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EDUCATION in CHINA a Snapshot This Work Is Published Under the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD
EDUCATION IN CHINA A Snapshot This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Photo credits: Cover: © EQRoy / Shutterstock.com; © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © astudio / Shutterstock.com Inside: © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © li jianbing / Shutterstock.com; © tangxn / Shutterstock.com; © chuyuss / Shutterstock.com; © astudio / Shutterstock.com; © Frame China / Shutterstock.com © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. Education in China A SNAPSHOT Foreword In 2015, three economies in China participated in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA, for the first time: Beijing, a municipality, Jiangsu, a province on the eastern coast of the country, and Guangdong, a southern coastal province. -
University of Southampton Research Repository
University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] University of Southampton Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences Geography and Environmental Science Urban–rural mobility, landscape, and displacement: Rural Tourism Makers in China by Peipei Chen Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2021 University of Southampton Abstract Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences Geography and Environmental Science Doctor of Philosophy Urban–rural mobility, landscape, and displacement: Rural Tourism Makers in China by Peipei Chen The Rural Tourism Makers (RTMs) policy initiated by the National Tourism Administration in China aimed to create 100 RTMs’ Model Bases and engage 10,000 RTMs in rural tourism development between 2015 and 2017. The arrival of RTMs to the villages and their engagement in rural tourism raise some fundamental questions about urban–rural population movement, the changing rural landscape in China, and the relationships between newcomers and local residents. -
The Counter-Urbanization Creative Class and the Sprout of the Creative Countryside: Case Studies on China’S Coastal Plain Villages
Journal of Economy Culture and Society 2021; 63: 297-315 DOI: 10.26650/JECS2020-0084 Journal of Economy Culture and Society ISSN: 2602-2656 / E-ISSN: 2645-8772 Research Article The Counter-Urbanization Creative Class and the Sprout of the Creative Countryside: Case Studies on China’s Coastal Plain Villages Sun FEIHAN1,2 , Dai HAIDONG2 , Ye CHONGLIANG2 , Miao XUMEI3 ABSTRACT The counter-urbanization creative class has gradually become an important factor in the revitalization of rural China, driving the steady and healthy development of the rural economy and society. This article explores the motivations and creative practices of the counter- urbanization creative class in the coastal plain villages of China to provide a reference for the development of rural society in China and other countries. Data from this study were obtained through qualitative research with participatory observations and semi-structured interviews. The study found that the rural areas around economically developed 1School of Arts and Humanities, Far Eastern regions are increasingly favoured by the counter-urbanization creative Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia class and have quickly become a platform for career development and 2Zhejiang College of Security Technology, realizing an ideal life; notably, rural creative industries have sprung up in Wenzhou, China China’s coastal plain villages. To date, the linkage between the counter- 3 School of Translation and Interpretation, urbanization creative class and creative countryside is rarely explored in Lomonosov Moscow State University, existing literature; thus, this paper produces a valuable exploration and Moscow, Russia addition to the area of the sprout of the creative countryside. ORCID: S.F. 0000-0002-1178-6470; Keywords: Counter-urbanization; creative class; motivation; creative D.H. -
The Darkest Red Corner Matthew James Brazil
The Darkest Red Corner Chinese Communist Intelligence and Its Place in the Party, 1926-1945 Matthew James Brazil A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy Department of Government and International Relations Business School University of Sydney 17 December 2012 Statement of Originality This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted previously, either in its entirety or substantially, for a higher degree or qualifications at any other university or institute of higher learning. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. Matthew James Brazil i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before and during this project I met a number of people who, directly or otherwise, encouraged my belief that Chinese Communist intelligence was not too difficult a subject for academic study. Michael Dutton and Scot Tanner provided invaluable direction at the very beginning. James Mulvenon requires special thanks for regular encouragement over the years and generosity with his time, guidance, and library. Richard Corsa, Monte Bullard, Tom Andrukonis, Robert W. Rice, Bill Weinstein, Roderick MacFarquhar, the late Frank Holober, Dave Small, Moray Taylor Smith, David Shambaugh, Steven Wadley, Roger Faligot, Jean Hung and the staff at the Universities Service Centre in Hong Kong, and the kind personnel at the KMT Archives in Taipei are the others who can be named. Three former US diplomats cannot, though their generosity helped my understanding of links between modern PRC intelligence operations and those before 1949. -
