It a Go Dread Inna Switzerland 1

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It a Go Dread Inna Switzerland 1 It a go dread inna Switzerland 1 It a go dread inna Switzerland a.1. Introduction Pour tous ceux, et ils sont nombreux, qui découvrent le reggae en Suisse aujourd’hui, en plein retour en force du genre, tout peut sembler une évidence : cette musique est mondialement connue, son plus illustre représentant une icône planétaire que certains n’hésitent pas à exploiter pour vendre des chaussures ou du savon. Plusieurs magasins spécialisés existent à travers le pays, les concerts se succèdent semaine après semaine, sans même parler des soirées qui fleurissent dans les lieux les plus improbables. Des Suisses écoutent du reggae, en collectionnent, en passent en soirées, en jouent au sein de groupes, en produisent sur leur propre label, promeuvent des artistes jamaïquains. Et même parmi les, très largement majoritaires, non-amateurs, rares sont ceux pour qui l’évocation de ce genre musical n’évoque ne serait-ce qu’un réducteur tissu de clichés. Quoi de plus naturel en apparence ? Cependant, si l’histoire s’encombrait de calculs de probabilités, les chances pour que la musique des ghettos de Kingston arrive jusqu’à des oreilles helvétiques étaient pour ainsi dire nulles. En effet, mis à part le lien musical qui fait l’objet de ce mémoire, tenter de tracer une ligne directe entre ces deux pays distants de dix mille kilomètres paraît laborieux. Géographiquement, historiquement, culturellement et économiquement, rappelons que le PIB par habitant de la Suisse est vingt-quatre fois supérieur à celui de la Jamaïque1, ils n’ont rien en commun. Il existe certes, pour un œil ou une oreille avertis, quelques minces, et somme toute anecdotiques, liens transatlantiques entre deux terres que tout oppose. Le premier, et sans doute le plus surprenant pour tout voyageur suisse posant le pied en Jamaïque, outre le fait que la magnifique et difficilement compréhensible langue du pays s’appelle le « patois », est l’omniprésence, en vert sur fond blanc, du Cervin. En effet, l’une des marques de cigarettes les plus populaires de l’île est Matterhorn, et de ce fait bon nombre de Jamaïcains portent sans le savoir l’un des plus éminents symboles helvétiques au fond de leurs poches2. L’un des selectas les plus en vue ces dernières années en a d’ailleurs même tiré son nom : Tony Matterhorn. Autre nom évocateur, d’un point de vue helvétique : l’Edelweiss Park, à Kingston, où Marcus Garvey prêchait le dimanche et tenait 1Respectivement 34'304 et 1'401 $/hab. Chiffres tiré de l’atlas mondial Encarta, édition 1995. 2 Ne disposant d’aucune information sur l’origine de la marque, nous ne pouvons qu’émettre ici l’hypothèse que, dans le sillage d’immigrés allemands arrivés dans l’île à la fin du XIXème siècle, quelques Suisses s’y seraient installés, emmenant le Cervin dans leur bagages. 2 It a go dread inna Switzerland régulièrement ses réunions politiques en plein air3. La présence de ces noms dans le quotidien des Jamaïcains ne signifie cependant pas qu’ils aient conscience de leur origine précise. Bien que certains fassent parfois le rapprochement « Switzerland-Matterhorn », désignant à l’énoncé du pays le paquet de cigarettes : « You ‘ave a mountain like dis », la plupart des Yardies ont de la Suisse une image plus que vague, un vieux Jamaïcain nous la décrivant même comme « a very big country, surrounded by water »4. Ainsi, Prince Allah n’entendit-il parler de la Suisse pour la première fois qu’au travers d’un film Disney, « Les Robinsons Suisses »5, qui faisait pourtant plus de place aux plages désertes qu’aux verts alpages. Pour les rastas, la Suisse c’est avant tout Genève, siège de la SDN, où le négus prononça son fameux discours de 1936, dénonçant l’invasion fasciste de son pays. Le pays représente également le royaume des banquiers peu curieux. Dans sa désormais célèbre diatribe lancée de la scène du One Love Peace Concert, Peter Tosh le mentionna d’ailleurs sous un jour très « babylonien » : « […] the rigid force out dere who control the Jesus, yu nah seen, an’ dem big bank account in Switzerland, an’ dem ting dere »6. Tosh est également l’auteur de la seule référence à la Suisse trouvée dans une chanson des années septante (1977) : « No matter where you come from, as long as you’re a black man you are an African […] and if you come from Switzerland, and you’re a black man, you are an African »7. La Jamaïque compte en 2004 une « communauté » suisse forte de cent septante-six membres8, chiffre qui se situe dans la moyenne de la présence helvétique dans les Caraïbes, qui n’est importante qu’en République Dominicaine9, alors que la Suisse abrite une poignée10 de citoyens jamaïcains. Maigres sont également les relations entre les deux gouvernements, le dernier fait notable remontant à la signature, en décembre 1994, d’une convention visant à éviter la double imposition à leurs ressortissants respectifs11. Bref, le reggae représente le seul lien, unilatéral, entre les deux petits pays. Nous chercherons donc, tout au long de ce mémoire, à retracer la mise en place de cet improbable pont culturel. Dans un premier temps, nous nous pencherons sur la genèse de 3 Chevannes, Barry, Rastafari : Roots and Idelogy, SUP, 1994, p. 92 4 Entretiens en Jamaïque, octobre 1998. 