fuel with the for the most required combustion reaction. The help of air sucked in from the atmosphere. This paper gives resulting hot gases are released from the nozzle of the an overview on how a cryogenic engine is different from a jet engine, providing enough thrust to the aircraft to move forward. engine. Also, the components and working of both cryogenic Jet aircrafts use turbojet engines which usually utilize engine and jet engine have been discussed. The liquid fuel and an afterburn, which is a second combustion chamber, oxidizer, when stored at extreme conditions, gives high placed between the turbine and the nozzle of the enthalpy of combustion on reaction, which makes it more engine. An afterburn elevates the temperature of the efficient when compared to jet engine. CE-20 is the first hot gases, thereby increasing the thrust of the aircraft indigenous cryogenic engine, which has proved to be highly by almost 40% during take-off and much higher during effective when used in GSLV MK-III. flight. Key Words: Liquid fuel, oxidizer, cryogenic engine, jet 2. CRYOGENIC ENGINE VS JET ENGINE: engine. 2.1 Definitions 1.INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 Cryogenic Engine: Cryogenics is a branch of engineering that deals with Cryogenic engines are used in space launch the study of extremely low temperatures, behavior of vehicles, in the last stage of a rocket. A Cryogenic different materials at these temperatures and their engine uses both cryogenic fuel and oxidizer, liquefied production. at a very low temperature. Temperature range of 123 Kelvin (-150° Celsius) to absolute zero (-273° Celsius) has been defined as cryogenic temperature range. Materials at cryogenic temperatures are nearly static and in an ordered fashion. A rocket engine that uses cryogenic fuel and oxidizer for its operation is called a cryogenic engine. The fuel and oxidizer used in a cryogenic engine are liquefied gases, stored at extremely low temperatures. Generally liquid hydrogen liquefied at -253° Celsius is used as fuel and liquid oxygen liquefied at -183° Celsius is used Fig - 1 : RS-25 Engine as oxidizer. Several fuel-oxidizer combinations have been used, but hydrogen-oxygen combination was 2.1.2 Jet engine: found to the best as they are easily available, Jet engine, also known as a reaction engine, produces a economical and have very high enthalpy of combustion. fast-moving jet, which generates a thrust, for the aircraft to move forward. Few typical examples of jet © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2594 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 07 | July 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 engines are: turbojet, ramjet, pulse jet, turboprop, The fuel and oxidizer which are stored as turboshaft and turbofan. liquids, evaporate as they get injected into the thrust chamber and they undergo combustion. The products of combustion, which is a mixture of hot gases, are allowed to expand through the exhaust nozzle and the resulting high velocity jet produces the propulsive thrust. 2.3.2 Jet engine: Jet engines are similar to gas turbines, the working principle is one and the same for both. A jet engine sucks air into the engine by means of its fan. The air is made to pass through a Fig- 2 : Jet Engine compressor, which increases its pressure by compressing it. This pressurized air, enters the The working principle of cryogenic and jet combustion chamber, where fuel is diffused. engines is same, the thrust is produced by an The mixture of fuel and air is ignited by means internal combustion/pressure difference; this of an electric spark. As a result of the follows Newton’s Third law of motion- “Every combustion reaction between the air and fuel, action has an equal and an opposite reaction”. the gases burn and blast out through the nozzle present at the rear of the engine, providing the The jet engine gets the required oxygen from required thrust for the aircraft. air to burn the fuel, whereas rockets carry their 2.4 Efficiency: oxidizer, to operate in space. 2.4.1 Cryogenic engine: Intake and exhaust are two passages present in The efficiency of a cryogenic engine is much a jet engine, whereas a cryogenic engine has higher than that of a jet engine. It is very cost- only one passage for exhaust. effective. 2.2 Parts Cryogenic engine uses liquid hydrogen as fuel and liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. Parts of cryogenic engine are: It produces more thrust and generates enough 1. Combustion/Thrust chamber. power. This means the engine runs for a 2. Fuel injector. greater distance using less amount of fuel. 3. Turbo pumps 4. Gas Generator 2.4.2 Jet engine: 5. Cryogenic valves The efficiency of a Jet engine or air-breathing 6. Regulators engine is quite low as compared to cryogenic 7. Tanks engines. 