A Macro Perspective on the Relationship Between Farm Size and Agrochemicals Use in China
sustainability Article A Macro Perspective on the Relationship between Farm Size and Agrochemicals Use in China Lin Xie 1, Zeyuan Qiu 2,*, Liangzhi You 3 and Yang Kang 4 1 National School of Agricultural Institution and Development, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA 3 Division of Environment and Production Technology, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 October 2020; Accepted: 3 November 2020; Published: 9 November 2020 Abstract: Agrochemicals are overused in China. One strategy to reduce agrochemical use is to increase farm size because of the potential effect of economy of scale. Existing studies at a micro scale present mixed and often conflicting results on the relationship between agrochemical use and farm size. This study aimed to assess that relationship from a macro perspective using an aggregated panel dataset in 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2016. The empirical results confirm the existence of both economy and diseconomy of scale effects on agrochemical use in China. The agrochemical application rates decreased as the proportion of farms between 0.667 and 2 ha increased. The diseconomy of scale existed when significantly larger farms, such as the farms larger than 3.34 ha, continued to emerge. Given the fact that 78.6% of farms are under 0.667 ha in China, our results suggest that the reduction strategy based on only expanding farm size might achieve some initial success in reducing agrochemical use, but the effect would fade away and be reversed as significantly large farms continue to emerge. -
Shenzhen-Hong Kong Borderland
FORUM Transformation of Shen Kong Borderlands Edited by Mary Ann O’DONNELL Jonathan BACH Denise Y. HO Hong Kong view from Ma Tso Lung. PC: Johnsl. Transformation of Shen Kong Borderlands Mary Ann O’DONNELL Jonathan BACH Denise Y. HO n August 1980, the Shenzhen Special and transform everyday life. In political Economic Zone (SEZ) was formally documents, newspaper articles, and the Iestablished, along with SEZs in Zhuhai, names of businesses, Shenzhen–Hong Kong is Shantou, and Xiamen. China’s fifth SEZ, Hainan shortened to ‘Shen Kong’ (深港), suturing the Island, was designated in 1988. Yet, in 2020, cities together as specific, yet diverse, socio- the only SEZ to receive national attention on technical formations built on complex legacies its fortieth anniversary was Shenzhen. Indeed, of colonial occupation and Cold War flare-ups, General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the checkpoints and boundaries, quasi-legal business celebration, reminding the city, the country, opportunities, and cross-border peregrinations. and the world not only of Shenzhen’s pioneering The following essays show how, set against its contributions to building Socialism with Chinese changing cultural meanings and sifting of social Characteristics, but also that the ‘construction orders, the border is continuously redeployed of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater and exported as a mobile imaginary while it is Bay Area is a major national development experienced as an everyday materiality. Taken strategy, and Shenzhen is an important engine together, the articles compel us to consider how for the construction of the Greater Bay Area’ (Xi borders and border protocols have been critical 2020). Against this larger background, many to Shenzhen’s success over the past four decades. -
“Villages” in Shenzhen Dissertation Bauhaus-Universität Weimar