5 Entretien avec Keith « Prince Allah » Blake, juin 2003 6 Peter Tosh, « Speech » in Live at the Ine Love Peace Concert, JAD, JAD-CD-1009 7 Peter Tosh, « African » in Collection Gold, Columbia, COL471663 2 8 Chiffres de l’Office Fédéral de l’immigration, de l’intégration et de l’émigration. (imes) 9 Trinidad&Tobago : 99, Haiti : 180, Cuba : pas de chiffres, Rép. Dominicaine : 1'251. Chiffres de l’imes. 10 Le consulat de Jamaïque ne nous ayant pas fourni de chiffres, nous ne pouvons estimer précisément leur nombre. 11 www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/0_672_945_81/ 3 It a go dread inna Switzerland ce genre musical, replacée dans son contexte historique et spirituel, puis sa diffusion à travers le monde, qui fit de la Jamaïque « the loudest country in the world »12. Nous chercherons ensuite en Suisse par quels vecteurs cette musique a pu s’installer, survivre, puis revenir en force vingt ans après son arrivée. Nous commencerons ainsi par nous pencher sur Zurich, théâtre de l’arrivée en fanfare du reggae dans le pays, puis nous étudierons en détails les cas de Neuchâtel et Genève, centres successifs d’une importante activité musicale, mais différenciés par une approche différente de cette musique ainsi que du message mystique largement véhiculé par celle-ci. Nous conclurons ensuite sur la véritable explosion que connaît la scène reggae helvétique depuis quelques années. a.2 Introduction méthodologique Ce mémoire constitue, d’un point de vue méthodologique, un travail hybride à plus d’un titre. Il convient tout d’abord de séparer clairement les chapitres consacrés à la Jamaïque, au mouvement rasta ainsi qu’à l’histoire de la musique de l’île et a fortiori, du reggae, des parties traitant du parcours de cette musique en Suisse. Ces premiers chapitres, à notre sens totalement indispensables à la compréhension du sujet traité, sont constitués par la compilation, ainsi que, dans la grande majorité des cas, la traduction de travaux de référence sur le sujet. Si pratiquement tous les éléments qui y figurent constituent des informations de « deuxième main », bon nombre d’entre eux apparaissent cependant pour la première fois en français, et sont donc rendus accessibles à d’éventuels lecteurs non anglophones. Certaines sous-parties, comme par exemple celle consacrée au reggae en Afrique, sont par contre largement constituée d’observations personnelles et de nombreux entretiens effectués lors de voyages en Afrique, ou avec des Africains résidents en Suisse. Ceux-ci n’ont cependant pas été menés de manière formelle, et ne figurent donc pas en note de bas de page. Ils ont avant tout eu valeur de précision d’éléments peu clairs, ainsi que de confirmation d’informations trouvées dans la littérature spécialisée. De nombreux entretiens informels ont également été menés avec des rastas rencontrés en Jamaïque, et dans la communauté de Shashamane, en Ethiopie. Ces longues discussions avec des membres de différents courants ont été extrêmement importantes pour 12 Lee, Hélène, Voir Trenchtown et mourir, Paris, Flammarion, 2004, p. 239 4 It a go dread inna Switzerland l’observation et la compréhension de l’application pratique de concepts et de croyances étudiés sur papier. L’extrême précision dans le choix des mots requise par ces entretiens, la moindre erreur dans la rhétorique pouvant parfois déclencher des réactions enflammées13, nous ont par exemple fait prendre pleinement conscience de l’importance du Verbe pour les rastas. Outre ces nombreuses informations glanées lors de voyages, nous avons eu le privilège de nous entretenir, à une dizaine de reprises environ, avec Keith « Prince Allah » Blake, véritable légende du roots reggae14. Les nombreuses heures passées en sa compagnie nous ont éclairé sur de très nombreux points, nous donnant l’occasion d’avoir la vision d’un artiste ayant vécu l’évolution de la musique jamaïcaine de l’intérieur, depuis les années soixante. Ce fut également l’opportunité précieuse d’entendre le récit d’un sufferah, qui vit toujours dans le ghetto de Greenwich Town, et qui cultive depuis plus de trente ans une profonde foi rasta. Bien que ces n’entretiens n’aient pas été enregistrés, il nous a semblé important de les faire figurer en bibliographie, étant donnée la valeur exceptionnelle de cet interlocuteur. En ce qui concerne les chapitres consacrés à la Suisse, la méthode employée fut, bien entendu, fort différente. En effet, alors que la littérature consacrée à la musique jamaïcaine, sans être encore pléthorique, voit chaque année de nouvelles contributions étoffer davantage son offre, complétée encore par l’apparition, voici quatre ans, de magazines français spécialisés, l’histoire du reggae en Suisse n’a pour l’instant jamais fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie.
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