8. Rocket engine nozzle The formula for the efficiency of an air breathing engine is- Parts of jet engine are: 1. Fan ηp = 2 (ve / v) /1+( ve / v)2 2. Compressor where, 3. Combustor v - Velocity of engine 4. Turbine. ve - Exhaust velocity 5. Exhaust nozzle η p – Propulsive Efficiency 2.3 Working Jet engines are said to be more efficient at higher altitude due to the fact that the air at 2.3.1 Cryogenic engine: that level is much colder and less dense, which A cryogenic rocket engine works on the basis of minimizes the amount of fuel burnt. Jet engines thrust produced by high velocity exhaust jet. © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2595 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 07 | July 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 provide high velocity to the aircraft as they of thrust is provided. In a cryogenic engine fuel increase the density of air inside the engine injector is usually in the shape of a disc, which followed by a combustion reaction. This is perforated, and is present right above the increases the pressure, which in turn results in combustion chamber. higher forward thrust. 2.5.3 TURBO PUMPS: Table 1: Differences between cryogenic and jet Turbo pumps are used to deliver liquid oxygen engines and liquid fuel to the combustion chamber form the oxygen tank and fuel tank Cryogenic engines Jet engines respectively, at very low temperatures. No air intake is required in this Air intake is required to engine. operate this engine. 2.5.4 GAS GENERATOR: The temperature of fuel must be Fuel storage does not require For the fuel and the oxidizer to flow through very low. low temperature. the turbo pumps to reach the combustion It runs efficiently when low It runs efficiently at temperature fuel transforms and supersonic speed that chamber, some force is required. This force is mixes correctly and ignites. forcefully compress air before provided by gravity when the rocket is on the combustion. launch pad, and during the time of flight, the upward acceleration of the rocket, provides the necessary downward force. However, these 2.5 PARTS AND WORKING OF CRYOGENIC ENGINE: forces do not provide enough pressure. Therefore, a gas generator is used. Gas 2.5.1 COMBUSTION CHAMBER/THRUST generator, provides the sufficient amount of CHAMBER: gas which acts as a driving force to push the A combustion chamber is the heart of a rocket fuel through the pumps into the combustion engine. Fuel and oxidizers which are stored at chamber, during its operation. their respective tanks are pumped through the 2.5.5 CRYO VALVES: turbo pumps into the combustion chamber. On Cryogenic valves or cryo-valves are used to combustion, they get ignited. As a result of store or transport liquefied gases at very low combustion between these condensed-phased temperatures. They control the flow of fuel and propellants at high pressure, massive amounts oxidizer. of hot gases are released from the nozzle, where the flow accelerated. 2.5.6 REGULATORS: A cryogenic engine uses liquid hydrogen With the help of pressure regulators, liquefied liquefied at 20 Kelvin as fuel, and liquid oxygen, gases can be stored at constant pressure liquefied at 90 Kelvin as oxidizer. Several fuel- inexpensively, during the time of operation. oxidizer combinations have been used, but hydrogen-oxygen combination was found to be 2.5.7 TANKS: the best as they are easily available, economical The cryogenic fuel and the oxidizer are stored and have very high enthalpy of combustion. at extremely low temperatures, in two different 2.5.2 FUEL INJECTOR: tanks called fuel tank and oxidizer tank Fuel injector in a cryogenic engine is respectively. responsible for the flow rate and the intermixing of fuel and oxidizer, as they are 2.5.8 ENGINE NOZZLE: injected into the combustion chamber. It The engine nozzle expands and accelerates the atomizes the liquid fuel and mixes it with the hot gases produced as a result of combustion in oxidizer in order to achieve rapid and complete the thrust chamber, so that the gases exit the combustion as a result of which, a huge amount © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2596 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 07 | July 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 nozzle at hypersonic speeds, providing the rocket enough thrust.
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