“Villages” in Shenzhen Persistence and Transformation of an Old Social System in an Emerging Mega City Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur an der Fakultät Architektur der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar vorgelegt von M.Arch. Ma Hang Geboren am 25. April 1974 in Ji lin Weimar, 2006 Mentor: Prof.Dr. phil.habil. Dieter Hassenpflug “Villages” in Shenzhen Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................VI Introduction ............................................................................................1 1 Study Background ..............................................................................11 1.1 Concepts of Villages in China ........................................................11 1.1.1 Traditional Villages in China ................................................... 11 1.1.2 Urbanization in China............................................................ 19 1.1.3 Current “Villages” in China .................................................... 25 1.2 Concepts of Villages in Shenzhen .................................................30 1.2.1 History of Villages in Shenzhen .............................................. 30 1.2.2 From a Fish Village to Chinese Mega City ................................. 32 1.2.3 “Villages” as an Urban Corporate Community ........................... 39 2 Persistence & Transformation of Social Structures.............................53 2.1 Composition of Population & Social Stratification .........................53 -
Addressing Rural Crisis in Developing Countries
Addressing Rural Crisis in Developing Countries Lessons from the New Rural Reconstruction Addressing Rural Crisis in Developing Countries China launched the New Rural Reconstruction (NRR) programme in 2003 with a focus on associating peasants social growth, ensuring rural Programme in China sustainability and agricultural security. The NRR movement has helped advance ecological civilization as a people’s endeavour to promote village cooperatives, organic farming, and eco- architecture. NRR has significant implications for the South and for India. Wen Tiejun Institute of Chinese Studies (ICS) is an independent institution that promotes research in areas of history, culture and literature, society, international relations, the economy and the polity of China and East Asia. South-South Dispatches are short briefing papers from the South Solidarity Initiative that provide analysis on regional and global developments from a southern perspective. The views expressed in the dispatches are not necessarily of the SSI. South Solidarity Initiative (SSI) is a knowledge hub hosted by ActionAid India with the remit to conduct research and analysis on issues related to south-south solidarity and cooperation. southsolidarity.org southsolidarity southsolidarity.initiative [email protected] ActionAid India (AAI) is part of a global federation and is a full affiliate of ActionAid International that is present in over 40 countries. AAI works to address the root causes of poverty in partnership with grassroots organizations, civil society groups and platforms. R-7 Hauz Khas Enclave New Delhi-110 016. India 011-40640500 actionaid.org/india actionaidindia Cover Photograph: Peasant in He Qing, Yunnan, China. Photograph by Hong Meen Chee, 2009. Addressing Rural Crisis in Developing Countries Lessons from the New Rural Reconstruction Programme in China Wen Tiejun First Published January 2015 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International Licence. -
The Historical Transformation of China's Agriculture: Productivity
The Historical Transformation of China’s Agriculture: Productivity Changes and Other Key Features Liu Shouying, Wang Ruimin, Shi Guang, Shao Ting1 Abstract With the transition from rural China to the urban-rural China, the agriculture in China has experienced the millennium transformation. According to the analysis of sampled data from the National Bureau of Statistics conducted on 70,000 peasant households, agricultural labour productivity, which has been experiencing a long-term stagnation or even a decline, has been eventually increasing at a faster rate than land productivity after 2003. It also reveals the heterogenization of small farmers, the transformation of agricultural inputs from an excessive manual labour to a gradual growth in farm machinery, the expansion of scale of land management, the development of the rural land leasing market and the diversification of the agricultural management entities. Review of the historical transformation of agriculture helps to recognize the declining importance of agricultural land, the direction of the agricultural technological change, the path and the disposition of the agricultural system change and the adjustment of China’ rural policies. Key words: agricultural development model, changes in agricultural productivity, historical transformation of agriculture, JEL codes: N55,O13,Q15 I. The Issue For the long traditional rural society in China, the increasingly tense relationship between man and land is the main factor affecting peasants’ livelihood and economic transformation. With the rapid growth of the population, the slow development of the industrial and commercial sectors can hardly function as a pipeline to absorb the redundant rural workforce. A large amount of labour has been stranded for a long time in the agricultural sector. -
A Different Brilliance—The D & B Story
1. Yes, Madam (1985): Michelle Yeoh 2. Love Unto Wastes (1986): (left) Elaine Jin; (right) Tony Leung Chiu-wai 3. An Autumn’s Tale (1987): (left) Chow Yun-fat; (right) Cherie Chung 4. Where’s Officer Tuba? (1986): Sammo Hung 5. Hong Kong 1941 (1984): (from left) Alex Man, Cecilia Yip, Chow Yun-fat 6. It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad World (1987): (front row from left) Loletta Lee, Elsie Chan, Pauline Kwan, Lydia Sum, Bill Tung; (back row) John Chiang 7. The Return of Pom Pom (1984): (left) John Sham; (right) Richard Ng 8. Heart to Hearts (1988): (from left) Dodo Cheng, George Lam, Vivian Chow Pic. 1-8 © 2010 Fortune Star Media Limited All Rights Reserved Contents 4 Foreword Kwok Ching-ling, Wong Ha-pak 〈Chapter I〉 Production • Cinema Circuits 10 D & B’s Development: From Production Company to Theatrical Distribution Po Fung Circuit 19 Retrospective on the Big Three: Dickson Poon and the Rise-and-Fall Story of the Wong Ha-pak D & B Cinema Circuit 29 An Unconventional Filmmaker—John Sham Eric Tsang Siu-wang 36 My Days at D & B Shu Kei In-Depth Portraits 46 John Sham Diversification Strategies of a Resolute Producer 54 Stephen Shin Targeting the Middle-Class Audience Demographic 61 Linda Kuk An Administrative Producer Who Embodies Both Strength and Gentleness 67 Norman Chan A Production Controller Who Changes the Game 73 Terence Chang Bringing Hong Kong Films to the International Stage 78 Otto Leong Cinema Circuit Management: Flexibility Is the Way to Go 〈Chapter II〉 Creative Minds 86 D & B: The Creative Trajectory of a Trailblazer Thomas Shin 92 From -
Script Crisis and Literary Modernity in China, 1916-1958 Zhong Yurou
Script Crisis and Literary Modernity in China, 1916-1958 Zhong Yurou Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Yurou Zhong All rights reserved ABSTRACT Script Crisis and Literary Modernity in China, 1916-1958 Yurou Zhong This dissertation examines the modern Chinese script crisis in twentieth-century China. It situates the Chinese script crisis within the modern phenomenon of phonocentrism – the systematic privileging of speech over writing. It depicts the Chinese experience as an integral part of a worldwide crisis of non-alphabetic scripts in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It places the crisis of Chinese characters at the center of the making of modern Chinese language, literature, and culture. It investigates how the script crisis and the ensuing script revolution intersect with significant historical processes such as the Chinese engagement in the two World Wars, national and international education movements, the Communist revolution, and national salvation. Since the late nineteenth century, the Chinese writing system began to be targeted as the roadblock to literacy, science and democracy. Chinese and foreign scholars took the abolition of Chinese script to be the condition of modernity. A script revolution was launched as the Chinese response to the script crisis. This dissertation traces the beginning of the crisis to 1916, when Chao Yuen Ren published his English article “The Problem of the Chinese Language,” sweeping away all theoretical oppositions to alphabetizing the Chinese script. This was followed by two major movements dedicated to the task of eradicating Chinese characters: First, the Chinese Romanization Movement spearheaded by a group of Chinese and international scholars which was quickly endorsed by the Guomingdang (GMD) Nationalist government in the 1920s; Second, the dissident Chinese Latinization Movement initiated in the Soviet Union and championed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the 1930s. -
IN Tileinory of SOONG CHING IING 1893-198T
IN TilEINORY OF SOONG CHING IING 1893-198t Chino Reconslructs Soong Ching L-ing in the kindergarten of the Yunn:rn Frovince C)igarette Plant in 1955 H irEM0RY 0F $00ilG GlililG LttG Distributed with September 1981 Regulor lssue CONTENTS The Great Life of Soong Ching Ling Released bA Xir,hun Neus Agency 2 o Salute to Comrade Soong Ching Ling Deng Yingchao U Call Me 'Comrade Ching Ling' l2 Tribute anci Farewell Liao Chengzhi 74 Press Statement by Soong Ching Ling's Relatives 16 "Great, Honest and Sincere" - Recollections by Family Members 16 From Soong Ching Ling's Articles in "China Reconstructs" 18 To Comrade Soong Ching Ling Frorn a Poem by Xino San (Emi Si,ao) 19 Poets should Sing Your Praises - To Soong Ching Ling during Her Illness Ding Ling 20 The last Da5r of Her Life Paul T. K. Li,n 2T Great Figure, Warm Friend Ma Haide (Dr. George Hatem) 23 Recollections and Thoughts Reui Alleg 2B The Great and Glorious Life ofi Soong Ching Ling (Pictorial) 29 Honorary President Soong Ching Ling's Home (Pictorial) 42 Great Internationalist Fighter Qian Junrui 45 Heroic Battler for Democracy Ch,en Han-seng 47 So Great Yet So Simple Shen Cuizhen 49 Soong Ching Ling and Our Magazine lsrael Epstein 52, She Stood for the ?radition of Truth Li Boti 54 Recalling Work at Her Side Zhang Jue 56 An Outstanding Woman of Our Time Talitha Gerlach 57 Under Her Leadership in the China Welfare Institute Chen Weibo 58 She Is Unforgettable Trudy Rosenberg 60 Advancer of Dr.